INST

a.
b

M
N




1.





TRUCTION
. Answ
. Studen
Matrix
No
a. Ta
salt/acid s
S
W
1
1
1


i. W

ii. Es
wa

b. i.
ca
NS:
wer ALL que
nts are not a

able 1 lists t
solutions
Solvents
Water
1 mol/l HCl
1 mol/l H
2
SO
1 mol/l NaCl


What can you

stimate the v
ater and air-

Describe th
alculate k
L
a.

P
KKKB36
TIME :
estions in the
allowed to ta

the solubility
Table 1:
mmo
O
4
l
conclude fr

value of the e
solution at 2

hree method

UNIVERS
PEPERIKSA
SEMESTE


633 BIORE
: 1 HOUR 5

e answer she
ake the quest



y of oxygen
ol O
2
/liter
1.26
1.16
1.12
0.89
rom data of o

equilibrium
25
o
C, 1 atm a

ds for measu

SITI KEBA
AAN PERT
ER 2 SESI
EACTOR 2
50 minutes
eet provided
tion sheet ou
at 25
o
C and
oxygen solub
oxygen conc
according to
uring k
L
a an
ANGSAAN
TENGAHAN
AKADEMI
2
d.
ut of the Exam

d 1 atm in w
bility given i
(5
centration fo
o Henrys law
(5
d show the r
(1
MALAYSIA
N SEMEST
K 2009/201
m Hall.
water and in
in Table 1
5 marks)
or the contac
w.
5 marks)
related equa
10 marks)
A
TER
10
various
ct of air-
ations to

2

ii. A 50 L stirred tank to culture Aspergillus niger at 28
o
C. The dissolved oxygen
concentration was measured as shown in Table 2 after initially shutting off the oxygen
and then restarting, for calculating k
L
a using dynamic gassing out methods. The steady
state oxygen concentration at 28
o
C is 7.05 ppm. Calculate the k
L
a by using dynamic
method.

Table 2
Time (s) Dissolved oxygen (ppm)
0 0.5
5 2.5
10 3.7
15 4.4
20 5.1
25 5.5
30 6.0
37 6.3

(10 marks)

2. The temperature history of the heating and cooling of a 40,000 L tank during
sterilization of medium is: 0 to 15 min, T=85
o
C; 15 to 40 min, T=121
o
C; 40 to 50 min,
T=85
o
C; 50 to 60 min, T=55
o
C; >60 min, T=30
o
C. The medium contains vitamins and the most
fragile of the vitamins has an activation energy for destruction of 10 kcal/gmol, and the value of
k
do
(or ) is 1x10
4
min
-1
. Assume vitamin destruction is first order,
dC

dt
= -k
d
C

and the initial concentration is 50 mg/L. R is 1.99 cal gmol
-1
K
-1
. The medium contains 2.5 x
10
3
spores/L. The spore have an E
od
= 65 kcal/gmol, and k
d
at 121
o
C is 1.02 min
-1
.

a. Calculate the initial number of spore in the medium.
(10 marks)
b. Estimate probability of a sucessful sterilization
(10 marks)
c. Determine fraction of vitamin remain active.
(10 marks)

3. a. Give 5 statements on the advantage of continuous sterilization
(10 marks)


3

b. A continuous steriliser with a steam injector and a flash cooler will be employed to
sterilize medium continuously. The time for heating and cooling is negligible with this type of
steriliser. The typical bacteria count of the medium is about 5 x 10
12
per m
3
which needs to be
reduced to such an extent that only one organism can survive during the three months of
continuous operation. The heat resistant bacterial spores in the medium can be characterised by
an Arhenius coefficient (k
do
) of 5.7 x 10
39
hr
-1
and activation energy (E
d
) of 2.834 x 10
5

kJ/kmol. The holding section of the sterilizater will be constructed with 20m-long pipe with an
inner diameter of 0.078 m. Steam at 600 kPa (gage presure) is available to bring the steriliser to
an operating temperature of 125
o
C are c=4.18 kJ/kgK , =1000 kg/m
3
, and =4 kg/m hr

a. Determine the initial number of spore in the medium.
(10 marks)

b. How much medium can be sterilised per hour if you assume ideal plug flow?
(10 marks)

c. How much medium can be sterilized per hour if the effect of axial dispersion is considered?
(10 marks)


Given:
( )
Re ln
8.314
.
d
E
t o RT
total d do
d u n
k k e
n
uL J
Pe R
D K mol

= = =


= =








Correlattion for
4

Appendi

as a function


ix
n of Reynoldds number.




C
n
Effect of
n
n
o
1 + (
different typ
4
)
2
e
0.5 Pe ( )

pe of flow on
e
0.5 Pe
1 ( )
2
e
(

5
n the destruc


0.5 Pe )
ction of orga
8.26 ( )
anism
1
4
+ :=

4
k
d
L
u

Pe

8.27 ( )


6





`Good Lucck