PRACTICE PROBLEMS ON ENERGY AND THERMOCHEMISTRY

The following problems are designed to help you in your study of energy and thermochemistry (topics C and E). Answers to these problems will be posted on the Chem 101A website. Section 1: A review of basic physical processes 1) What is the SI unit for each of the following physical quantities? a) mass b) force c) velocity d) distance e) pressure 2) How much force must be applied to a 35.0 g mass in order to give it a constant acceleration of 2.00 m/sec2? 3) The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 pounds/inch2. a) Convert this to a pressure in N/cm2. b) How much force does the atmosphere exert on a wall whose dimensions are 2.89 meters by 4.11 meters? Give your answer in newtons. 4) The speed of light in a vacuum is 2.998 x 108 m/sec. How long does it take light to travel from the sun to the planet Jupiter (a distance of 480,000,000 miles)? Give your answer in minutes. 5) A car advertisement states that the car can accelerate from 0 to 60 miles/hr in 8.1 seconds. a) Calculate the acceleration of the car in m/sec2. b) If the car weighs 1840 pounds, calculate the force that the engine must exert in order to produce this acceleration. Give your answer in newtons and in pounds. Section 2: System and surroundings our reference point 6) Imagine that you fill a beaker with sand. You then make the measurement listed below. What is the system in each case? a) The mass of the sand is 126.337 grams (obtained by weighing the beaker with and without the sand, then taking the difference). b) The volume of the sand is 75 mL (obtained by looking at the level of the sand in the beaker). Section 3: Work 7) An object that weighs 525 g is lifted a distance of 250 cm. How much work was done? 8) The traditional U.S. unit of work is the foot-pound, obtained by multiplying the distance (in feet) by the resisting force (in pounds). How many joules equals one foot-pound? 9) Freddie weighs 61.3 kg. He steps into an elevator, which lifts him far enough to do 25,000 J of work. How far did the elevator lift Freddie? 10) [This is a topic E type question] A balloon is inflated to a total volume of 3.22 L. The pressure on the balloon is 755 torr. How much work was done? Express your answer in joules. 11) In problem 9, if we consider Freddie to be the system, what is the correct sign of w? What about if we consider the elevator to be the system?

Section 4: State and path functions 12) Which of the following are state functions, and which are path functions? a) The number of moles of oxygen you have in your lungs. b) The number of moles of oxygen you have inhaled today. c) The distance you have walked today. d) The distance between your bed and your current position. Section 5: Energy 13) A stretched spring possesses energy. Explain, using the definition of energy. 14) You can demonstrate that an ice cube contains energy, using an ice cube and a container of liquid nitrogen. How could you do this? 15) Calculate the kinetic energy of a 250 mg object that is moving 35 cm/sec. Give your answer in joules. 16) The object in problem 15 is 20 kilometers above the earths surface. Calculate the gravitational potential energy of this object. 17) If you connect the two ends of a battery with a wire, the wire will become warm. Explain how this is an example of the interconversion of the two forms of energy. Section 6: Heat For all problems in this handout, you may use 4.180 J/gC for the specific heat of water. 18) The specific heat of glass is 0.739 J/gC. a) If a 352 g piece of glass is heated from 22C to 162C, how much heat is required? b) If 2530 J of heat are used to increase the temperature of the piece of glass in part a, what will be the final temperature of the glass? (The initial temperature is 22C.) 19) Equal amounts of heat are used to heat a 25.0 g sample of water and a 25.0 g sample of alcohol. The temperature of the water rises from 23.1C to 27.9C, while the temperature of the alcohol rises from 21.6C to 29.9C. Calculate the specific heat of alcohol. 20) 23.5 g of water at 10.5C and 31.7 g of water at 38.2C are mixed. Calculate the final temperature of the water. 21) 31.5 g of water at 22.3C is placed into a beaker. Some hot water is then poured into the beaker. The total mass of the water in the beaker is found to be 48.9 g, and the final temperature (after mixing) is 29.1C. What was the temperature of the hot water? 22) A piece of glass is heated to 92.3C and then placed into a 41.3 g sample of water. The initial temperature of the water is 18.9C, and the final temperature of the water is 20.3C. Calculate the mass of the piece of the glass. (The specific heat of glass is 0.739 J/gC.) Section 7: The calorie the alternate energy unit 23) Calculate the specific heat of glass in cal/gC, given that the specific heat of glass is 0.739 J/ gC.

