Biology Health effect of tobacco

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Vectors

Chewing tobacco is one of the oldest ways of consuming tobacco leaves. The leaves are gently compacted against the lip. This stimulates the salivary glands, which creates sputum. Gutka is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, catechu, lime, and flavorings. It is manufactured, exported, and consumed in India. Social custom does not permit children in India to smoke cigarettes; it has therefore become increasingly popular. Smoking encompasses Beedi, Cigarette, Cigar, Hookah, Kreteks, and Pipe. o Beedis, similar to cigarettes, are becoming increasingly popular in India and other South-East Asia. It produces three times more carbon monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than regular cigarettes. o Cigarette smoking is the most common method of tobacco consumption. There is no credible evidence that "Low Tar," "Light," or "Ultra Light" cigarettes are safer than regular cigarettes. Most of these terms refer to the type of filter that is used, and can vary depending on the brand. In some countries, advertising cigarettes as being "Light" has been banned. Smoking cigarettes increases mortality rates by 40% in those who smoke less than 10 cigarettes a day, by 70% in those who smoke 1019 a day, by 90% in those who smoke 2039 a day, and by 120% in those smoking two packs a day or more. o Cigar smoking is generally not inhaled as is cigarette smoke, because the high alkalinity of the smoke can quickly become irritating to the trachea and lungs. The relative risk for cigar-only smokers of allcause mortality is 1.02 for 1-2 cigars/day, 1.08 for 3-4 cigars/day, and 1.17 for 5+ cigars/day. Though most cigar smokers do not inhale those that do have risks of lung cancer similar to cigarette smokers. Increased risk for heart attack is less for cigar smokers, but still present. o Hookah, also referred to as Shishas, are smoked in Eastern Mediterranean region. Some studies suggest that hookah smoking is considered to be safer than other forms of smoking. However, water is not effective for removing all relevant toxins, e.g. the carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons are not water-soluble. Several negative health effects are linked to hookah smoking and studies indicate that it is

likely to be more harmful than cigarettes, due in part to the volume of smoke inhaled. o Kreteks are clove and tobacco cigarettes most commonly smoked in Indonesia. o Pipe smoking are the usage of tobacco from which the tobacco leaves are ground and placed into a pipe for inhalation. Pipe smoking has also been researched and found to increase the risk of various cancers by 33%. In addition to the cancer risk, there is some risk of infectious disease resulting from pipe sharing, and other risks associated with the common addition of other psychoactive drugs to the tobacco. Secondhand smoke, also called passive smoking, it is a involuntary inhalation from the end of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or otherwise. Snuff is a smokeless tobacco inhaled through the nose. Snus, also with the variation of dipping tobacco, are placed between the upper lip and teeth, where nicotine is absorbed into the bloodstream through the mucous membrane.

Effect of chewing tobacco

Beedis

Secondhand Smoking

Cigarette

Crazy People!!!...

Pulmonary

In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke such as carbon monoxide, cyanide, and so forth, are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in the alveoli, leading to emphysema Secondhand smoke is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is involuntarily inhaled, lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished, and can cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer, respiratory infections, and asthma. Nonsmokers who are exposed to secondhand smoke at home or work increase their heart disease risk by 2530% and their lung cancer risk by 2030%. Secondhand smoke has been estimated to cause 38,000 deaths per year, of which 3,400 are deaths from lung cancer in non-smokers.

Cardiovascular(Effect on the heart and blood vessels): Cardiovascular (Effect on the heart and blood vessels):
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by smoking, known as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) caused by smoking, known as tobacco disease, is aapermanent, incurable reduction of pulmonary capacity tobacco disease, is permanent, incurable reduction of pulmonary capacity characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with sputum, characterized by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with sputum, and damage to the lungs, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis. and damage to the lungs, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Inhalation of tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and blood vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to rise, increasing by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts its negative effects by reducing the bloods ability to carry oxygen. Smoking also increases the chance of heart disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, and peripheral vascular disease. Several ingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing of blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of a blockage, and thus a heart attack or stroke. According to a study by an international team of researchers, people under 40 are five times more likely to have a heart attack if they smoke. Although cigarette smoking causes a greater increase of the risk of cancer than cigar smoking, cigar smokers still have an increased risk for many health problems, including cancer, when compared to non-smokers. Smoking tends to increase blood cholesterol levels.

