K L UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR B.Tech.

II year 2nd Semester Academic Year: 2011-12

COURSE HANDOUT Course Name Course Coordinator Course Detail Lecture Hours Team of Instructors : : : : : APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS (MEC209) K.Venkateswarlu THEORY 60 Dr. K.Ramakrishna, K.Venkateswarlu, G.L. Narayana, L. Kiran Kumar I. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME OBJECTIVE:

L-T-P 3-0-2
Date: 13-DEC-2011

Mechanical engineers apply principles of physical science and mathematics to conceive, design, produce and operate the moving parts, components and machinery used in every aspect of modern life. From rockets, robots and automobiles to power plants, engines, air-conditioning equipment and biomechanical parts, mechanical engineers put energy and machines to work, and wherever there is motion, youll find evidence of their innovations. Today, they often use computer-aided design and computer simulation to ensure their products are reliable, efficient and economically sound. The spectrum of professional activity for the mechanical engineer runs from research through design and development to manufacturing and sales. II. PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the mechanical engineering program our mechanical engineering students: (A) Will possess a sound knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of mechanical engineering in the general streams of Design, Production, Thermal and Industrial Engineering, necessary to be productive engineers in industry or government, and/or succeed in graduate or other professional schools. (B) Will be able to formulate, analyze, and creatively solve multidisciplinary technical problems through the use of modern engineering tools, be they experimental, analytical or numerical. (C) Will develop and use lifelong learning skills to take advantage of professional development opportunities in their disciplines, develop new knowledge and skills, pursue new areas of expertise or careers, adapt to changing global markets and workforce trends. (D) Will be able to communicate clearly and effectively with fellow engineers, employers, and the general public. (E) Will possess the skills needed to fulfill their professional duties and responsibilities in teamwork, collegiality, ethics, technical leadership, business acumen and lifelong learning.

(F) Will understand the economical, societal and environmental impact and ethical and professional responsibilities of a mechanical engineer and Graduates will engage in professional service by using their engineering background to advance society and to help solve technical and societal problems. (G) Can succeed as entrepreneurs. III. PROGRAM OUTCOMES Upon completion of the mechanical engineering program, our mechanical engineering students will demonstrate the ability to: (A) Apply mathematics, engineering and science fundamentals to formulate and solve a wide variety of real world problems related to mechanical engineering. (B) Design and/or analyze mechanical systems by integrating knowledge in the four general streams of engineering viz. design, production, thermal and industrial engineering. (C) Use modern engineering tools, including computer visualization, programming and design/analysis software. (D) Conceive, plan and safely execute a series of laboratory experiments to obtain design data. (E) Given a set of experimental data, students will demonstrate the ability to calculate and assign appropriate limits of error to the data. (F) Function individually and as contributing members of interdisciplinary design and problemsolving teams. (G) Disseminate information related to themselves and their work in oral presentations, written reports and Web-based multimedia formats. (H) Maintain and improve their skills through self-study and professional development activities. (I) Understand basic business principles, key ethics issues affecting their profession, and an awareness of important contemporary issues affecting mechanical engineering practice. (J) Devise creative solutions to problems and design exercises and consistently show the ability to Think outside of the box (K) Demonstrate service to campus & community and responsibility to self, profession and society. IV. MAPPING OF PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND PROGRAM OUTCOMES: Program Outcomes Program Educational Objectives A B C D X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X A B C D E F G H I J K

E F G V. COURSE DESCRIPTION:

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Applied Thermodynamics is a branch of Thermal Engineering which deals with the applications of Thermal Engineering viz. Steam Boilers, Steam Nozzles, Steam turbines, Steam Condensers, Refrigeration etc. The Student can get elaborative knowledge while learning this course. VI. COURSE OBJECTIVES:

The scope of this course is to provide in-depth knowledge about various applications of Thermal Engineering. The objective of the course is to give knowledge about the various types Vapor power Cycles, Pure Substances, Various types of Steam boilers, Steam nozzles, Steam Condensers, Steam turbines, Various types of refrigeration Cycles as well as Refrigeration Systems. VII. COURSE OUTCOMES: At the end of the course the student will be able to do the following. : 1. Will demonstrate the ability to perform power cycle analysis using various working fluids. 2. Will demonstrate the ability to perform analysis of refrigeration and heat pump cycles using various working fluids. 3. Will demonstrate an understanding of the construction of thermodynamic property tables and the capability to determine changes in enthalpy, entropy and internal equation of state. 4. Will demonstrate the ability to perform analysis of thermodynamic systems and cycles and to perform appropriate calculations where ideal gas mixtures are the working fluid. 5. Demonstrate the ability to apply psychrometrics to analysis of heating, drying and air conditioning systems. 6. Will demonstrate the ability apply the first and second laws to combustion processes. 7. Will demonstrate the ability to perform thermodynamic analysis of realistic problems using computer software Explain the laws, symbols and vocabulary of thermodynamics 8. Use a problem solving procedure to process a preliminary statement of a problem into a final numeric solution for thermal power systems using the laws of thermodynamics 9. Use traditional and computerized steam tables and ideal gas laws to successfully solve thermodynamic power plant problems energy using a suitable

