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Simulation
IEEE limit
harm_volt
3.5%
Simulation
3.0%
IEEE limit
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
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Graphs (PCC)
POWER :
Z:
DEMAND:
Harmonic Calculator WEG
V1.00
Copyright(C) 2009 WEG. All rights reserved.
15
8
13000
MVA
%
kVA
Ie (Estimated Waveform)
Isc:
IL:
16.4
1137.2
kA
Amp
Case Study:
Estimated Results
Motor
Amp
Motor Power
1523.8 kW
IEEE-519
Company Name
% LOAD
Ie(1)
Ie RMS
IL
THDi
TDD
THDv
Isc / IL
10.66
139.9
146.4
1137.2
32.49
4.00
1.70
14.4
%
Amp
Amp
Amp
%
%
%
FP:
MotorPower:
Ni
PCCPower:
Fund_IL:
I_source:
freq:
L_pcc:
limite_TDD:
limite_TDD:
ISC/IL:
0.86
1523823.66
0.953
1598975.51
139.87
1312.159703
60
0.000616248
5
0.05
14.42307692
pcc_power_kVA
ctrl thdv
ctrl tdd
soma ctrl
0
0
0
0
amarelo
vermelho
0
0
Lfonte
relao tr
Lfonte_ref
Queda%_Ref
QuedasS
Queda%LIM
0.000616248
0.5
0.000154062
0.009450069
0.059450069
0.059450069
1598.975508
Henry
Henry
Harmnicas de Corrente
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
(N-1)
0.2
0.0909091
0.0588235
0.0434783
0.0344828
0.0285714
0.0243902
0.0212766
0.0188679
0.0169492
0.0153846
0.0140845
0.012987
0.0120482
0.011236
0.0105263
0.009901
0.0093458
0.0088496
0.0084034
0.008
0.0076336
(N+1)
0.1428571
0.0769231
0.0526316
0.04
0.0322581
0.027027
0.0232558
0.0204082
0.0181818
0.0163934
0.0149254
0.0136986
0.0126582
0.0117647
0.010989
0.0103093
0.0097087
0.0091743
0.0086957
0.0082645
0.007874
0.0075188
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
0.0072993
0.006993
0.0067114
0.0064516
0.0062112
0.005988
0.0057803
0.0055866
0.0054054
0.0052356
0.0050761
0.0049261
0.0047847
0.0046512
0.0045249
0.0044053
0.0042918
0.0041841
0.0040816
0.0039841
0.0038911
0.0038023
0.0037175
0.0036364
0.0035587
0.0034843
0.003413
0.0033445
0.0032787
0.0032154
0.0031546
0.003096
0.0030395
0.0029851
0.0029326
0.0028818
0.0028329
0.0027855
0.0027397
0.0026954
0.0026525
0.002611
0.0025707
0.0025316
0.0024938
0.002457
0.0024213
0.0023866
0.0023529
0.0023202
0.0022883
0.0022573
0.0022272
0.0021978
0.0021692
0.0021413
0.0021142
0.0020877
0.0071942
0.0068966
0.0066225
0.0063694
0.006135
0.0059172
0.0057143
0.0055249
0.0053476
0.0051813
0.0050251
0.004878
0.0047393
0.0046083
0.0044843
0.0043668
0.0042553
0.0041494
0.0040486
0.0039526
0.003861
0.0037736
0.00369
0.0036101
0.0035336
0.0034602
0.0033898
0.0033223
0.0032573
0.0031949
0.0031348
0.0030769
0.0030211
0.0029674
0.0029155
0.0028653
0.0028169
0.0027701
0.0027248
0.002681
0.0026385
0.0025974
0.0025575
0.0025189
0.0024814
0.002445
0.0024096
0.0023753
0.0023419
0.0023095
0.0022779
0.0022472
0.0022173
0.0021882
0.0021598
0.0021322
0.0021053
0.002079
(N-1)^2
0.04
0.008264463
0.003460208
0.001890359
0.001189061
0.000816327
0.000594884
0.000452694
0.000355999
0.000287274
0.000236686
0.000198373
0.000168663
0.000145159
0.000126247
0.000110803
9.80296E-05
8.73439E-05
7.83147E-05
7.06165E-05
0.000064
5.82717E-05
(N+1)^2
0.020408163
0.00591716
0.002770083
0.0016
0.001040583
0.00073046
0.000540833
0.000416493
0.000330579
0.000268745
0.000222767
0.000187652
0.000160231
0.000138408
0.000120758
0.000106281
9.42596E-05
8.4168E-05
7.56144E-05
6.83013E-05
6.20001E-05
5.65323E-05
5.32793E-05
4.89021E-05
4.5043E-05
4.16233E-05
3.85788E-05
3.58564E-05
3.34124E-05
3.121E-05
2.92184E-05
2.74115E-05
2.57672E-05
2.42665E-05
2.28932E-05
2.16333E-05
2.04746E-05
1.94065E-05
1.84199E-05
1.75067E-05
1.66597E-05
1.58728E-05
1.51403E-05
1.44573E-05
1.38196E-05
1.32231E-05
1.26645E-05
1.21405E-05
1.16484E-05
1.11856E-05
1.07498E-05
1.0339E-05
9.95134E-06
9.58506E-06
9.23864E-06
8.91067E-06
8.59986E-06
8.30503E-06
8.0251E-06
7.7591E-06
7.5061E-06
7.26528E-06
7.03586E-06
6.81714E-06
6.60847E-06
6.40923E-06
6.21887E-06
6.03686E-06
5.86273E-06
5.69603E-06
5.53633E-06
5.38326E-06
5.23645E-06
5.09557E-06
4.96029E-06
4.83033E-06
4.70542E-06
4.58528E-06
4.46969E-06
4.35842E-06
5.17572E-05
4.75624E-05
4.38577E-05
4.05696E-05
3.76378E-05
3.50128E-05
3.26531E-05
3.05241E-05
2.85968E-05
2.68464E-05
2.52519E-05
2.37954E-05
2.24613E-05
2.12364E-05
2.0109E-05
1.9069E-05
1.81077E-05
1.72173E-05
1.6391E-05
1.56228E-05
1.49074E-05
1.42399E-05
1.36164E-05
1.30329E-05
1.24861E-05
1.1973E-05
1.1491E-05
1.10374E-05
1.06102E-05
1.02073E-05
9.82695E-06
9.46746E-06
9.12734E-06
8.80522E-06
8.49986E-06
8.21011E-06
7.93493E-06
7.67336E-06
7.42451E-06
7.18757E-06
6.9618E-06
6.7465E-06
6.54104E-06
6.34482E-06
6.15729E-06
5.97797E-06
5.80636E-06
5.64204E-06
5.48459E-06
5.33365E-06
