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and V
]
L
]
+
1
L
]
( :
u
- :
su
) (3)
d
b
dt
= -
]
L
]
+
1
L
]
( :
b
- :
sb
) (4)
d
c
dt
= -
]
L
]
+
1
L
]
( :
c
- :
sc
) (5)
In digital implementation using a zero order hold model of
the system and trapezoid integration rule yields the system
equations:
:
u,k+1
= -:
u,k
+ 2:
su,k
+
L
]
1
SDB
(i
u,k+2
- i
u,k
) +
r
]
(i
u,k+2
+ i
u,k
) (6)
:
b,k+1
= -:
b,k
+ 2:
sb,k
+
L
]
1
SDB
(i
b,k+2
- i
b,k
) +
r
]
(i
b,k+2
+ i
b,k
) (7)
:
c,k+1
= -:
c,k
+ 2:
sc,k
+
L
]
1
SDB
(i
c,k+2
- i
c,k
) +
r
]
(i
c,k+2
+ i
ck
) (8)
The current i
k
is the present current flowing in the circuit
and i
k+2
is the current flowing after two time steps. The current
i
k+2
is the function of the applied inverter voltage v
k
, v
k+1
and
the system voltage. The control therefore forces the current to
take on the value i
k+2
after two sampling time steps (equivalent
to one switching period). Thus i
k+2
may be viewed as the
reference command that the current will track. Therefore the
control law will be:
:
u,k+1
= -:
u,k
+ 2:
su,k
+
L
]
1
SDB
(i
uc],k+1
- i
u,k
) +
r
]
(i
uc],k+1
+ i
u,k
) (9)
:
b,k+1
= -:
b,k
+ 2:
sb,k
+
L
]
1
SDB
(i
bc],k+1
- i
b,k
) +
r
]
(i
bc],k+1
+ i
b,k
) (10)
:
c,k+1
= -:
c,k
+ 2:
sc,k
+
L
]
1
SDB
(i
cc],k+1
- i
c,k
) +
r
]
(i
cc],k+1
+ i
ck
) (11)
The sampling time is denoted as T
SDB
.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
To validate the performance of the three phase four wire
shunt active power filter, a computer simulation is done using
the proposed switching scheme in MATLAB / SIMULINK. A
combination of nonlinear balanced and unbalanced load is
connected at the PCC. The system parameters considered for
simulation are given in table IV:
TABLE IV
SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR SIMULATION
Parameter Value
Source voltage 327 V
Source resistance 10 m
Source inductance 1.2 mH
Rn 20 m
Ln 3 mH
Vdc (for open loop) 800 V
Sampling Time Ts (3-D SVM) (d1+d2+d3)*100 s
Sampling Time (Deadbeat Current Control) TSDB 20 s
Ri 0.02
Li 2.4 mH
DC Link Capacitor 4700 F
Figure 7: Simulation results with proposed switching technique with balance
load (i) Voltage at PCC (ii) Source current after compensation (iii) Source
current before compensation (iv) Reference Current (v) Injected Current
The simulation results obtained with balanced nonlinear
load and balanced sinusoidal supply voltage is shown in Fig.
7. It is observed from Fig. 7 (ii) that source current is almost
sinusoidal.
Fig. 8 shows the load currents for unbalanced load
condition. It is observed from Fig. 8 that all three phases are
unbalanced and neutral current is of the magnitude 100A. Fig.
9 shows the simulations results obtained with unbalanced load
condition and sinusoidal supply voltages. It is clear from Fig.
9 (ii) that after compensation the source currents are balanced
and have become almost sinusoidal. Also the neutral current is
in the range of 5A which is 5% of the neutral current before
compensation.
Figure 8: Load Currents (Unbalanced Load)
Fig. 10 shows the magnitude spectrum for source currents
before and after compensation. It is observed from the Fig.10
that the harmonic components are reduced after compensation,
THD is 2.21% which is within prescribed IEEE standard and
load balancing is achieved.
Figure 9: Simulation results with proposed switching technique with
unbalanced Load (i) Voltages at PCC (ii) Phase Currents after compensation
(iii) Phase Currents before compensation (iv) Neutral Current after
compensation
Fig. 11 shows the switching signals to the top switch in all
four phases using proposed switching scheme in three phase
four wire shunt active power filter. It can be seen that in the
proposed switching scheme each device is gated for only 260
in a cycle unlike the traditional hysteresis current controller
and 3 D SVPWM with null vector. Thus switching losses gets
reduced in the proposed switching scheme. It is evident from
Fig. 11 that in proposed switching scheme in each cycle only
three switches are to be controlled instead of 4 in other
methods. The simulation results are tabulated in Table V.