10. Use Calculus in solving thermodynamic problems and s will be able to analyze a vapor power cycle given a set of operational parameters and constraints, determine cycle efficiency, its power output, and required heat input. 11. Will be able to make modifications to improve the overall cycle efficiency for the steam power cycle. 12. Will be able to analyze and optimize a vapor refrigeration system given the requirements and constraints of a refrigeration system. 13. Will be able to understand the second law limitation of thermodynamic efficiencies and will be able to sort out realistic and unrealistic thermodynamic system claims. 14. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output and required heat input for a spark-ignition IC engine with a given set of operating parameters. 15. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output and required heat input for a diesel engine with a given set of operating parameters. 16. Will be able to analyze and determine cycle efficiency, work output, and required heat input for a gas turbine cycle, and determine thrust of a turbojet, for a given set of operating parameters.

VIII.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Applied Thermodynamics- T.D.Estop-6e-Longman scientific & Technical & John Wiley, New York. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Engineering Thermodynamics, by Cengel&Boles 2. Engineering Thermodynamics by P.K.Nag, TMH, New Delhi 3. Applied Thermodynamics by R.Yadav-CBH, Allahabad 4. Power Plant Engineering (Steam & Nuclear) P.K.Nag, TMH.

Note: use of steam tables and R&AC tables is permitted in university examinations.
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IX. .SYLLABUS

UNIT-I PURE SUBSTANCE: Pure substance vapour-liquid-solid phase equilibrium in a pure substance. independent properties of a pure substance. Equations of state for vapour phase of a simple compressible substance. Tables of thermodynamic properties. VAPOUR POWER CYCLES: Rankine cycle, Effect of pressure and temperature on the Rankine cycle, reheat cycle, regenerative cycle, practical regenerative system, Binary vapour cycle. UNIT-II STEAM BOILERS: Function, classification, working of Cochran boiler and Babcock and Wilcox boiler, Mountings & Accessories, Boiler Horse power, equivalent rate of evaporation, efficiency and heat balance. Draught, Height of chimney, condition for maximum discharge, efficiency of chimney, types of draught UNIT-III

STEAM NOZZLES: Types of nozzles, isentropic flow through nozzles, effect of friction, nozzle efficiency, critical pressure ratio and maximum discharge, calculation of throat and exit areas using Mollier diagram. STEAM CONDENSERS: Jet and surface condensers, condenser vacuum and vacuum efficiency, condenser efficiency, thermodynamic analysis, air pumps, capacity of air extraction pumps. UNIT-IV STEAM TURBINES: Types of steam turbines, Impluse turbines, pressure and velocity compounding, velocity diagrams, work output, power, blade efficiency and stage efficiency, Reaction turbines, velocity diagrams, degree of reaction, work output, power, blade efficiency and stage efficiency, Governing of turbines, overall efficiency and reheat factor. UNIT-V REFRIGERATION: Need for refrigeration, definitions, Methods of refrigeration, working of refrigerator & heat pump, Reversed carnot and bell-coleman cycles, refrigerating effect, COP, vapour compression refrigeration system, influence of various parameters on cycle performance, vapour absorption refrigeration cycle.

XI.UNIT WISE RATIONALIZATION:

UNIT-I PURE SUBSTANCE: Introduce the concept of a pure substance Illustrate the P-v, T-v, and P-T property diagrams and P-v-T surfaces of pure substances. Discuss the physics of phase-change processes. Demonstrate the procedures for determining thermodynamic properties of pure substances from tables of property data Describe the hypothetical substance "ideal gas" and the ideal-gas equation of state. Apply the ideal-gas equation of state in the solution of typical problems Introduce the compressibility factor, which accounts for the deviation of real gases from ideal-gas behavior, and to illustrate its use. Define the specific heat at constant volume and the specific heat at constant pressure Relate the specific heats to the calculation of the changes in internal energy and enthalpy of ideal gases. Describe the incompressible substance such as solids and liquids and how to determine the changes in internal energy and enthalpy for these substances VAPOUR POWER CYCLES: Analyze vapor power cycles in which the working fluid is alternately vaporized and condensed. Analyze power generation coupled with process heating called cogeneration.
Investigate ways to modify the basic Rankine vapor power cycle to increase the cycle thermal efficiency Analyze the reheat and regenerative vapor power cycles. Analyze power cycles that consist of two separate cycles known as combined cycles Introduce the concepts of binary cycles.

UNIT-II STEAM BOILERS: Learn to identify the different types of steam (and water) boilers; Become familiar with the terms and general principles of the basic boiler; Acquire basic information about boiler construction and components such as safety valves, instrumentation, venting and pressure control devices; Learn about feed water, steam and hot water components and understand how these interrelate;

Understand various type of fuel and combustion equipment such as burners in gas fired and oil fired applications; Learn the theories behind combustion, water flow, heat transfer, and oxygen, water, and fuel reactions; Understand the boiler design and sizing; Gain knowledge about safe boiler practices; Learn basic boiler performance testing methods and procedures; and Be able to communicate effectively with boiler professionals and make better decisions affecting the boiler and facility.