5.18885E-06
5.04987E-06
4.9164E-06
4.78815E-06
4.66485E-06
4.54626E-06
4.43213E-06
4.32225E-06
THDi
3.25E-01
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
0.0020619
0.0020367
0.0020121
0.0019881
0.0019646
0.0019417
0.0019194
0.0018975
0.0018762
0.0018553
0.0018349
0.0018149
0.0017953
0.0017762
0.0017575
0.0017391
0.0017212
0.0017036
0.0016863
0.0016694
0.0020534
0.0020284
0.002004
0.0019802
0.0019569
0.0019342
0.001912
0.0018904
0.0018692
0.0018484
0.0018282
0.0018083
0.0017889
0.0017699
0.0017513
0.0017331
0.0017153
0.0016978
0.0016807
0.0016639
4.25125E-06
4.14798E-06
4.04844E-06
3.95243E-06
3.8598E-06
3.77038E-06
3.68404E-06
3.60063E-06
3.52002E-06
3.44209E-06
3.36672E-06
3.2938E-06
3.22322E-06
3.15488E-06
3.0887E-06
3.02457E-06
2.96243E-06
2.90218E-06
2.84374E-06
2.78706E-06
4.2164E-06
4.1144E-06
4.01605E-06
3.92118E-06
3.82964E-06
3.74127E-06
3.65592E-06
3.57346E-06
3.49375E-06
3.41669E-06
3.34215E-06
3.27001E-06
3.20019E-06
3.13259E-06
3.0671E-06
3.00364E-06
2.94214E-06
2.8825E-06
2.82466E-06
2.76854E-06
Ie - spectrum
(N-1)
27.97481637
12.71582562
8.227887167
6.081481819
4.823244202
3.996402338
3.411562972
2.976044295
2.63913362
2.37074715
2.151908951
1.970057491
1.816546517
1.685229902
1.571618897
1.472358756
1.384891899
1.30723441
1.237823733
1.175412452
1.118992655
1.067741083
(N+1)
19.98201169
10.75954476
7.361793781
5.594963274
4.512067156
3.78038059
3.252885624
2.854573099
2.543165124
2.293017735
2.087672863
1.916083313
1.770557998
1.645577433
1.537077822
1.442000844
1.358000795
1.283248457
1.216296364
1.155984147
1.101370723
1.051684826
(N-1)^2
782.5903509
161.6922213
67.69812724
36.98442112
23.26368463
15.97123165
11.63876191
8.856839643
6.965026263
5.620442049
4.630712135
3.881126517
3.29984125
2.839999822
2.469985958
2.167840307
1.917925573
1.708861802
1.532207594
1.381594433
1.252144561
1.14007102
(N+1)^2
399.2807913
115.7678034
54.19600768
31.30361404
20.35875002
14.29127741
10.58126489
8.148587577
6.46768885
5.257930334
4.358377985
3.671375262
3.134875624
2.70792509
2.362608232
2.079366433
1.844166158
1.646726603
1.479376845
1.336299349
1.21301747
1.106040973
1.0209787
0.978140432
0.938752227
0.902413431
0.868783117
0.837569352
0.808520704
0.781419452
0.756076118
0.732325036
0.71002072
0.689034886
0.66925398
0.650577125
0.632914397
0.616185383
0.600317948
0.585247204
0.57091462
0.557267258
0.544257128
0.531840615
0.519977999
0.508633025
0.497772533
0.487366139
0.477385945
0.467806294
0.458603547
0.44975589
0.44124316
0.433046693
0.425149185
0.417534573
0.410187923
0.403095337
0.396243858
0.389621398
0.383216663
0.377019089
0.371018785
0.36520648
0.359573475
0.3541116
0.348813172
0.343670963
0.338678164
0.333828358
0.329115487
0.324533833
0.32007799
0.315742848
0.311523568
0.307415564
0.303414494
0.299516235
0.295716875
0.292012697
1.006288359
0.96464884
0.926318423
0.890917719
0.858123202
0.827657289
0.799280468
0.772784983
0.747989742
0.724736175
0.702884833
0.682312594
0.662910341
0.644581022
0.627238035
0.610803851
0.595208859
0.580390381
0.566291829
0.552861984
0.54005437
0.527826724
0.516140523
0.504960584
0.494254706
0.483993363
0.47414943
0.464697946
0.455615902
0.446882051
0.438476746
0.43038179
0.422580308
0.415056623
0.407796157
0.400785335
0.394011498
0.387462831
0.381128288
0.374997538
0.369060902
0.363309303
0.357734225
0.352327662
0.347082089
0.34199042
0.33704598
0.332242475
0.327573962
0.323034831
0.318619776
0.314323779
0.310142088
0.306070201
0.302103848
0.29823898
0.294471751
0.290798507
1.042397505
0.956758706
0.881255744
0.814350001
0.754784104
0.70152242
0.653705729
0.610616359
0.571651096
0.536299958
0.504129423
0.474769074
0.44790089
0.423250595
0.400580635
0.379684426
0.360381638
0.34251429
0.325943503
0.310546797
0.296215821
0.28285444
0.27037712
0.258707554
0.247777495
0.237525753
0.22789734
0.218842729
0.210317213
0.202280361
0.194695527
0.187529438
0.180751829
0.174335119
0.168254132
0.16248585
0.157009195
0.151804834
0.14685501
0.142143393
0.137654939
0.133375773
0.129293084
0.125395025
0.121670629
0.118109731
0.114702899
0.111441372
0.108317004
0.105322208
0.10244992
0.099693546
0.097046933
0.094504329
0.092060355
0.089709975
0.08744847
0.085271415
1.012616261
0.930547385
0.85806582
0.793734382
0.736375429
0.685016588
0.638849266
0.597196629
0.559488655
0.525242524
0.494047089
0.465550476
0.43945012
0.415484694
0.393427553
0.373081344
0.354273586
0.336852994
0.320686436
0.305656373
0.291658723
0.278601051
0.26640104
0.254985192
0.244287715
0.234249575
0.224817682
