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SOLAR CHARGING LAMP

T.BANGARAIAH 05225A0201 III/IV B.TECH E-mail:yoursbangaram_201@yahoo.co.in

S.SREENATH 04221A257 III/IV B.TECH srinath_sandur@yahoo.com

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRICAL B.V.C. ENGG COLLEGE ODALAREVU

ABSTRACT

Looking at the present days scenario, the ever-growing population needs more and more electricity and even the industries have a never ending crave for more electricity. Even though the power generated by thermal & nuclear power plant is sufficient but it has hazardous effect, not only on humans but also on our mother nature. Power generated by these methods is largely dependent on the existence of conventional fuels. As it is a known fact that the coal supplies left in the world will last for the next five to six decades. The technology involved in the usage and disposal of nuclear fuels is not only very complex but also expensive. By using non-conventional source such as solar energy many of the pollution problems can be solved. The sun gives some ray of hope, as" just an hours worth of energy radiated by the sun over the earth would meet the power needs of entire world for a year. This source of energy is in abundance and never ending thus the cost of extraction and utilization of solar energy is zero. A cost involved in effective usage of solar energy is for only developing the circuitry for the purpose and a storage device,

during the period when sun's rays are not sufficient. When we compare this cost to the lasting period of device, it proves out to be really very efficient when compared to other sources. The efficiency is low and can be easily improved by thoroughly studying about the device and developing it to achieve maximum efficiency. The day is not far when our solar lamp would be lighting all the houses and no one would spend nights in darkness.
DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

The system involved in this are as follows: POWER GENERATION:-In this power generation unit is solar panel, connected in series (or) parallel together. Solar cell convert solar energy to the electrical energy. Solar cells are doped with N type and P type materials and when light falls on the PN junction a potential barrier is set .The generated voltage is transferred to the control unit. CONTROLLING UNIT: -To obtain AC from the DC we need a controlling unit; the conversion is done by a power conditioning system. A power system consists of a inverter to convert DC output to the AC; filters to remove the unwanted signal; a sub logic system to control the switching of photovoltaic system; and a isolation transformer to isolate DC source voltage from AC line voltage, the output of transformer is connected to the lamp by the condenser which improves the power factor of the ac waveform. Relays are provided for low charging, over charging, short circuit and open circuit. STORING:- A back up storage system is always required as the sun's rays are not always continuous. A lead acid battery can be used for the purpose

Block diagram COMPONENTS INVOLVED

PHOTO VOLTAIC PANEL: -Photo voltaic systems convert light energy directly to electrical energy. Using its versatility and modularity it can be designed for power needs ranging from milliwatts to mega watts .It consists of crystalline silicon cells that produces a characteristic open circuit voltage of 0.5 v (dc). The current generated depends upon efficiency and area of the cell and incident sunlight. Under normal conditions a 10cm diameter cell produces 1 watt of power. Mounting groups of cells either in series or parallel produces large voltages or currents. Interconnecting them in series increases the voltage while in parallel current increases. Concentration of cells increases the power produced. Single crystal gallium arsenate has high efficiency, stability and ability to withstand higher operating temperatures than single crystal silicon. It has maximum efficiency of 40% that is far better than other. BATTERY: - A battery is a source for storing DC. It consists of cells connected in either in series or in parallel .A cell is a device to converts chemical energy to electrical energy .It has two different electrodes dipped in a electrolyte .A lead acid cell is a secondary cell (reversible cell) where the electrolyte is a dilute sulphuric acid; anode is lead peroxide and cathode is lead .The e.m.f of fully charged lead cell is two volts.

TRANSFORMER: It is a device used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another by mutual induction without changing frequency & power. A transformer can be operated either from AC or DC sources. When a DC or AC is applied to the primary coil the resultant current flow result into a constantly changing magnetic field. As this field expands and collapses a AC voltage i.e. induced in the secondary winding. RELAYS: -Electromagnetic relays are used for magnetic switching operation. It usually has one coil, but may have number of contacts, with no current flow through coil (energized), the armature is held away from the core by string tension. When the coil is energized it produces a field that causes a movement of armature, which in turn causes the contact point of relay to open or close alternately. The coils and contacts are insulator from each other, therefore under normal condition no electric current will pass between them. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER: - An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled high gain amplifier usually consists of one or more differential amplifier and usually followed by level translator and an output stage. The output stage is generally a push pull complementary symmetry pair. It is available as a single integrated circuit package. The operational amplifier is a versatile device which can be operated to amplify dc as well as ac input signal. The modern day op-amp can be used for a variety of applications, such as ac to dc signal amplification, active filters, oscillators, comparators, and regulators. The op-amp used in this circuit is LM 324 N. OTHER COMPONENTS:- Resistors, capacitors, diodes, light emitting diodes, transistors. WORKING OF CIRCUIT Many of the electric power applications require alternating current (AC). To obtain AC this inverting circuit is used. This circuit has duel application, which is charging the battery, another is discharging the battery. While charging the battery switch will all ways be in open condition because while close condition the switch tends to be in short circuit and it will damage the circuit components. During charging of the battery the solar panel positive terminal is connected to the relay (or) automatic switch, this switch has four terminals two are Input terminal and other two are output terminals. When the first terminal of the panel is connected to the first Input terminal that is connected through a battery will gets energized. At starting switch will be closed and when over charging takes place. It will open and gives the yellow indication. A green indication is also given while charging. The first output of switch is connected to the three pin LED through R4 Resistor, second output terminal is connected to the three pin LED through R3. Here diode D3 is connected to the switch starting input terminal that is connected to the LM 324N for circuit voltage through Diodes D4 & D6 while charging the battery then D4, D6 is reverse bias. It does not conduct the supply where D1 is also connected to the first terminal of the switch through a Resistor R2. Then first output terminal is given to

