Short Paper Proc. of Int. Conf.

on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies 2011

Performance Analysis of MSK-OFDM in SalehValenzuela Channel

C. Mohd Din1, R. Mohamad1, W. Mansor1, N. M. Anas2, S. B. Kutty1
2

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia roslina780@salam.uitm.edu.my, wahidah231@salam.uitm.edu.my

AbstractThis paper investigates the error rate performance of M SK-OFDM under modified Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel for UWB system. Based on the proposed channel modeling in IEEE 802.15.3a standard body, the SV propagation analysis was observed using four different types of channel models, namely CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4. Result showed that the zero padded suffixes could not resolve multipath effects efficiently in which the error rate saturated at energy per bitto-noise ratio above 15 dB. The propagation analyzed substantiation comparable performance between SalehValenzuela and Rayleigh channel for delay spread exceeds 10 ns for both CM1 and CM2. This indicated less number of cluster and smaller ray arrival rate characteristic for these both impulse responses. Index TermsMSK, OFDM, Saleh-Valenzuela, UWB.

channel model is used for investigating the error probability and trade-offs for ultra-wideband (UWB) system [6]. This paper investigates the bit error-rate performance of MSK combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel modeling. The realistic of the SV channel was simulated under four different types of model; CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4, which being characterized by cluster arrival rates, ray arrival rate within clusters, cluster decay factors and ray decay factors. The MSK-OFDM under SV channel was evaluated in terms of bit error rate using 128-point of subcarriers. II. MSK-OFDM ARCHITECTURE Fig. 1 depicts the block diagram of minimum shift keying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MSK-OFDM) transceiver. The time-domain signal is generated using npoint inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) as derived in (1). Then, zero padded redundancy is appended at the end of each OFDM symbol which acting as guard band. x(k) is defined as the time domain samples where k is the index of frequency and i is the time index. F defines the n-point FFT, thus x(i) is the frequency bin values in which substantiate the frequency component known as signal spectrum. At the receiver, the signal is converted to frequency domain signal using FFT using (2).

I. INTRODUCTION In digital communication system especially in mobile radio area, degradation of signal transmission caused by fading channel is still a major issue [1]. Distortion like attenuation, reflection, refraction and diffraction, affects the transmitted waveform on multipath fading. This kind of dispersion may cause the inter-symbol interference (ISI) to be generated [2]. When the transmitted signal is affected by noise, it may cause changes in frequency carrier if the signal in the transmitter or receiver is moving [3]. Milstein et al. [4], assumed the transmitter to be ideal with no filtering, perfect carrier and symbol synchronization which exhibits no time variation. By varying the channel in the physical environment, fading channel represent changes over time. Vitetta et al. [5], proposed an improved differential detector (IDD) to be compared with conventional differential detector (CDD) for minimum shift keying (MSK) over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency-flat Rayleigh fading channel. The results showed that the IDD provides an energy gain of 1 dB over CDD for bit error rate (BER) of 10-3 in AWGN channel. With flat Rayleigh fading channel, the BER performance of IDD degraded to 10-2. In other study, Shaban et al. [1], investigated BER performance of multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems for MSK Scheme in independent and correlated Nakagami-m and Rician fading channels. They came out with the expression based on characteristic function and assumed that the simulation results agreed with the derived expression. In Rician channel, at energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (EbNo) equals to 8 dB, the BER is 10-2 for 4 users. For Nakagamim channel, the BER is 10-3 at the same EbNo. Nakagami-m 2011 ACEEE DOI: 02.ACT.2011.03.87 132

Figure 1. Block diagram of MSK-OFDM transceiver

Short Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies 2011 where k,l is the amplitude of rays and clusters which modeled using Rayleigh distribution, (.) is dirac delta function, Tl is the delay of lth cluster and kl is the delay of kth multipath component and k is the path within the lth cluster relative to the Tl and Xi represents the log normal shadowing. The SV channel is repeated for multipath arrival where Tl is the arrival time of the first path of the lth cluster,kl is the delay of k. Hence, the distribution of cluster and ray arrival time is given as follows
Figure 2. Block diagram of MSK transceiver

MSK can be viewed either a special case of continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK) or offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) with half sinusoidal waveform [8]. MSK has special properties such as constant envelop, spectral efficiency and self-synchronizing capability. In this paper, the MSK transmitter model was followed the principal in [4] and it is shown in Fig. 2. In OQPSK, the staggered data streams of I(t) and Q(t) are modulated in two orthogonal carriers. Each bit of I(t) or Q(t) is a half period of cosine or sine function with a period of 4T which is A cos(/2T) or A sin(/2T) respectively. Then, the signal is modulated onto two orthogonal carriers cos(2fct) or sin(2fct). Thus, MSK signal is created as follows:

where is the arrival rate of cluster and is ray arrival rate at k=0,l = Tl = 0. The first cluster arrival can be determined by normal distribution as in (9) followed by the first ray arrival for each cluster as in (10).