0.215944181
0.20758585
0.199703567
0.192261856
0.185228485
0.178574116
0.172272
0.166297706
0.160628885
0.155245061
0.150127445
0.145258772
0.140623154
0.136205949
0.13199365
0.127973776
0.124134781
0.120465976
0.116957447
0.113599993
0.110385062
0.107304701
0.104351502
0.101518562
0.098799438
0.096188115
0.093678968
0.091266735
0.088946489
0.086713612
0.084563772
IL_rms
TDD:
146.4388734
0.309951484
(N-1)
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
Vpcc - spectrum
(N+1)
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
0.288400169
0.28487593
0.281436784
0.278079686
0.274801733
0.271600159
0.268472326
0.265415715
0.262427921
0.259506645
0.256649691
0.253854958
0.251120434
0.248444195
0.245824397
0.243259273
0.240747129
0.23828634
0.235875349
0.233512658
0.287215774
0.283720247
0.280308781
0.27697838
0.273726188
0.270549481
0.267445663
0.264412253
0.261446882
0.258547286
0.255711301
0.252936857
0.250221971
0.247564747
0.244963366
0.242416086
0.239921238
0.237477219
0.23508249
0.232735577
0.083174657
0.081154296
0.079206664
0.077328312
0.075515992
0.073766646
0.07207739
0.070445502
0.068868414
0.067343699
0.065869064
0.06444234
0.063061472
0.061724518
0.060429634
0.059175074
0.05795918
0.05678038
0.05563718
0.054528161
0.082492901
0.080497179
0.078573013
0.076717023
0.074926026
0.073197022
0.071527183
0.06991384
0.068354472
0.066846699
0.06538827
0.063977054
0.062611035
0.061288304
0.060007051
0.058765559
0.057562201
0.056395429
0.055263777
0.054165849
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
32.49554669
Vpcc - spectrum
(N-1)^2
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
(N+1)^2
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
Quedas
THDv:
459.5564285
0.120602285
6P
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
Simu
30.3601%
8.7074%
5.9768%
3.3221%
2.1238%
1.7261%
1.0817%
0.9834%
0.6410%
0.6056%
0.4795%
0.3896%
0.3676%
0.3186%
0.2590%
0.2510%
0.1991%
0.1894%
0.1669%
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97
101
103
0.1508%
0.1397%
0.1268%
0.1172%
0.1108%
0.0950%
0.0944%
0.0829%
0.0774%
0.0749%
0.0693%
0.0649%
0.0615%
0.0615%
0.0615%
5%
NORMALIZED
COMPONENT
HARMONIC
NO
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
61
65
3.23E-01
9.31E-02
6.50E-02
3.29E-02
2.48E-02
1.91E-02
1.12E-02
1.10E-02
6.81E-03
6.29E-03
5.26E-03
4.21E-03
3.98E-03
3.40E-03
2.83E-03
2.73E-03
2.11E-03
2.06E-03
1.78E-03
1.59E-03
1.54E-03
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
1055.960555
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97
101
103
1.37E-03
1.26E-03
1.21E-03
1.03E-03
1.01E-03
8.95E-04
8.32E-04
8.09E-04
7.32E-04
7.11E-04
6.67E-04
Harm_IL
Queda
Queda^2
4.25E+01
1.22E+01
8.36E+00
4.65E+00
2.97E+00
2.41E+00
1.51E+00
1.38E+00
8.97E-01
8.47E-01
6.71E-01
5.45E-01
5.14E-01
4.46E-01
3.62E-01
3.51E-01
2.78E-01
2.65E-01
2.33E-01
8.54E+01
3.43E+01
3.70E+01
2.43E+01
2.03E+01
1.85E+01
1.40E+01
1.38E+01
1.05E+01
1.06E+01
9.45E+00
8.11E+00
8.48E+00
7.71E+00
6.85E+00
6.92E+00
5.94E+00
5.86E+00
5.54E+00
7299.885491
1176.917233
1369.282456
590.8642421
412.9653075
340.7123401
196.0735061
191.4633825
109.4749232
111.6646081
89.23401462
65.82889202
71.9724324
59.43862314
46.93247203
47.91587728
35.26698135
34.39099728
30.71584704
12P
0
0
11
13
0
0
23
25
0
0
35
37
0
0
47
49
0
0
59
2.11E-01
1.95E-01
1.77E-01
1.64E-01
1.55E-01
1.33E-01
1.32E-01
1.16E-01
1.08E-01
1.05E-01
9.69E-02
9.08E-02
8.61E-02
8.61E-02
8.61E-02
5.18E+00
5.11E+00
4.78E+00
4.68E+00
4.55E+00
4.12E+00
4.20E+00
3.87E+00
3.70E+00
3.75E+00
3.55E+00
3.47E+00
3.36E+00
3.50E+00
3.57E+00
26.81065476
26.13418719
22.86593799
21.91659655
20.74268095
16.96135175
17.6040702
14.9802311
13.69630347
14.0892948
12.58033977
12.04345481
11.28150151
12.23111881
12.7203156
61
0
0
71
73
0
0
83
85
0
0
95
97
0
0
Soma
Raiz
THD06p
0.1725%
0.0004%
0.0011%
0.1264%
0.1131%
0.0003%
0.0008%
0.0850%
0.0829%
0.0001%
0.0008%
0.0681%
0.0659%
0.0659%
0.0659%
6%
15%
NORMALIZED
COMPONENT
2.44E-01
7.42E-02
4.14E-02
3.05E-02
1.36E-02
1.19E-02
8.98E-03
6.94E-03
5.19E-03
4.90E-03
3.49E-03
3.07E-03
2.75E-03
2.46E-03
1.92E-03
1.87E-03
1.59E-03
1.42E-03
1.29E-03
1.22E-03
1.02E-03
0.0248%
0.0036%
6.7073%
4.3728%
0.0049%
0.0062%
1.0662%
0.8701%
0.0012%
0.0010%
0.5160%
0.4809%
0.0005%
0.0019%
0.2748%
0.2352%
0.0005%
0.0010%
0.1707%
12537.65767
111.9716824
1.70%
Queda%
10%
NORMALIZED
COMPONENT
Simu
20%
NORMALIZED
COMPONENT
2.02E-01
7.47E-02
2.75E-02
2.28E-02
1.32E-02
9.61E-03
6.58E-03
5.98E-03
4.40E-03
3.62E-03
2.89E-03
2.70E-03
2.17E-03
1.90E-03
1.61E-03
1.54E-03