diode D5. Where diodes D5 & D1 is connected together and it is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and it is also connected to the comparators. These diodes D1, D3 & D5 re use to filtering the output of DC from harmful, (or) unwanted signals. IC4 will compare the input positive voltage with Vcc and given the output signal to the three pin LED where no difference in input and Vcc voltage will generates constant signal pulse. IC3 is also compared by the input and Vcc which gives output constant pulse signal. When both are same. It sends to the Transistor Q1 base in this condition the Q1 is in ON state. Here a Zener diode used to obtain regulated voltage through it. When the panel generates the sufficient voltage it starts conducting that voltage which is send to the Transistor Q4 base signal. The Transistor Emitter is connected to the IC2 through resistor R28 & R29 and also connected to the Q3 emitter and is connected to the ground IC2 takes positive voltage from the emitter of Q4 and comparator the Vcc and positive is sampled. So the Q3 is off mode because IC2 output is connected to Q3 base. Where Q4 collector is connected to the Q3 collector for high impedance, while charging the battery the transistors Q6, Q5, Q8, & Q7 are inactive and also the diodes D4, D6 where as IC1 is in active state

when battery is over charged the automatic switch will operate and the contact position will change. Now the contact position is in between the second input and output terminals. when the contact position is shifted to the second position then D5 is disconnected and yellow indication will be given by the LED because the input positive voltage of IC4 will change. So at the output a signal will be generated and the supply to the battery will be disconnected. Before switching on the lamp remove the panel contacts from the circuit. After closing the switch, the diode D4 & D6 is forward biased and connected in parallel to filter the DC supply. From this the diode D6 output is directly connected to the isolation transformer through coil for smooth DC signal, D4 is disconnected through the LM 324 for Vcc supply to the OP Amplifier and also connected to the switching transistor Q5. collector of the transistor Q5 is connected to the D4 and base is connected the output of IC1 through the resistors R24 & R24 where input positive voltage through the comparators is taken from high resistance resistor R17 this is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. The comparator IC1 compares the Vcc positive voltage and it generates a constant pulse signal. When sufficient voltage is generated it is given to the lamp. When low charging condition occurs the difference is taken between Vcc & V1 because the positive voltage is connected to R17 some voltage drop occurs and output signal of IC1 is high. Then the transistor Q6 is operated and gives a RED indication during this the capacitor starts discharging. Output signal is send to Q5 through R25 & R24. Here resistors are having very high resistance thus small pulse is applied across the Q5 base and the lamp will not glow because there will be no supply to the Q8 & Q7. When sufficient voltage is there to discharge, the output of the IC1 is high and Q5 is in on state. Emitter of Q5 is connected to the collector Q7 and also connected to the isolation transformer through R25, Q8. Base is connected to the isolation transformer and emitter is grounded. Q7 base is also connected to the transformer, emitter is connected to the ground. Thus Q7 Q8 Q5 acts as switching transistor for AC wave the output of the transformer is connected to the condenser to improve the voltage and gives the high voltage for the starting of lamp afterward it takes very less voltage and current.

CONCLUSION The circuit arranged is satisfactory for working up to 4 to 5 hours per day after charging. It is trouble free in operation. This system can operate for a range of 6V to 24V DC supply. It can also be used for wide range of light loads by changing the battery and by improving the solar cells capacity. And by equalize the function for a period of charging and automatic cut off during charging & over charging and gives the red yellow indication respectively protection against the low discharging protection against the over charging protection against from short circuit and open circuit.

Its applications are: It can be used for light loads as well as wide range purpose by changing the battery capacity. Agriculture Farming Education Shops Small, Workshops Relief operation etc. REFERENCES: 1.www.wekipedia.com 2.www.whitepapers.com 3.www.sciencedirectory.com 4.www.sunpowtech.com

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