Figure 10: Magnitude Spectrum of Source Currents before and after
compensation (Unbalanced Load)
TABLE V
SIMULATION RESULTS
Phases
Quantity
a Phase b Phase c - Phase
Vpcc (Fundamental, Peak) (V) 326.7 326 326.5
Vpcc (THD) (%) 1.55 1.47 1.73
I_source (Fundamental, Peak) (A) 73.24 73.41 72.95
I_source (THD) (%) 2.21 2.13 2.34
I_load (Fundamental, Peak) (A) 53.41 87.49 88.26
I_load (THD) (%) 18.65 50.18 36.23
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-500
0
500
V
s
a
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-20
0
20
i
S
a
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-20
0
20
i
L
a
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-20
0
20
i
R
e
f
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-20
0
20
Time (s)
i
I
n
j
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-50
0
50
i
L
a
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-200
0
200
i
L
b
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-200
0
200
i
L
c
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-200
0
200
Time (s)
i
L
n
(iv)
(iii)
(ii)
(i)
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-500
0
500
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-100
0
100
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-200
0
200
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-20
0
20
Time (s)
i
n
s
(iv)
(iii)
(ii)
(i)
V
sc
V
sa
V
sb
i
sc
i
sa
i
sb
i
Lc
i
La
i
Lb
0 1000 2000
0
20
40
60
Magnitude Spectrum of Source Currents before Compensation
0 1000 2000
0
50
100
0 1000 2000
0
50
100
0 1000 2000
0
50
100
Magnitude Spectrum of Source Currents after Compensation
0 1000 2000
0
50
100
0 1000 2000
0
50
100
Figure 11: Switching Pulses for the proposed switching technique with Shunt
Active Power Filter
V. CONCLUSION
A novel switching scheme is proposed and verified through
simulation studies for three phase four wire shunt active
power filter. The switching losses are reduced in proposed
switching scheme as at any instant of time three out of four
switches are to be controlled. The simulation results are found
satisfactory for harmonic elimination, reactive power
compensation, load balancing in case of unbalanced load and
neutral current elimination for three phase four wire shunt
active power filter.
VI. APPENDIX
For generating the reference currents D-Q theory is used
for three phase four wire system. D-Q theory has proved its
advantages in three phase three wire systems; the same theory
is extended for three phase four wire systems. D-Q theory is
explained below:
l
l
l
l
i
d
i
q
i
qu
i
q[1
1
1
1
=_
u sin (t) -cos (t)
u cos (t) sin (t)
-cos (t) u u
-sin (t) u u
_ _
i
0
i
u
i
[
_ (12)
For harmonic elimination, reactive power compensation
and load balancing filtering the continuous component of id
we get the following reverse transformation equation.
i
d=
t
d
+ t
d
(13)
_
i
0
i
u
i
[
_=_
u u -cos (t)-sin (t)
sin (t) cos (t) u u
-cos (t)sin (t) u u
_
l
l
l
l
t
d
i
q
i
qu
i
q[1
1
1
1
(14)
Then from 0 co-ordinates transforming back in to a-
b-c co-ordinate we get the following equation:
_
i
uc]
i
bc]
i
cc]
_=_
2
3
l
l
l
l
l
1 u
1
2
-
1
2
3
2
1
2
-
1
2
-
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
_
i
u
i
[
i
0
_ (15)
and the neutral current is equal to:
i
nref
= i
aref
+ i
bref
+ i
cref
(16)
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Hirofumi Akagi, The State Of The Art of Active Filters for Power
Conditioning, EPE 2005.
[2] Mehmet Ucar, Engin Ozdemir, Control of a 3-Phase 4-leg active power
filter under non ideal mains voltage condition, Electric Power Systems
Research, vol. 78
[3] H. Akagi,Modern Active filters and traditional passive filters, Bulletin
of the polish academy of sciences, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2006
[4] S. Bhattacharya, T. M. Frank, D. M. Divan and B. Banerjee "Active
filter system implementation," IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol.4, pp.47-
64,Sept./Oct.,1998.
[5] F.Z. Peng, "Application issues of active power filters," IEEE Ind. Appl.
Mag., vol.4, pp.21 -30,Sept./Oct..1998.
[6] V T Ranganathan,Space vector pulse width modulation - A status
review, Sadhana, vol. 22,Part 6, December 1997. pp. 675-688.
[7] Perales, M.A., Prats, M.M., Portillo, R., Mora, J.L., Leon, J.I.,
Franquelo, L.G, "Three dimensional space vector modulation in abc
coordinates for four-leg voltage source converters", IEEE Power
Electronics Letters, volume 1, issue 4, Dec. 2003 Page(s):104 109
[8] Zhang, R., Prasad, V.H., Boroyevich, D., Lee, F.C., "Three-dimensional
space vector modulation for four-leg voltage-source converters",IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, volume 17, issue 3, Page(s):314-
326, May 2002.
[9] Abdelaziz Chaghi, Amor Guetta, Azzedine Benoudjit, Four legged
Active Power Filter Compensation For A Utility Distribution System,
Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 55, no. 1-2, 2004.
[10] L. Julian, T. A. Lipo, and G. Oriti, Elimination of common mode
voltage in three phase sinusoidal power converters,in Proc. IEEE-
PESC96 Conf., pp. 19681972, 1996.
[11] R. R. Sawant and M. C. Chandorkar, A multi-functional four leg grid
connected compensator, Power Conversion Conference - Nagoya,
2007. PCC '07, April 2007
VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Heli Golwala completed her B.E in Electrical Engineering from Sardar
Vallabhbhai Institute of Technology, Vasad, India in 2003. She obtained her
M.E. (Automatic Control and Robotics) in Electrical Engineering from M. S.
University, Vadodara in 2005. Presently she is doing PhD under the guidance
of Dr. R. Chudamani, in the Department of Electrical Engg., SVNIT, Surat.
R. Chudamani completed her B.E in Electrical Engineering from National
Institute of Technology Surat, India in 1990. She obtained her M.Tech (Power
Electronics) in Electrical Engineering from IIT, Delhi in 1997 and the PhD
degree in Electrical Engineering from IIT, Madras in 2009. She is working as
an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, S.V.N.I.T.,
Surat, Gujarat, India. In this position she has been active in the areas of
teaching and research. Her research interests are in the areas of power
electronics and drives.
0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115 0.12
0
0.5
1
S
a
0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115 0.12
0
0.5
1
S
b
0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115 0.12
0
0.5
1
S
c
0.1 0.105 0.11 0.115 0.12
0
0.5
1
Time (s)
S
f
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)