1.29E-03
1.17E-03
1.03E-03
9.89E-04
8.59E-04
1.72E-01
7.24E-02
2.25E-02
1.69E-02
1.15E-02
9.28E-03
5.74E-03
4.68E-03
3.66E-03
3.33E-03
2.60E-03
2.25E-03
1.78E-03
1.65E-03
1.44E-03
1.32E-03
1.08E-03
9.99E-04
8.93E-04
8.54E-04
7.35E-04
5a H
7a H
11a H
13a H
17a H
19a H
23a H
25a H
29a H
31a H
35a H
37a H
41a H
43a H
47a H
49a H
53a H
55a H
59a H
61a H
65a H
pol 6P
30.3601%
8.7074%
5.9768%
3.3221%
2.1238%
1.7261%
1.0817%
0.9834%
0.6410%
0.6056%
0.4795%
0.3896%
0.3676%
0.3186%
0.2590%
0.2510%
0.1991%
0.1894%
0.1669%
0.1508%
0.1397%
^2
9.2174%
0.7582%
0.3572%
0.1104%
0.0451%
0.0298%
0.0117%
0.0097%
0.0041%
0.0037%
0.0023%
0.0015%
0.0014%
0.0010%
0.0007%
0.0006%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0003%
0.0002%
0.0002%
9.66E-04
8.94E-04
8.32E-04
7.29E-04
7.26E-04
6.33E-04
6.03E-04
5.66E-04
5.46E-04
4.78E-04
4.66E-04
7.87E-04
7.14E-04
6.86E-04
6.09E-04
5.65E-04
5.20E-04
5.04E-04
4.54E-04
4.25E-04
3.97E-04
3.86E-04
6.84E-04
6.04E-04
5.80E-04
5.34E-04
4.99E-04
4.43E-04
4.20E-04
3.94E-04
3.80E-04
3.42E-04
3.27E-04
67a H
71a H
73a H
77a H
79a H
83a H
85a H
89a H
91a H
95a H
97a H
101a H
103a H
0.1268%
0.1172%
0.1108%
0.0950%
0.0944%
0.0829%
0.0774%
0.0749%
0.0693%
0.0649%
0.0615%
0.0615%
0.0615%
0.0002%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
thdi 6P
32.49%
Harm_IL
Queda
0
0
9.38E+00
6.12E+00
0
0
1.49E+00
1.22E+00
0
0
7.22E-01
6.73E-01
0
0
3.84E-01
3.29E-01
0
0
2.39E-01
0
0
41.52663224
31.9950644
0
0
13.80240871
12.24306405
0
0
10.1648477
10.01507217
0
0
7.270407704
6.485530238
0
0
5.669131898
0
0
1724.461185
1023.684146
0
0
190.5064861
149.8926172
0
0
103.3241288
100.3016706
0
0
52.85882819
42.06210247
0
0
32.13905648
18P
0
0
0
0
17
19
0
0
0
0
35
37
0
0
0
0
53
55
0
2.41E-01
0
0
1.77E-01
1.58E-01
0
0
1.19E-01
1.16E-01
0
0
9.52E-02
9.22E-02
0
0
5.923648563
0
0
5.049934708
4.645577586
0
0
3.972431643
3.965547812
0
0
3.639318948
3.598241446
0
0
35.0896123
0
0
25.50184056
21.58139111
0
0
15.78021315
15.72556945
0
0
13.24464241
12.9473415
0
0
0
0
0
71
73
0
0
0
0
89
91
0
0
0
0
Soma
Raiz
THD12p
Queda^2
Simu
Harm_IL
0.0055%
0.0031%
0.0053%
0.0031%
1.4485%
1.4667%
0.0014%
0.0011%
0.0014%
0.0011%
0.3847%
0.3820%
0.0008%
0.0007%
0.0007%
0.0006%
0.1765%
0.1696%
0.0005%
0
0
0
0
2.03E+00
2.05E+00
0
0
0
0
5.38E-01
5.34E-01
0
0
0
0
2.47E-01
2.37E-01
0
0.0006%
0.0005%
0.0005%
0.0976%
0.0961%
0.0005%
0.0005%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0619%
0.0632%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0
0
0
1.37E-01
1.34E-01
0
0
0
0
8.66E-02
8.84E-02
0
0
0
0
3559.100831
59.65820003
0.90%
6P 5%
pol 12P
0.0248%
0.0036%
6.7073%
4.3728%
0.0049%
0.0062%
1.0662%
0.8701%
0.0012%
0.0010%
0.5160%
0.4809%
0.0005%
0.0019%
0.2748%
0.2352%
0.0005%
0.0010%
0.1707%
0.1725%
0.0004%
^2
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.4499%
0.1912%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0114%
0.0076%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0027%
0.0023%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0008%
0.0006%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0003%
0.0003%
0.0000%
pol 18P
0.0055%
0.0031%
0.0053%
0.0031%
1.4485%
1.4667%
0.0014%
0.0011%
0.0014%
0.0011%
0.3847%
0.3820%
0.0008%
0.0007%
0.0007%
0.0006%
0.1765%
0.1696%
0.0005%
0.0006%
0.0005%
^2
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0210%
0.0215%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0015%
0.0015%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0003%
0.0003%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
32.2400%
9.3030%
6.4880%
3.2980%
2.4750%
1.9100%
1.1190%
1.0990%
0.6788%
0.6289%
0.5246%
0.4207%
0.3982%
0.3397%
0.2824%
0.2727%
0.2105%
0.2058%
0.1790%
0.1590%
0.1545%
Fator
0.0008158
0.0004090
1.1222256
1.3162523
0.0022877
0.0035817
0.9857015
0.8848044
0.0019107
0.0016489
1.0760579
1.2343713
0.0014448
0.0060141
1.0612606
0.9369270
0.0027145
0.0054859
1.0229050
1.1440252
0.0026544
0.0011%
0.1264%
0.1131%
0.0003%
0.0008%
0.0850%
0.0829%
0.0001%
0.0008%
0.0681%
0.0659%
0.0659%
0.0659%
0.0000%
0.0002%
0.0001%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
thdi 12P
8.17%
0.0005%
0.0976%
0.0961%
0.0005%
0.0005%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0619%
0.0632%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0000%
0.0001%
0.0001%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
0.0000%
thdi 18P
2.15%
0.1362%
0.1258%
0.1199%
0.1019%
0.1008%
0.0896%
0.0832%
0.0811%
0.0731%
0.0707%
0.0668%
0.0668%
0.0668%
0.0086784
1.0786963
1.0200167
0.0029323
0.0089871
1.0263540
