UNIT-1 CONDUCTION

1. State fouriers law of conduction. Ans. The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient to that direction. Q A dT /dx Q = -kA dT /dx Where A- Area in m2 dT /dx- Temperature gradient in K/m k- Thermal conductivity in W/Mk 2.Define thermal conductivity. Ans. Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat. 3.Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinate system. Ans. The general three dimensional heat conduction equation in catesian coordinate is, 2T/x2 + 2T/y2 + 2T/z2 + q/k =1/ T/t Where, q-heat generated,W/m2 -Thermal diffusivity,m/s2 4.Write down the three dimensional heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinate system. Ans. The general three dimensional heat conduction equation in cylindrical system is, 2T/r2 + 1/r T/r +1/r2 2T/2 +2T/z2 +q/k =1/ T/ 5.List down the three types of boundary conditions. Ans. Prescribed temperature Prescribed heat flux Convection boundary condition 6. Write down the equation for heat transfer through a composite plane wall. Ans. Heat Transfer Q = T overall / R Where. T=Ta -Tb R= 1/haA + L1/k1A + L2/k2A + L3/k3A + 1/hbA L-thickness of the slab A- Area ha-heat transfer coeffient of inner diameter hb heat transfer coeffient of outer diameter

7.Write down the equation for heat transfer through composite pipes or cylinder. Ans. Heat transfer = Toverall/R Where, T=Ta-Tb R= 1/2L 1/har1 + ln(r2/r1)/k1 + ln(r3/r2)/k2 + 1/hbr3 8. Define overall heat transfer coeffient. Ans.the overall heat transfer by combined modes is usually expressed in terms of an overall conductance or overall heat transfer coeffient U. Heat transfer,Q = UAT 9.Write down the general equation for one dimensional steady state heat transfer in slab with heat generation. Ans. 2T/x2 + 2T/y2 + 2T/z2 +q/k = 1/ T/t

10. What is the critical radius of insulation or critical thickness ? Ans. Addition of insulating material on a surface does not reduce the amt. of heat transfer always.The radius of insulation for which the heat transfer is maximum is called critical radius of insulation and the corresponding thickness is called as critical tthickness. 11. Define Fin efficiency. Ans. The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transferred to the maximum possible heat transferedby the fin. Fin Efficiency = Qfin/Qmax 12. Define Fin effictiveness. Ans. Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that without fin. Fin Effectiveness = Qwith fin/Qwithout fin 13.What is meant by lumped heat analysis? Ans. In a Newtonian heating or cooling process the temp. throughout the solids is considered to be uniform at a given time.Such a analysis is called lumped heat analysis. 14. What is meant by Semi-Infinite solids? Ans. In a semi infinite solid,at any instant of time,there is always a point where the effect of heating or cooling at one of its boundaries is not felt at all.At this point the temp. remains unchanged.In semi infinite solids ,the biot number is infinity. 15. What is the significance of Biot Number? Ans. Biot number is used to find lumped heat analysis,semi-infinite solids and infinite solids. If Bi < 0.1 Lumped heat analysis Bi = infinity Semi infinite solids

0.1 < Bi < 100 Infinite solids 16. Explain the significance of Fourier number. Ans. It is defined as the ratio of characteristic body dimension to the temp. wave penetration depth in time. Fourier number = Characteritic body dimension/Temp. wave penetration depth in time It signifies the degree of penetration of heating or cooling effect of a solid. 17. What are the factors affecting thermal conductivity? Ans. The factors affecting the thermal conductivity are, Moisture Density of material Pressure Temperature Structure of material 18. Explain the significance of thermal diffusivity. Ans. The physical significance is that it tells us how fast the heat is propogated or it diffuses through a material during the changes of temp. with time. 19. What are Heisler Charts? Ans. In Heisler chat, the solutions for temp. distributions and heat flows in plane walls, long cylinders and spheres with finite internal and surface resistance are presented. Heisler charts are nothing but a analytical solutions in the form of graph.