Before and After smoking (Lungs)

Effect on Alveoli

Oral
Perhaps the most serious oral condition that can arise is that of oral cancer. However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Cancer Institute, determined in 1998 that "cigar smoking causes a variety of cancers including cancers of the oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth, throat), esophagus, larynx, and lung." Pipe smoking involves significant health risks, particularly oral cancer. Roughly half of periodontitis or inflammation around the teeth cases attributed to current or former smoking. Smokeless tobacco causes gingival recession and white mucosal lesions. Up to 90% of periodontitis patients who are not helped by common modes of treatment are smokers. Smokers have significantly greater loss of bone height than nonsmokers, and the trend can be extend to pipe smokers to have more bone loss than nonsmokers. Smoking has been proven to be an important factor in the staining of teeth. Halitosis or bad breath is common among tobacco smokers. Tooth loss has been shown to be 2 to 3 times higher in smokers than in non-smokers. In addition, complications may further include leukoplakia the adherent white plaques or patches on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity, including the tongue, and a loss of taste sensation or salivary changes.

Infection
Tobacco is also linked to susceptibility to infectious diseases, particularly in the lungs. Smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day increases the risk of tuberculosis by two to four times, and being a current smoker has been linked to a fourfold increase in the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. It is believed that smoking increases the risk of these and other pulmonary and respiratory tract infections both through structural damage and through effects on the immune system. The effects on the immune system include an increase in CD4+ cell production attributable to nicotine, which has tentatively been linked to increased HIV susceptibility.The usage of tobacco also increases rates of infection: common cold and bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema and chronic bronchitis in particular.

Psychological
Smokers report a variety of physical and psychological effects from smoking tobacco. Those new to smoking may experience dizziness, and rapid heart beat. The usage of tobacco also creates cognitive dysfunction, which include: increased risk (or decrease) of Alzheimer's disease and decline in cognitive abilities,reduced memory and cognitive abilities in adolescent smokers, brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy). Most smokers say they enjoy smoking, which is part of the reason why many continue to do so even though they are aware of the health risks. Taste, smell, and visual enjoyment are also major contributions to the enjoyment of smoking, in addition to camaraderie with other smokers. Ironically, chronic exposure to tobacco smoke may inhibit one's sense of taste and smell, rendering him or her less able to enjoy these aspects of tobacco smoking. Most smokers, when denied access to nicotine, exhibit symptoms such as irritability, jitteriness, dry mouth, and rapid heart beat.

Reproductive
A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus(The unborn offspring of a human at the later stages of its development, especially from eight weeks after fertilization to its birth. In a fetus, all major body organs are present.). Second-hand smoke appears to present an equal danger to the fetus. Secondhand smoke is connected to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Infants who die from SIDS tend to have higher concentrations of nicotine and cotinine (a biological marker for secondhand smoke exposure) in their lungs than those who die from other causes. While smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of SIDS, infants exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are also at a greater risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome whether or not the parent(s) smoked during pregnancy. The nicotine obtained from smoking travels through a woman into her breast milk, thus giving nicotine to her child. Secondhand smoke is known to harm children, infants and reproductive health through acute lower respiratory tract illness, asthma induction and exacerbation, chronic respiratory symptoms, middle ear infection, lower birth weight babies, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome According to earlier studies the smoking ban led to significant improvements regarding respiratory symptoms and lung function in people visiting bars and restaurants. Previously scientists stated that environmental tobacco smoke leads to coronary heart disease, lung cancer and premature death. There is increasing evidence that the harmful products of tobacco smoking kill sperm cells. Therefore, some governments require manufacturers to put warnings on packets. Smoking tobacco increases intake of cadmium, because the tobacco plant absorbs the metal. Cadmium, being chemically similar to zinc, may replace zinc in the DNA polymerase, which plays a critical role in sperm production. Zinc replaced by cadmium in DNA polymerase can be particularly damaging to the testes. Incidence of impotence (the quality of lacking strength or power; being weak) is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers, and it is a key cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). Smoking causes impotence because it promotes arterial narrowing.

There is limited evidence that smoking reduces the incidence of pregnancyinduced hypertension, but not when the pregnancy is with more than one baby (i.e. it has no effect on twins etc.). Smoking does, however, increase the likelihood of almost every other pregnancy-related health risk to both mother and child, and is the single most preventable cause of illness and death among mothers and infants in the developed world.

Other
The primary risks of tobacco usage include many forms of cancer, particularly lung cancer, cancer of the kidney, cancer of the larynx and head and neck, breast cancer, bladder, esophagus, pancreas, and stomach. There is some evidence suggesting an increased risk of myeloid leukemia, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer after an extended latency, childhood cancers and cancers of the gall bladder, adrenal gland and small intestine.

Kidney

Breast cancer

End