Section 8: The conservation energy 24) A 100.0 g piece of steel (specific heat = 0.456 J/gC) is simultaneously lifted 100.0 meters and cooled from 20.0C to 0.0C. Calculate E for the piece of steel. Section 9: Energy and physical processes 25) A 200 gram steel ball is dropped from an unknown height. When it is 35 meters above the ground, its velocity is 27.6 m/sec. a) What was the height of the ball when it was dropped? b) How fast will the ball be moving just as it reaches the ground? c) How far from the ground was the ball when its velocity was 16.9 m/sec? 26) The steel ball in problem 25 falls into a container of water. Both the ball and the water were initially at 21.36C, and their final temperature is 21.48C. What is the mass of the water? (Assume that the container does not absorb any heat, and remember that you calculated the distance that the ball fell in problem 25.) 27) A lump of Play-doh weighing 126 g is dropped from a height of 131 meters. It lands on top of (and sticks to) a second lump of Play-doh that weighs 185 g. The initial temperature of each lump of Play-doh is 19.77C, and the final temperature of the combined lump is 19.93C. Calculate the specific heat of Play-doh. Section 10: Energy and changes of state 28) The heat of fusion of ice (the amount of energy required to melt ice) is 333 J/g. a) If you need to melt 25.0 g of ice, how much heat will you need? b) If you add 1234 J of heat to a 25.0 g piece of ice at 0.0C, how much ice will remain unmelted? c) Express the heat of fusion of ice in kilojoules/mole. 29) A 10.0 g piece of ice at 0.0C is placed into 45.2 g of liquid water at 21.3C. What will be the final temperature of the mixture? How much ice (if any) will remain once the mixture reaches thermal equilibrium? (The heat of fusion of ice is given in problem 28.) 30) You must remove 2260 J of heat from one gram of 100C steam in order to convert the steam to liquid water at 100C. a) How much heat must you add to one gram of 100C water in order to convert the water to steam (also at 100C)? b) If you want to boil 35.0 g of water, and the water is already at 100C, how much heat will you need? c) If you want to boil 35.0 g of water, and the water is at 25C, how much heat will you need? 31) 12.5 grams of steam at 100C is forced into 75.0 grams of liquid water at 22C. What will be the final temperature of the mixture? How much steam (if any) will remain once the mixture reaches thermal equilibrium? (The heat of vaporization of water is given in problem 30.) 32) 80.0 g of ice at 0C and 10.0 g of steam at 100C are mixed. What will the final temperature of the mixture? How many grams of each state (ice, water, steam) will be present at thermal equilibrium? (Use the heats of fusion and vaporization given in problems 28 and 30. This is a hard problem!)

Section 11: Energy and chemical reactions 33) A reaction is known to give off 24.5 kJ of heat when it occurs. a) Is the potential energy of the products higher or lower than the potential energy of the reactants? Explain. b) If the reaction occurs in an insulated container (so no heat can leave the reaction mixture), will the kinetic energy of the products be higher or lower than the kinetic energy of the reactants? Explain. c) If the products are allowed to cool to the original reactant temperature, will the kinetic energy of the surroundings go up, or will it go down? Explain. d) What is the correct sign of E for this reaction? 34) When solid ammonium nitrate is mixed with water, the mixture becomes cool. a) Based on this observation, is the potential energy of the products higher or lower than the potential energy of the reactants? Explain. b) What is the correct sign of E for this reaction? Section 12: Energy and moles Use the reaction below (and its E) to answer questions 35 through 41: 2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g) 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(l) E = 10909 kJ 35) How much energy will be produced when 5.23 g of C8H18 reacts with excess oxygen? 36) 10.00 g of C8H18 is mixed with 30.00 g of O2 and the two are allowed to react. Assuming that the reaction goes to completion, how much energy will be produced? 37) If you need to generate 1.5 x 106 kJ of energy, what mass of C8H18 will you need, and what mass of carbon dioxide will you produce? 38) 50.0 g of C8H18 reacts with oxygen in such a way that 582 kJ of work is done. How much heat is given off? Section 13: Enthalpy the energy we can use 39) When 1.00 g of liquid C8H18 reacts with oxygen at 25C and constant pressure, how much PV work is done? (Be sure to include the correct sign in your answer.) 40) A sample of liquid C8H18 reacts with oxygen at 25C and constant pressure, giving a total of 3.18 kJ of PV work. What was the mass of the C8H18? 41) Calculate H for the reaction of C8H18 with O2 at 25C. Section 14: The formal definition of enthalpy 42) The energy of a monatomic gas is given by E = 3/2nRT. Given this information and using the definition of enthalpy, calculate the enthalpy (H, not H) of 1.00 mole of helium at 25C. Section 15: Heat and enthalpy 43) Explain why the heat that is given off or absorbed by a chemical reaction must equal H when the reaction occurs in an open container.

