What is feedback amplifier?

Feedback Amplifier: The process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input signal is known as a feedback. A feedback amplifier is one in which a fraction of the amplifier output is feedback to the input circuit. A feedback amplifier consists of two parts: 1. An Amplifier 2. A Feedback circuit

Define Classification of feedback amplifier and their uses. There are two basic type of feedback amplifier. 1. Negative Feedback amplifier 2. Positive Feedback amplifier Negative Feedback Amplifier: If the feedback voltage or current is so applied to reduce the amplifier input then it is called negative feedback amplifier.

Use of Negative Feedback Amplifier: A negative feedback amplifier, or more commonly simply a feedback amplifier, is an amplifier which uses negative feedback to improve performance (gain stability, linearity, frequency response, step response) and reduce sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environmental uncertainties. Positive Feedback Amplifier: If the feedback voltage or current is so applied to increase the amplifier input then it is called negative feedback amplifier.

Use of Positive Feedback Amplifier: Positive feedback is used in oscillators where an output of a frequency is needed. It is also used to generate hysteresis in an amplifier, which allows an amplifier to produce smooth signals from noisy inputs. What is the different between positive feedback and negative feedback amplifier? Positive Feedback Amplifier Negative Feedback Amplifier

Positive feedback means feeding a fraction of the output back into the non inverting input. Positive feedback can be used to create a circuit with nonlinear gain that has hysteresis.

Negative feedback means feeding a fraction of the output back into the inverting input. Negative feedback is used to stabilize the loop gain. The result of negative feedback is that the overall closed loop gain of the amplifier is set by linear passive components (resistors).

Describe the Principle of Feedback amplifier. Principle of Feedback Amplifier:

V1 A
Figure 1 Open Loop Amplifier

V2

VI

Vo

Figure 2 Close Loop Amplifier

If Vi is the input voltage of an ordinary amplifier and Vo is the output an ordinary amplifier Fig-1. The the Open Loop Gain; A= Suppose A feedback loop is addes to the Fig-1 then Vo id the output voltage and Vi is the input voltage of the Fig-2 and a fraction of this voltage is applied to the input which therefore, becomes (Vi Vo) depending on whether the feedback voltage is in phase or anti phase with it. Assuming Positive Feedback: The input Voltage: Vi = Vi+Vo When applied A times it becomes, A(Vi+Vo)= Vo=Output Voltage Vo= (1+ Vi+A)= A X Vi

The amplifier gain A with feedback

A=
V0 =

= = = =

Assuming Negative Feedback: A = Important terms: 1. A is called feedback amplifier 2. (Vi Vo) is called loop gain (close loop) 3. A is also called close loop gain 4. S= secrifier factor

Write down the Negative Feedback Amplifier advantage. Advantages of Negative Feedback Amplifier are: More linear operation Increased Bandwidth Highly stabilized gain Less amplitude destruction Less frequency distraction Less phase distraction Less harmonic destruction Reduced noise Reduce non-linear distortion Input and output impedance can be modified as desired What is Gain Stability? Gain Stability: The gain of an amplifier with negative feedback is given by A = Differentiating both side

= = ( )

= =
If A >> 1 The above expression becomes

=
Feedback over several stages: N-Stage

Figure A

I/P

O/P

2
Figure B

Multi stage amplifiers are used to achieve greater voltage or current amplification or both, such a care are use negative feedbacks to improve amplifier performance. A multistage amplifier is sharing in Fig-A. Let A and be the open gain feedback ratio respectively of each stage and A, The overall gain of the amplifier Fig-B shows the arrangement where n amplifier have been cascaded in order to get a total gain of AA. Let the overall feedback factor be 2and the overall gain A2. A1 = ( A =

) n and A2 = ( .
.(i)

=
(

. )=

..(ii)

From two circuit to have the same gain A1=A2

= 1+
(ii) (i)

= =
The four Basic arrangements for using negative feedback

Fig: Voltage series Feedback

Fig: Voltage Shunt Feedback

Fig: Current series Feedback

Fig: Current Shunt Feedback

What is an Oscillator? Oscillator: It is a circuit which converts DC energy into AC energy at a very high frequency. It is an unstable amplifier. Basically an oscillator is a circuit that produces an AC output with no input.