where A is the amplitude, fc is carrier frequency and T is the bit period of data. The imaginary data is performed by Note that is cluster decay factor, is equal to 1/ is ray decay factor and is standard log-normal shadowing for each multipath channel.
T ABLE I PARAMETER USED IN MSK-OFDM SYSTEM

Note that each I(t) symbol occupies 2T for an interval from (2n-1)T to (2n+1)T, n = 0, 1, 2 and the quaternary data is performed by

Where Q(t) is the delayed by T with respect to I(t). Each Q(t) symbol starts from 2nT to (2n+2)T for n = 0, 1, 2, and so on. III. SALEH-VALENZUELA CHANNEL MODEL SV channel was first developed by Adel A. M. Saleh and Reinaldo A. Valenzuela in early 1987 [9]. In their model, the rays of the received signal arrive in clusters. The amplitude of the received rays is independent Rayleigh random variable. The variances were decayed exponentially with the delay of cluster and the delay of rays within a cluster. It is restricted to the measurement of indoor multipath propagation environment and time-of-arrival statistics which is fully based on the proposed IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model [10]. This statistical model is an extension of Turin et al., [11] model. In this model, the arrival time of clusters and rays to the receiver follows Poisson distribution process. The impulse response of this multipath channel can be expressed as
TABLE II. C HANNEL MODEL PARAMETERS

IV. SIMULATION METHOD The simulation performance of MSK-OFDM in SV channel modeling was instantiated based on the parameters shown in TABLE I. The number of subcarriers used in FFT was 128point with 37 zero padded suffixed was appended at the end of each OFDM symbols. 133

2011 ACEEE DOI: 02.ACT.2011.03. 87

Short Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies 2011 SV channel modeling proposed for UWB system was meant for indoor propagation characteristic broadly divided into line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments. Four different types of channel models derived in SV channel was used in this work. Channel model 1 (CM 1) and CM 2 cater for distance below 4 m in LOS and NLOS respectively. CM 3 represented the NLOS impulse response at the distance of 4 to 10 m, while CM 4 showed an extreme NLOS with 25 ns delay spread. There were 5 important parameters that define these four models: cluster arrival rate; , ray arrival rate; , cluster decay factor; , ray decay factor; and standard log-normal shadowing; for each multipath channel. All parameters were considered for channel modeling as formulated in (7)-(10). TABLE II shows the related parameters based on standard SV channel modeling. V. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The error rate performance of the MSK-OFDM signaling was compared between Rayleigh and SV channel fading in conjunction with Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) OFDM modulation in Rayleigh fading theory set the benchmark for the upper bound analysis used throughout this simulation. Generally, simulation system in SV channel follows Rayleigh at the signal-tonoise ratio up to 10-12 dB for CM 1 and CM 2 as shown in Fig. 3. However, CM 3 and CM 4 approach Rayleigh until 6 dB and then it tends to saturate at higher signal-to-noise
Figure 5. Impulse Response of channel model CM4

ratio exceeds 20 dB for all SV cases. This is due to violation of circular convolution property whenever the impulse response is longer than the zero padded suffixes. TABLE III summarizes error rate for each channel model at selected signal-to-noise ratio. The impulse responses of the four different channel models define the delay characteristics of SV channel under UWB environment, which generated from (3). Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the behavior of CM1 and CM4 respectively. The propagation analyses substantiate comparable performance between Saleh-Valenzuela and Rayleigh channel for delay spread exceeds 10 ns for both CM1 and CM4. It is apparent that paths in CM1 and CM2 is tend to concentrate on less number of clusters with smaller delay, whereas the path in CM3 and CM4 tend to concentrate on more clusters which results bigger delay and the gain is decayed faster because of longer path.

CONCLUSION The performance analysis of MSK-OFDM under SalehValenzuela channel model has been described in this paper. Zero padded was used in this signal instead of cyclic prefix and four different channel models were considered, namely CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4. Rayleigh channel was also included to compare the performance of Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. Result showed that the zero padded suffixes could not resolve multipath effects efficiently in which the error rate saturated at energy per bit-to-noise ratio above 15 dB. The propagation analyses substantiate comparable performance between Saleh-Valenzuela and Rayleigh channel for delay spread exceeds 10 ns for both CM1 and CM4. This indicated less number of cluster and smaller ray arrival rate characteristic for these both impulse responses. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank Minister of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE) and Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia (MOSTI) for supporting this research through grant number 600-RMI/ST/ FRGS 5/3/ Fst(120/2010), 600-RMI/ST/FRGS 5/3/Fst(36/2011) and 06-01-01-SF0391.

Figure 3. Bit error rate of various transceiver on all channel model TABLE III. CHANNEL MODEL SPECIFICATIONS

Figure 4. Impulse Response of channel model CM1

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Short Paper Proc. of Int. Conf. on Advances in Computing, Control, and Telecommunication Technologies 2011
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