1.0715230
0.0016928
0.0115113
1.0486838
1.0712895
1.0712895
1.0712895
Queda
0
0
0
0
13.85970618
15.68480358
0
0
0
0
7.579068908
7.955357733
0
0
0
0
5.264337002
5.248879955
0
0
0
0
3.900023268
3.946651768
0
0
0
0
3.101983234
3.235160104
0
0
0
0
Soma
Raiz
THD18p
12P 5%
0.0263%
0.0038%
7.2810%
4.3410%
0.0057%
0.0068%
1.1030%
0.9724%
0.0013%
0.0010%
0.5645%
0.5193%
0.0006%
0.0020%
0.2997%
0.2555%
0.0006%
0.0011%
0.1831%
0.1819%
0.0004%
Queda^2
0
0
0
0
192.0914554
246.0130632
0
0
0
0
57.44228551
63.28771667
0
0
0
0
27.71324407
27.55074078
0
24P
0
0
0
0
0
0
23
25
0
0
0
0
0
0
47
49
0
0
0
0
0
0
15.21018149
15.57606018
0
0
0
0
9.622299982
10.4662609
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
71
73
0
0
0
0
0
0
95
97
0
0
664.9733081
25.78707638
0.39%
Fator
0.0001827
0.0003581
0.0008875
0.0009482
0.6820202
0.8497382
0.0013047
0.0010728
0.0021523
0.0017920
0.8023256
0.9805087
0.0021067
0.0022788
0.0028527
0.0025567
0.8864608
0.8950437
0.0032369
0.0038434
0.0038718
Simu
Harm_IL
Queda
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Soma
Raiz
THD24p
18P 5%
0.0059%
0.0033%
0.0058%
0.0031%
1.6880%
1.6230%
0.0015%
0.0012%
0.0015%
0.0011%
0.4209%
0.4125%
0.0008%
0.0008%
0.0008%
0.0007%
0.1866%
0.1842%
0.0006%
0.0006%
0.0006%
0.0012%
0.1357%
0.1223%
0.0003%
0.0009%
0.0919%
0.0891%
0.0001%
0.0008%
0.0741%
0.0715%
0.0715%
0.0715%
0.0041278
0.8330684
0.8665555
0.0050677
0.0051746
0.0050832
0.0048684
0.8264086
0.9121150
0.0056340
0.0065808
0.0065808
0.0065808
0.0006%
0.1048%
0.1039%
0.0005%
0.0005%
0.0005%
0.0004%
0.0670%
0.0666%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0004%
Grficos
Corrente
Pulsos
harm
Queda^2
pulsos
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00%
6
fator lim cor
1
1
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97
101
103
Isc_IL
14.42308
6
Amp
% of IL
Limite IEEE
139.8741
12.30%
42.46595
3.73%
4.00%
12.17945
1.07%
4.00%
8.360006
0.74%
2.00%
4.646792
0.41%
2.00%
2.970713
0.26%
1.50%
2.41431
0.21%
1.50%
1.512984
0.13%
0.60%
1.375484
0.12%
0.60%
0.896628
0.08%
0.60%
0.847128
0.07%
0.60%
0.670733
0.06%
0.30%
0.544953
0.05%
0.30%
0.514224
0.05%
0.30%
0.445573
0.04%
0.30%
0.362236
0.03%
0.30%
0.351072
0.03%
0.30%
0.278459
0.02%
0.30%
0.26498
0.02%
0.30%
0.233444
0.02%
0.30%
0.210949
0.195454
0.177367
0.163863
0.155047
0.132921
0.131987
0.115887
0.108202
0.104811
0.096863
0.090783
0.086053
0.086053
0.086053
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
Limite I
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
0.30%
Tenso
Pulsos
harm
6
AMP_V
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
85.43937
34.30623
37.00382
24.3077
20.32155
18.45839
14.00262
13.83703
10.46303
10.56715
9.446376
8.113501
8.483657
7.709645
6.850728
6.92213
5.938601
5.864384
5.542188
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97
101
103
5.177901
5.112161
4.781834
4.681516
4.554413
4.118416
4.19572
3.87043
3.700852
3.753571
3.546877
3.470368
3.358795
3.497302
3.566555
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.08%
0.08%
0.07%
0.07%
0.07%
0.06%
0.06%
0.06%
0.06%
0.06%
0.05%
0.05%
0.05%
0.05%
0.05%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Limite V
THDi calculada
Harm_i_simu
0.303601
0.087074
0.059768
0.033221
0.021238
0.017261
0.010817
0.009834
0.00641
0.006056
0.004795
0.003896
0.003676
0.003186
0.00259
0.00251
0.001991
0.001894
0.001669
0.001508
0.001397
0.001268
0.001172
0.001108
0.00095
0.000944
0.000829
0.000774
0.000749
0.000693
0.000649
0.000615
0.000615
0.000615
ao quadr
0.092174
0.007582
0.003572
0.001104
0.000451
0.000298
0.000117
9.67E-05
4.11E-05
3.67E-05
2.3E-05
1.52E-05
1.35E-05
1.01E-05
6.71E-06
6.3E-06
3.96E-06
3.59E-06
2.79E-06
2.27E-06
1.95E-06
1.61E-06
1.37E-06
1.23E-06
9.03E-07
8.9E-07
6.86E-07
5.98E-07
5.61E-07
4.8E-07
4.21E-07
3.78E-07
3.78E-07
3.78E-07
soma
raiz q
0.105571
0.324917
+
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Other Loads
PCC
Distorted Voltage
Non-linear Load
h = P.n 1
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
Where:
h : harmonic order
P : number of rectifier pulses
At the same time that the harmonic currents at low frequencies are reduced, there are other disadvantages in
increasing the number of rectifier pulses such as: the need of using phase-shifting transformers and increase on
the cost of the configuration. Particular attention needs to be given to the increase on the equipment complexity
and to the reduction on the efficiency and reliability of the whole system (due to the use of a larger number of
components).