What is the different between an oscillator and an amplifier? An Oscillator An Amplifier Oscillators have a built-in autonomous circuit that The primary function of an amplifier is to convert creates an overlap between the input and output an input signal into an output signal, amplifying it signals. during the process. Oscillators are autonomous circuits powered by a Amplifiers are circuits which transfer an input constant energy source. signal into an output signal.

The oscillator creates a fixed or variable pitch, The amplifier projects the audio signal into which is fed to the amplifier something we can comprehend.

Define Classification of oscillators? Electronic oscillator may be broadly divided into two groups Sinusoidal Oscillator Non Sinusoidal Oscillator Sinusoidal Oscillator: An oscillator circuit whose output voltage is a sine-wave function of time is called Sinusoidal oscillator. It is also known as harmonic oscillator. A sinusoidal oscillator produces a sine-wave output signal. Ideally, the output signal is of constant amplitude with no variation in frequency. Sinusoidal oscillations produced by oscillators may be Damped Oscillation Undamped Oscillation Damped Oscillation: The electrical oscillations whose amplitude goes on decreasing with time is called damped oscillation.

Figure 1 Damped Oscillation

Undamped Oscillation: The electrical oscillations whose amplitude remains constant with time is called undamped oscillation.

Figure 2 Undamped Oscillation

Non Sinusoidal Oscillator: Non sinusoidal oscillators generate complex waveforms, such as square, rectangular, trigger, saw tooth, or trapezoidal. Because their outputs are generally characterized by a sudden change, or relaxation, they are often referred to as relaxation oscillators. Define the operation of Oscillator Circuit or Tank Circuit. Oscillator Circuit or Tank Circuit: A circuit which produces electrical oscillations of any desired frequency as known as an oscillator circuit or a tank circuit.

Fig: 1 Fig: 2 Fig: 3 Fig: 4 In Fig: 1 the upper plate of capacitor has deficit of electron and lower plate has excess of electron. Therefore, there is a voltage across the capacitor and the capacitor has electronic energy. In Fig: 2 when the switch is closed the capacitor will discharge and electron will flow through the inductance. This current flow set up a magnetic field around the coil. The current flow will be max when the capacitor will fully discharge. At this instance the elector static energy is zero because the electron motion is greatest. The elector static energy across the capacitor is completely converted into magnetic field energy around the coil. In Fig: 3 Once the capacitor is discharged the magnetic field will begin to collapse and produced a counter e.m.f and the counter e.m.f will keep the current flow in the same direction. The result is that the capacitor now charged with opposite polarity. In Fig: 4 after the collapse field has recharged the capacitor, the capacitor now begins to discharge; current now flowing opposite direction. Its showing capacitor fully discharge and max current following. Define the important terms for positive undamped oscillation. The positive feedback amplifier will produce sinusoidal output with no external signal source. The following point to be noted carefully. 1. Transistor amplifier with proper positive feedback will work as oscillator. 2. The circuit needs only a trigger signal to start the oscillator. 3. In order to get the continuous undamped oscillation the following condition must be met.

mvAv=1 where Av= voltage gain of amplifier without feedback mv=Feedback fraction
This relation is called Barkhausen criteria.

Explain the Barkhausen criteria. Barkhausen criteria: It states that if A is the gain of the amplifying element in the circuit and is the transfer function of the feedback path, so is the loop gain around the feedback loop of the circuit, the circuit will sustain steady-state oscillations only at frequencies for which: A=1 Mathematical Explanation: the voltage gain of a positive feedback amplifier is given by: A= if A=1 then A=

Graphical Explanation: Let the voltage gain without feedback=100 Therefore A = 1 =

=0.01

Suppose triggering voltage is 0.1V

Starting with the value circuit A=100, =0.01 will progress as follows:

Cycle
1 2

Vin
0.1Vpk 0.1Vpk

Vout
10Vpk 10Vpk

Vf
0.1Vpk 0.1Vpk

Different types of Transistor Oscillators Tuned Collector Oscillator Colpitts Oscillator Hartley Oscillator Phase Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillator Crystal Oscillator

Principle of Phase shift Oscillator: Good frequency stability and wave form can be obtained from oscillators amplifying resistive and capacitive elements. Such amplifier is called R-C or Phase shift oscillator.

