Running head: SODA ANALYSIS

Soda Analysis Emily Journey Taft College, Statistics 1510 April 22, 2012

SODA ANALYSIS Abstract An analysis of the weights of Coke Zero, Diet Pepsi, and Diet Coke to determine which one (if any) is the lightest. A simple random sample of the three diet beverages is used as a representation of the populations where this data is then inputted into TC Stats, and iPad application used as an aid in the statistical analysis. The resulting analysis nds that Coke Zero does in fact weigh less overall than the other two beverages sampled.

SODA ANALYSIS For this particular analysis, my group and I were asked to look at three different popular diet carbonated beverages (Diet Pepsi, Diet Coke, and Coke Zero) to compare and contrast their

weight(s) to see if the physical weight of the beverage actually bears any signicance in relation to the beverages name. For this analysis, I believe that Coke Zero overall will be a lighter (weight wise) beverage due to the simple implication in its name, Zero. Method Participants The participants for this particular analysis do not take human form; rather they are the three different brands of diet soda that we sampled; Diet Pepsi, Diet Coke, and Coke Zero. Design This analysis utilized three independent variables, consisting of Diet Coke, Coke Zero and Diet Pepsi. Measures/Materials For this analysis, the team used one digital scale to individually weigh the 20 samples from each of the three categories of soda. We then in turn immediately entered this data into our iPad app, TC Stats, where the corresponding weight and soda can number was matched up. Procedure To begin this analysis, my teammates and I began by taking a simple random sample of 20 from each of the three categories of soda. For Diet Coke, we took the simple random sample

SODA ANALYSIS from a total of 85. The Diet Pepsi random sample came from a total of 96, and nally, Coke Zero's simple random sample from a total of 72. Once we had the 20 random numbers for all of our categories we then took those and sought out the corresponding soda can with the same

number labeled on the top of the can. Each soda can was weighed on a scale with the scale set to measure in grams; we weighed each individual can for each of the 20 random samples in the three different categories, recording each weight in TC Stats next to the corresponding randomly generated integer. With all of our data properly entered into TC Stats, we were then able to employ the working powers of the application to generate the greatly anticipated statistical information in order to prove/disprove our theory. Results Soda Analysis Summary Statistics:

By looking at the above Summary Statistics, it seems like a safe assumption to say that my hypothesis that Coke Zero would be the lightest (weight) of the three sampled beverages is right on point. Coke Zero's average weight is 327.2605g, followed by Diet Pepsi at 368.8025g and Diet Coke at 371.787.

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Below is a box plot that provides a different view of the same information as above. This picture portrayal allows us to see a visual of the spread among the three sodas. Once again, showing Coke Zero as the lightest, followed by Diet Pepsi, and the Diet Coke. Soda Analysis Box-Plot Diagram:

To further expand on the average weights of the three sodas a t-test was used to construct separate condence intervals for the different diet sodas. From this test I am able to show within 95% certainty that the true average weight of Diet Pepsi is between 367.6752 and 369.9298; Diet Coke is between 370.9413 and 372.6327; Coke Zero is between 326.4305 and 328.0905. By referencing back to the summary statistics, it clearly shows that the average weight for all three of the sodas does indeed fall within the condence intervals that were created. Since three samples were taken, it is prudent to use an ANOVA to compare all of the samples at the same time. To begin the ANOVA all of the assumptions must be met. The assumption of independence is satised because the samples are from three different types of diet soda, and a

SODA ANALYSIS simple random sample was used to represent the individual populations. For the assumption of normality, normal plots were created and the results are as follows: Diet Coke

Diet Pepsi Coke Zero

SODA ANALYSIS From the three normal plots we can reasonably justify normality. Because the rst two assumptions have been satised, the next step was to determine whether or not the variances of the samples are similar and an F-test is the mode used to do so. From the summary statistics the highest (Diet Pepsi) and lowest (Coke Zero) variances from the sodas are used to state the null and alternative hypotheses for the F-test. Null: Variance of Diet Pepsi/Variance of Coke Zero = 1 Alternative: Variance of Diet Pepsi/Variance of Coke Zero DOES NOT EQUAL 1 Alpha: .05 P-Value: .1912

Decision: Fail To Reject, therefore POOL the variances and continue with the ANOVA. ANOVA Null: MU dp = MU cz = MU dc ANOVA Alternative: at least one is not equal to 1

Alpha: .05

Condence Level: .95

Decision: Reject Null hypothesis Conclusion: There is enough evidence to suggest that at least one of the diet sodas is different. With the information from the ANOVA, we have the ability to take it one step further using

SODA ANALYSIS Fishers LSD to weed out the "different" diet sodas from our samples. We are able to do this because the p-value we got from the ANOVA is signicant enough to warrant Fishers LSD. From Fishers we can see that Coke Zero is different from both of the other diet sodas that were tested. Diet Pepsi is also different from Diet Coke.