22 of 35
Multipulse Configuration
In the industry, the term multipulse, when related to frequency converters, means the association, in series or in
parallel, of six-pulse three-phase rectifiers and the mandatory use of phase-shifting transformers to feed the
rectifiers. The fundamental idea of the multipulse configurations can be understood as the interconnection of sixpulse rectifiers so that the characteristic harmonics generated by these rectifiers are cancelled by the harmonics
generated by other sets of rectifiers. This mitigation is performed by appropriate design of the phase-shifting
transformer with multiple secondaries. The harmonics of the six-pulse rectifier that are present on the secondary
of the transformer will be cancelled and will not appear at the primary of the transformer that is connected to the
utility.
The characteristic harmonics of the six-pulse rectifier are given by:
h = 6 .n 1
The magnitudes of these harmonics, in respect of the fundamental, are given by:
Ah =
1
6 .n 1
The following figure shows the spectrum of these harmonics and their magnitude (as a percentage of the
fundamental).
100.0%
20.0%
14.3%
9.1% 7.7%
11
13
5.9%
17
5.3% 4.3%
19
23
4.0% 3.4%
25
29
3.2%
31
2.9% 2.7%
35
37
2.4%
41
2.3% 2.1%
43
47
2.0%
49
Figure 3 - Theoretic harmonic spectrum of the input current for a six-pulse rectifier.
The increase in the number of the rectifier pulses and the use of an appropriate phase-shifting transformer allow
the mitigation of the harmonic components at the primary of the transformer. Figure 4 shows the expected typical
waveforms of the input currents and their respective harmonic spectrum to the 6, 12 and 18-pulse configurations.
It is important to emphasize that the harmonics multiple of the 3rd are cancelled in a balanced three-phase system
(zero sequence).
In practice, however, the non-characteristic harmonics usually present a magnitude different from zero. This is
due to the pre-existing imperfections of the electrical system, such as, voltage unbalance, pre-existing harmonic
distortion, etc. Another factor that contribute to the appearance of non-characteristic harmonics is the transformer
imperfections, which blocks the mitigation of non-characteristic harmonics at the primary of the transformer.
The data presented in the following figures were obtained considering an ideal system. In the numerical
simulation the system was modeled as: power electric system, input impedance, rectifier, capacitive filter and load
(current source).
23 of 35
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
5
11 13
17
19 23
25
29 31
35 37
41
43 47
49
53 55
59
61 65
67
71 73
77
79 83
85 89
91
95 97 101 103
6-pulse
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19 23
25
29
31
35 37
41
43
47
49
53 55
59
61
65
67
71 73
77
79
83
85 89
91
95
97 101 103
59
61
65
67
71 73
77
79
83
85 89
91
95
97 101 103
12-pulse
1.8%
1.6%
1.4%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19 23
25
29
31
35 37
41
43
47
49
53 55
18-pulse
Figure 4 - Typical input currents for the 6-pulse recifier or at the primary of the phase-shifting
transformer input (12 and 18-pulse) and their respective harmonic spectrum (harmonic
components expressed as a percentage of the fundamental).
24 of 35
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power System:
IEEE-519
This recommendation (it is not a standard) prepared by IEEE describes the main factors that may cause harmonic
distortion, indicates the measurement methods and states the distortion limits.
The scope of this recommended practice is to analyze the harmonic distortion caused by all the loads (linear and
non-linear) at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and not the distortion caused by one individual device. The
main concern of IEEE is what the installation reflects to the other consumers connected to the same power supply
and not what occurs within the installation.
The distortion limits are different according to the voltage and short-circuit levels at the PCC. The higher the shortcircuit current (Isc) in respect of the load current, the higher the admissible current distortion, since they will cause
a lower voltage distortion at the PCC. As the voltage level increases, the acceptable limits decrease.
The TDD Total Demand Distortion is defined as the current harmonic distortion, in percentage of the maximum
demand load current (15 or 30 minutes demand). This means that the TDD shall be measured at the peak
consumption.
Tables 10.2 and 10.3, obtained from IEEE-519, show the recommended limits for the THDv (Total Voltage
Harmonic Distortion) and for the TDD (Total Demand Distortion).
Notch Depth
THD (Voltage)
Notch Area [V*us]
Special
Applications*
10%
3%
16400
General
System
20%
5%
22800
Dedicated
System**
50%
10%
36500
Isc / IL
< 20
20 < 50
50 < 100
100 < 1000
> 1000
< 11
4
7
10
12
15
11n<17
2
3,5
4,5
5,5
7
17n<23
1,5
2,5
4
5
6
23n<35
0,6
1
1,5
2
2,5
35n
0,3
0,5
0,7
1
1,4
TDD(%)
5
8
12
15
20
25 of 35
Case Study:
date:
Company Name
22-Apr-12
This case study aims to show how to obtain, in a simple way and with a good precision, the Voltage Harmonic
Distortion (THDv) and the Total Demand Distortion (TDD) values for a system composed of a main bus bar with
known power and impedance, feeding a non-linear load with an input rectifier with the specified number of pulses.
This is a simple study, since practical aspects are being disregarded such as: the network is not ideal, phase
unbalance, influence of other loads connected to the PCC, transmission line impedance, system efficiency, etc.
The values presented herein are useful for a preliminary analysis of the harmonic distortion level of the system.
For a complete analysis, taking in account all the variables listed above, it is necessary to perform a numerical
simulation.