Figure 3 Phase Shift Oscillator (R-C)

In phase shift oscillator a phase shift of 180 is obtained from R-C circuit and other 180 is obtained from transistor properties. Fig-3 shows the circuit of a phase oscillator. It consist a single transistor and a RC phase shift network. The phase shift network consists of three sections R1C1, R2C2 and R3C3. At some particular frequency f0, the phase in each RC section is 60 so that the total phase shift produced by the RC network is 180. The frequency is given by f0=

where R1=R2=R3=R and C1=C2=C3=C

Define the advantage and disadvantage of Phase Shift Oscillator. Advantage of Phase Shift Oscillator: It does not required transformer or inductors It can be used to produce very low frequencies The circuit provides good frequency stability It is cheap and simple circuit as it contains resistors and capacitors The phase shift oscillator circuit is much simpler than the Wien bridge oscillator circuit because it does not need negative feedback and the stabilization arrangements. The output is sinusoidal that is quite distortion free. They have a wide frequency range. They are particularly suitable for low frequencies; say of the order of 1 Hz, as these frequencies can be easily obtained by using R and C of large values.

Disadvantage of Phase Shift Oscillator: It is difficult for the circuit to start oscillations as the feedback is generally small. The output is small. It is due to smaller feedback. The frequency stability is not as good as that of Wien bridge oscillator. It needs high voltage (12 V) battery so as to develop sufficiently large feedback voltage. Wien Bridge Oscillator using operational Amplifier.

f0=

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp): An operational amplifier is a high gain, differential, voltage amplifier. It is very high gain direct coupled negative feedback amplifier which can amplify signal having frequency range from 0 Hz to a little beyond 1 MHz with two inputs and a single output. Its call operation amplifier because it cans able to perform the mathematical operations. These amplifier also can perform the below requirements. Differential inputs D.C. amplification Very high voltage gain Very high input resistance Very low output resistance Example of Operational amplifier: LM 741(Single General Purpose uncompensated) LF355N (Single high-performance op-amp) OP27 (Low-noise precision) CA3160e (Single op-amp) LF353N (Dual high-performance op-amp)

Figure: Operation Amplifier Symbol

Operational Amplifier Terminal: All operational amplifiers have a minimum of five terminals. 1. Inverting input terminal 2. Non-inverting terminal 3. Output terminal 4. Positive bias supply terminal 5. Negative bias supply terminal An ideal operational amplifier characteristic: Infinite input impedance R1= Zero output resistance R0=0 Zero common-mode gain or infinite common-mode rejection Infinite open-loop gain Av, Av= Infinite bandwidth. Why V1 is reduce to almost zero? When V1is applied, point A attains some positive potential and at the same time V0 is brought into existence. Due to negative feedback some fraction of the input voltage is feedback to point A antiphase with the voltage already exist there.

The algebraic sum of the two voltages is almost zero so that Vi 0. Obviously Vi will become exactly zero when negative feedback voltage at A is exactly equal to the positive voltage produced by Vi at A. Another point worth considering that there exist a virtual short between the two terminal of the OPAmp because Vi=0. It is virtual because no current flow despite the existence of this short. Application of Operation Amplifier: As scalar or linear constant gain amplifier both inverter and non-inverting As unity follower Adder or summer Subtractor Integrator Differentiator Comparator Inverting Amplifier Negative scale: Non inverting terminal has been rounded whereas R1 connects the input signal V1 to the inverting input. A feedback resistor R2 has been connected from the output to the inverting input.

Gain Since point A is at ground potential