Discussion From the beginning I predicted that Coke Zero would weigh less than the other diet sodas that were analyzed. I feel with a great degree of certainty that my research and statistical analyses proved my hypothesis correct. My simple random sample of 20 was a sufcient enough number to collect data from in order to produce a good overall picture of the entire population. Of course, with any sort of data collection the possibility of chance error within the data (as far as the actual weights of the sodas) and also, there is the possibility of error at the hands of the person doing the collecting. Through my research, Coke Zero proved to have the lightest overall weight based on my simple random sample. The box and whisker plots provide a great "picture" of the numerical data, showing that Coke Zero was further left than the other two sodas therefore putting it in a lower range and consequently a lower weight bracket. The condence intervals proved with 95% certainty that the numbers within the summary statistics did in fact fall within the connes of the condence intervals. Getting deeper into the statistical analysis the ANOVA

SODA ANALYSIS and Fishers LSD further followed the same ndings as my initial ndings. The ANOVA determined that all of the diet sodas were not in fact equal and that at least one of them was different. Fishers showed that Coke Zero was indeed different from both of the other diet sodas. Overall, through my research and analysis of the data collected it is clear that there is enough

evidence to say that Coke Zero does in fact have weigh less than both Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi.

SODA ANALYSIS Appendix Raw Coke Data

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Diet Coke Num 38 27 2 77 64 71 26 42 66 80 52 45 15 68 32 36 24 40 49 16

Diet Coke 371.2 371.18 374.21 370.42 367.91 372.99 371.59 372.93 373.46 371.6 369.3 374.83 368.75 371.08 371.02 372.68 373.88 372.99 371.34 372.38

Diet Pepsi Num 57 50 7 86 45 77 66 53 36 48 60 20 42 34 1 37 52 82 80 13

Diet Pepsi 367.81 370.25 365.63 369.23 366.35 370.53 368.11 369.7 370.17 369.53 371.09 370.8 365.43 371.03 366.51 370.51 373.69 368.87 366.73 364.08

Coke Zero Num 62 6 33 15 18 1 10 57 65 45 9 53 49 43 16 27 55 19 2 38

Coke Zero 327.79 327.29 328.75 324.54 327.26 326.94 325.16 326.8 326.51 332.48 326.38 328.69 327.67 328.81 327.02 327.47 325.02 327.69 324.83 328.11

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Phase 1 Abstract This section is currently in progress.

For this particular analysis, I was asked to look at three different popular diet carbonated beverages (Diet Pepsi, Diet Coke, and Coke Zero) to compare their actual weights against their advertised serving size (12 uid ounces) as a checks and balances procedure to ensure the companies are not shorting their consumers nor are they selling too much. Also, as a point of interest, I wanted to see if the correlation between weight and name bears any signicance. For this analysis, I believe that Coke Zero will overall be a lighter (weight wise) beverage due to the simple implication in its name, Zero. Method . Participants The participants for this particular analysis do not take human form, however they are the three different brands of diet soda that were sampled; Diet Pepsi, Diet Coke, and Coke Zero. Design

SODA ANALYSIS This analysis utilized three independent variables, consisting of Diet Coke, Coke Zero and Diet Pepsi. Measures/Materials For this analysis, the team used one digital scale to individually weigh the 20 samples

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from each of the three categories of soda. We then in turn immediately entered this data into our iPad app, TC Stats, where the corresponding weight and soda can number was matched up. Procedure To begin this analysis, my teammates and I set up a new analysis in TC Stats so that the iPad app could generate our random sample. For Diet Coke, our lower bound was set at 1 and our upper bound was set at 85; we then generated a sample size of 20 by limiting the rows from 1-20. The same method was applied to Diet Pepsi however, the upper bound was set at 96; and Coke Zero had an upper bound of 72. Once the random numbers had been generated we then took those and sought out the corresponding soda can with the same number labeled on the top of the can. Each soda can was weighed on a scale with the scale set to measure in grams; we weighed each individual can for each of the 20 random samples in the three different categories, recording each weight in TC Stats next to the corresponding randomly generated integer. With all of our data properly entered into TC Stats, we are then able to employ the working powers of the application to generate our greatly anticipated Summary statistics as a box plot graphical display (below).

SODA ANALYSIS Soda Analysis Summary Statistics

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By looking at the above summary statistics, it seems like a safe assumption to say that my hypothesis that Coke Zero would be the lightest (weight) of the three sampled beverages is right on point. Coke Zero's average weight is 327.2605g, followed by Diet Pepsi at 368.8025g and Diet Coke at 371.787g. Below is a box plot that provides a different view of the same information as above. This picture portrayal allows us to see a visual of the spread among the three sodas. Once again, showing Coke Zero as the lightest, followed by Diet Pepsi, and then Diet Coke. Soda Analysis Box-Plot Diagram

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