PCC Data
Power Capacity:
Source reactance (%):
Voltage:
Demand Current (IL):
Short-circuit Current (Isc):
Ratio Isc/IL:
15.00
8.00
6600
1137
16.40
14.42
MVA
%
Volts
A
kA
VFD System
Rectifier:
6 pulse
Voltage:
Current:
cos(f):
3300 Volts
310 A
0.86
Considering that the fundamental is the only component that provides active power to the motor, it is possible to
calculate its value at the PCC by taking in account the typical motor displacement power factor - cos(f). With the
calculated fundamental component, the theoretical harmonic components of the current at the PCC can be known
as a function of the number of pulses of the rectifier.
The THDi current at the PCC is calculated by the following expression:
2
n
THD i =
n=2
I(1)
Where:
In are the harmonic components of the PCC current
I(1) is the fundamental component of the PCC current
26 of 35
The TDD is calculated as the current harmonic distortion at the PCC in respect of its demand current (IL):
2
n
n=2
TDD =
IL
With the given power and impedance (%) it is possible to calculate the physical inductance (L) at the PCC and,
therefore, calculate the voltage drops caused by the components of the current harmonics.
Vn = In .(2..Fn ).L
Where:
L is the physical inductance at the PCC
n =2
2
n
THD V =
V(1)
The results of the harmonic analysis are presented in the following table. These calculations were performed up to
the 100th harmonic.
Final Results
% of load
10.66
Ie(1)
139.87
Ie RMS
146.44
IL
1137.21 A
THDi
32.49
TDD
4.00
THDv
1.70
Isc/IL =
14
5%
Simulation
4.5%
4.0%
IEEE limits
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97 101 103
27 of 35
3.5%
Simulation
3.0%
IEEE limit
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97 101 103
Figure 6 - Individual Voltage Harmonics expressed as a percentage of the fundamental voltage at the PCC.
Observing figure 6 it can be concluded that: Meets the individual limit of 3%
Summary
THDv
1.70
4.00
Isc/IL =
14
5%
References
[1] PAICE, DEREK A., "POWER ELETRONIC CONVERTER HARMONICS - MULTIPULSE METHODS
FOR CLEAN POWER", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1996
[2] IEEE, "IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND REQUIREMENTES FOR HARMONIC CONTROL
IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS - IEEE-519", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1993
[3] POMILIO, J. A., "PR-REGULADORES DE FATOR DE POTNCIA", PUBLICAO FEE 03/95,
BRASIL, 2004 (in portuguese)
[4] ALVES, JOABLE A., & HORNBURG, EDSON, "HIGH AND LOW ORDER HARMONICS FOR
FREQUENCY INVERTERS", ANAIS DO VI INDUSCON, JOINVILLE-BRASIL, 2004
(in portuguese)
[5] ROSSA, A. J. & TORRI, P. J., EFEITOS DA DISTORO HARMNICA DA REDE ELTRICA
SOBRE MOTORES ELTRICOS, REVISTA ELETRICIDADE MODERNA, ANO XXIX, N 324,
BRASIL, 2001 (in portuguese)
28 of 35
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
Outras Cargas
PCC
Tenso Distorcida
Carga No-Linear
Fig. 2 - Distoro da tenso provocada por correntes drenadas por uma carga no-linear
Em muitas aplicaes, o inversor de freqncia com retificador de 6 pulsos adicionado a uma reatncia na
entrada ou um indutor no barramento CC atende perfeitamente as recomendaes da IEEE-519. Quando isto
no possvel, algumas das solues disponveis para reduo das correntes harmnicas so o aumento do
nmero de pulsos do retificador utilizando 12, 18 ou at 24 pulsos ou a utilizao de retificadores de entrada
ativos (regenerativos).
Quanto maior o nmero de pulsos do retificador menor o contedo harmnico da corrente nas baixas
freqncias. As harmnicas caractersticas podem ser expressas por:
h = P.n 1
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
Onde:
h : ordem da harmnica
P : nmero de pulsos do retificador
Em contrapartida ao benefcio da reduo das correntes harmnicas de baixa freqncia existem as
desvantagens em aumentar o nmero de pulsos do retificador, tais como a necessidade de utilizao de
transformadores defasadores e o aumento do custo da estrutura. Deve-se atentar para o aumento da
complexidade dos equipamentos, da reduo da eficincia e da confiabilidade do sistema pois so necessrios
um nmero maior de componentes.
29 de 35
Estruturas Multi-pulsos
Na indstria, o termo multi-pulsos relacionado a inversores de freqncia tem conotao com a associao, em
srie ou paralelo, de retificadores trifsicos de 6 pulsos e a obrigatria utilizao de transformadores
defasadores para aliment-los. A idia bsica das estruturas multi-pulsos pode ser entendida como a conexo
de retificadores de 6 pulsos de tal forma que as harmnicas caractersticas geradas por estes retificadores
sejam canceladas pelas harmnicas geradas por outros conjuntos de retificadores. Este cancelamento
possvel pelo adequado projeto do transformador defasador com mltiplos secundrios. As harmnicas dos
retificadores de 6 pulsos esto presentes nos secundrios, so canceladas no transformador e no aparecem
no primrio que est conectado a rede.
As harmnicas caractersticas do retificador de 6 pulsos so dadas por:
h = 6 .n 1
As amplitudes destas harmnicas, relativas a componente fundamental, so dadas por:
Ah =
1
6 .n 1
O grfico seguinte ilustra o espectro destas harmnicas e a sua amplitude expressa em percentual da
componente fundamental.
100.0%
20.0%
14.3%
9.1% 7.7%
11
13
5.9%
17
5.3% 4.3%
19
23
4.0% 3.4%
25
29
3.2%
31
2.9% 2.7%
35
37
2.4%
41
2.3% 2.1%
43
47
2.0%
49
30 de 35
35.0%
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
5
11 13
17
19 23
25
29 31
35 37
41
43 47
49
53 55
59
61 65
67
71 73
77
79 83
85 89
91
95 97 101 103
6 pulsos
8.0%
7.0%
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
3.0%
2.0%
1.0%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19 23
25
29
31
35 37
41
43
47
49
53 55
59
61
65
67
71 73
77
79
83
85 89
91
95
97 101 103
59
61
65
67
71 73
77
79
83
85 89
91
95
97 101 103
12 pulsos
1.8%
1.6%
1.4%
1.2%
1.0%
0.8%
0.6%
0.4%
0.2%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19 23
25
29
31
35 37
41
43
47
49
53 55
18 pulsos
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Recomendao IEEE para prticas e requisitos para controle de harmnicas no sistema eltrico de
potncia: IEEE-519
Esta recomendao (no uma norma) produzida pelo IEEE descreve os principais fenmenos causadores de
distoro harmnica, indica mtodos de medio e limites de distoro.