Section 16: Using enthalpy in problem-solving Use the reaction below (and its H) to answer questions 44 through 48. 2 NH3(g) + 3 N2O(g) 4 N2(g) + 3 H2O(l) H = 1010 kJ 44) Calculate E for this reaction at 25C. 45) What is the enthalpy change if 35.0 g of gaseous N2O reacts with excess ammonia? 46) How much heat will be given off if 35.0 g of gaseous N2O reacts with excess ammonia at a constant pressure of 1.00 atm? 47) How much PV work will be done in problem 46? (Assume a constant temperature of 25C.) 48) 30.0 grams of NH3 is mixed with 150.0 grams of gaseous N2O in a constant-pressure system at 25C. The two gases react in such a way that 172 kJ of useful work is done. a) How much heat is given off? b) What is the total amount of work done (including PV work)? 49) Xenon trioxide is a very unstable compound. It breaks down according to the following balanced equation: 2 XeO3(s) 2 Xe(g) + 3 O2(g) H = 804 kJ How much heat will be given off when 2.50 g of xenon trioxide breaks down in a constantvolume container at 25C? 50) When 1.250 g of PH3 reacts with excess oxygen in a constant-volume system at 25C, 43.12 kJ of heat is given off. How much heat will be given off when 1.250 g of PH3 reacts with excess oxygen in a constant-pressure system at 25C? The chemical equation is: 4 PH3(g) + 8 O2(g) P4O10(s) + 6 H2O(l) 51) Calculate the H and E values that correspond to the balanced equation in problem 50. 52) A 10.0 liter steel flask contains a mixture of gaseous NH3 and gaseous N2O. The partial pressures of these gases are 251 torr and 275 torr, respectively. Calculate the heat given off if these two gases react according to the balanced equation shown below: 2 NH3(g) + 3 N2O(g) 4 N2(g) + 3 H2O(l) H = -1010 kJ Note that the reaction occurs in a constant-volume system. You may assume a temperature of 25C. Section 17: Calorimetry 53) 3.172 grams of anthracene (C14H10) is burned in a bomb calorimeter, according to the following equation: 2 C14H10(s) + 33 O2(g) 28 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l) The following data are obtained: heat capacity of calorimeter and contents: 4379 J/C initial temperature: 21.44C final temperature: 50.55C Calculate H and E for this reaction. You may assume a temperature of 25C when relating H to E.

54) 2.731 grams of solid potassium oxide is dissolved in 113.72 grams of water. The following reaction occurs: K2O(s) + H2O(l) 2 K+(aq) + 2 OH(aq) The initial temperature of the water is 19.7C, and the final temperature of the mixture is 38.9C. Calculate H and E for the reaction above, assuming that the specific heat of the mixture is the same as that of water (4.184 J/gC). 55) For the reaction below, H = 15 kJ/mol. If 3.51 grams of solid ammonium chloride is dissolved in 48.2 grams of water, and the initial temperature of both the water and the ammonium chloride is 29.1C, what will be the final temperature of the mixture? You may assume that that the specific heat of the mixture is the same as that of water. NH4Cl(s) NH4+(aq) + Cl(aq) H = 15 kJ/mol For sections 18 and 19, Zumdahl has a number of good problems: we have not included additional problems in this handout. Section 20: Heats of formation 56) What chemical equation has a H value that is equal to the enthalpy of formation of solid CaCO3? Use the heats of formation in the appendix of Zumdahl to answer questions 57 through 60: 57) Calculate H for the following reaction: 4 HCN(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 2 N2(g) 58) Calculate the amount of heat that would be given off when 3.50 grams of solid chromium burns in an open system according to the following equation: 4 Cr(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Cr2O3(s) 59) Use the H value for the reaction below and the heats of formation in the textbook to calculate the heat of formation of solid biphenyl, C12H10. 2 C12H10(s) + 29 O2(g) 24 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l) H = -12496 kJ 60) When 3.614 grams of formic acid (HCO2H) is burned in a bomb calorimeter, the following data are obtained: heat capacity of calorimeter: 3577 J/C initial temperature: 22.45C final temperature: 28.10C Using this information and the heats of formation in the appendix of your textbook, determine the heat of formation ( H o ) of formic acid. The chemical equation for the calorimeter reaction f is: 2 HCO2H(l) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

Section 21: Standard conditions

61) What does the superscript o mean in the symbol H o ? Be as specific as possible. f ANSWERS TO THESE PROBLEMS ARE POSTED ON THE CHEM 101A WEBSITE: http://www.ccsf.edu/Departments/Chemistry/chem101a/