Seu enfoque a anlise da distoro harmnica no Ponto de Conexo Comum (PCC) das cargas (lineares ou
no-lineares) e no em cada equipamento individual. A filosofia que no interessa ao sistema o que ocorre
dentro de uma instalao, mas sim o que ela reflete para o exterior, ou seja, para os outros consumidores
conectados mesma alimentao.
Os limites diferem de acordo com o nvel de tenso e com o nvel de curto-circuito do PCC. Quanto maior for a
corrente de curto-circuito (Isc) em relao corrente de carga, maiores so as distores de corrente
admissveis, uma vez que elas distorcero em menor intensidade a tenso no PCC. medida que se eleva o
nvel de tenso, menores so os limites aceitveis.
A grandeza TDD - Total Demand Distortion - definida como a distoro harmnica da corrente, em % da
mxima demanda da corrente de carga (demanda de 15 ou 30 minutos). Isto significa que a medio da TDD
deve ser feita no pico de consumo.
As tabelas 10.2 e 10.3, extradas da IEEE-519, apresentam os limites recomendados de THDv (Total Harmonic
Distortion) da tenso e TDD (Total Demand Distortion).
Notch Depth
THD (Voltage)
Notch Area [V*us]
Special
Applications*
10%
3%
16400
General
System
20%
5%
22800
Dedicated
System**
50%
10%
36500
Isc / IL
< 20
20 < 50
50 < 100
100 < 1000
> 1000
< 11
4
7
10
12
15
11n<17
2
3,5
4,5
5,5
7
17n<23
1,5
2,5
4
5
6
23n<35
0,6
1
1,5
2
2,5
35n
0,3
0,5
0,7
1
1,4
TDD(%)
5
8
12
15
20
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Estudo de Caso:
Data:
Company Name
22-Apr-12
Este estudo de caso tem como objetivo mostrar como obter, de maneira simples e com um bom grau de
preciso, os valores das taxas de distoro harmnica da tenso (THDv) e da TDD, em um sistema formado por
uma barra com potncia instalada e impedncia definidas, alimentando uma carga no-linear com um
retificador de entrada com nmero de pulsos especificado. Este estudo simplificado pois no esto sendo
considerados aspectos prticos como no idealidades da rede, desbalanceamentos entre as fases de
alimentao, a influncia de outras cargas conectadas ao PCC, impedncias da linha de transmisso,
rendimento do acionamento, etc. Os valores calculados so teis para se obter uma idia inicial das distores
harmnicas no sistema apresentado. Para uma anlise completa, considerando todos os aspectos
apresentados necessrio conhecer todas as variveis e realizar uma simulao numrica do sistema
completo.
As tenses e correntes esto expressas em valores eficazes.
Potncia Instalada:
Impedncia %:
Tenso:
Corrente de Demanda (IL):
Corrente de Curto-Circuito:
Relao Isc/IL:
15.00
8.00
6600
1137
16.40
14.42
MVA
%
Volts
A
kA
Acionamento
Retificador:
6 pulsos
Tenso:
Corrente:
cos(f):
3300 Volts
310 A
0.86
Considerando que a componente fundamental a nica a fornecer potncia ativa para o motor, pode-se
calcular o valor desta no PCC, considerando o cos(f) tpico do motor. Com a componente fundamental
calculada, as componentes harmnicas tericas da corrente no PCC so conhecidas em funo do nmero de
pulsos do retificador.
A THDi da corrente no PCC calculada pela expresso:
2
n
THD i =
n=2
I(1)
onde:
In so as componentes harmnicas da corrente no PCC
I(1) a componente fundamental da corrente no PCC
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A TDD ser calculada como sendo a distoro harmnica da corrente no PCC em relao a corrente de
demanda no mesmo (IL):
2
n
n=2
TDD =
IL
Com a potncia, tenso e impedncia % dadas, possvel calcular a indutncia fsica (L) no PCC e assim,
calcular as quedas de tenso provocadas pelas componentes harmnicas da corrente.
Vn = In .(2..Fn ).L
onde:
L a indutncia fsica at o ponto de conexo comum (PCC)
n =2
2
n
THD V =
V(1)
Os resultados obtidos pelas expresses apresentadas esto compilados na tabela seguinte. Os clculos foram
efetuados com at a 100 hamnica.
Resultados Obtidos
% carga
10.66
Ie(1)
139.87
Ie RMS
146.44
IL
1137.21 A
THDi
32.49
TDD
4.00
THDv
1.70
Isc/IL =
14
o limite : 5%
Simulao
4.5%
4.0%
Limite IEEE
3.5%
3.0%
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97 101 103
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3.5%
Simulao
3.0%
Limite IEEE
2.5%
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
0.0%
5
11
13
17
19
23
25
29
31
35
37
41
43
47
49
53
55
59
61
65
67
71
73
77
79
83
85
89
91
95
97 101 103
1.70
4.00
Isc/IL =
14
o limite : 5%
Referncias
[1] PAICE, DEREK A., "POWER ELETRONIC CONVERTER HARMONICS - MULTIPULSE METHODS
FOR CLEAN POWER", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1996
[2] IEEE, "IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICES AND REQUIREMENTES FOR HARMONIC CONTROL
IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS - IEEE-519", IEEE PRESS, USA, 1993
[3] POMILIO, J. A., "PR-REGULADORES DE FATOR DE POTNCIA", PUBLICAO FEE 03/95,
BRASIL, 2004
[4] ALVES, JOABLE A., & HORNBURG, EDSON, "HIGH AND LOW ORDER HARMONICS FOR
FREQUENCY INVERTERS", ANAIS DO VI INDUSCON, JOINVILLE-BRASIL, 2004
[5] ROSSA, A. J. & TORRI, P. J., EFEITOS DA DISTORO HARMNICA DA REDE ELTRICA
SOBRE MOTORES ELTRICOS, REVISTA ELETRICIDADE MODERNA, ANO XXIX, N 324,
BRASIL, 2001
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