UNIT-III STEAM CONDENSERS: steam condenser in which the steam is condensed on tubes which are grouped together in separate nests and through which cooling water flows, the tubes, arranged in rows, of a nest enclosing a hollow space, a cooler for the non-condensable gases in arranged in the hollow space. Two nests are provided which are at a distance from one another and to which steam is admitted over their entire periphery, the nest form, irrespective of the external form of the condenser, being selected in such a way that first of all a convergent flow channel --accelerating the steam--and then adjoining it a divergent retaining part -deflecting the steam--are formed between the nests on the one side and also between one nest

STEAM NOZZLES: UNIT-IV STEAM TURBINES: A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 90% of all electricity generation in the United States is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

UNIT-V REFRIGERATION: Learn the process of Refrigeration and different processes of Refrigeration processes like Vapor compression, Vapor absorption and steam jet Refrigeration. Gain knowledge on Types of Refrigerants Become familiar with Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Refrigeration processes. Determine the Coefficient of Performance of Refrigeration system using P-H chart. Learn how to improve Coefficient of Performance (COP) of Refrigeration processes

IX.

LESSON PLAN METHODOLOGY LEARNING OBJECTIVE: (AT THE END OF THE SESSION STUDENT SHOULD )

FACULTY APPROACH

STUDENT APPROACH

Introduction to Pure substance Pure substance Understand Vapor-liquid-solid Vapor-liquidphase equilibrium solid phase in a pure substance. equilibrium in a pure substance. Understand Independent properties of a pure substance To learn Equations of state for vapour phase of a simple compressible substance Independent properties of a pure substance.

Oral

Facilitates

Listens and participate

Understand

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

Remember

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen and Practice

Understand

Equations of state for vapor phase of a simple compressible substance.

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen and Practice

Understand and Analyze

To learn Tables thermodynamic thermodynamic properties using properties tables To learn Tables of thermodynamic thermodynamic

of Chalk and talk of Chalk and talk Explanation Listen Understand and Analyze Understand and

Explanation

Listen

LEARNING OUTCOME

CONTENT

SESSION

UNIT

properties tables

using properties

Analyze

Understand VAPOUR POWER Vapor power CYCLES: Rankine Cycles cycle, To study Effect Effect of pressure of pressure and and temperature on temperature on the Rankine cycle, the Rankine cycle, To study Reheat Reheat cycle, cycle,

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Observe

Explore the mechanism

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

Explore the mechanism

Chalk and talk Chalk and talk

Explanation

Observe

Application Application

To study Regenerative cycle, 10 Regenerative cycle, Understand Practical 11 regenerative system,. Understand 12 Binary vapor cycle Understand STEAM 13 BOILERS Practical regenerative system,

Explanation

Observe and comprehend

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listens and Participate

Understand

Binary vapor cycle PPT STEAM BOILERS: Function, classification, Working of Cochran boiler, types of draught Explanation Listen and Practice Remember and recall

II

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen and Practice

Remember and recall

II

To study Working of 14 Cochran boiler, types of draught

PPT

Explanation

Listen

Understand

II

To study Babcock and and Wilcox boiler, 15 Babcock Wilcox boiler, To study Mountings & Accessories, 16 Mountings Accessories &

PPT

Explanation

Listen

Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember

II

Chalk and talk Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

II

Boiler Horse Understand power, equivalent Horse 17 Boiler power, equivalent rate of evaporation,

Explanation

Observes

rate evaporation, efficiency II

of efficiency

To calculate Heat Heat balance. 18 balance. To calculate Draught, Height of chimney, condition for 19 maximum discharge, efficiency of chimney Draught, Height of chimney, condition for maximum discharge, efficiency of chimney

PPT

Explanation

Listen

Evaluate

II

PPT

Explanation

Listen

Understand and remember

II

To study Types Types of draught 20 of draught To derive Maximum 21 discharge through discharge through the chimney the chimney To derive 22 Height chimney the Chimney Height of

PPT

Explanation

Listen

Evaluate and apply

II

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen and Practice

Evaluate

II

Chalk and talk of Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen and Practice

II

To evaluate efficiency of chimney 23 efficiency chimney Understand 24 Steam nozzles

Explanation

Listen and Practice

Evaluate

III

STEAM NOZZLES: Types of nozzles,

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

Evaluate and apply

III

Understand Isentropic flow Isentropic flow through nozzles, 25 through nozzles, effect of friction, effect of friction, To calculate Nozzle efficiency, 26 critical pressure ratio and maximum discharge, 27 Nozzle efficiency, critical pressure ratio and maximum discharge,

PPT

Explanation

Observe

Analyze and apply

III

Chalk and talk

facilitates

Observe

Analyze and apply

III

Calculation of Calculation throat and exit throat and

of exit

PPT

Explanation

Observes

Recall

areas using areas using Mollier Mollier diagram diagram III 28 Problems with Mollier diagram Chalk and talk facilitates Listen and Practice Evaluate

III

To study Steam STEAM Condensers CONDENSERS: 29 Jet and surface condensers, Design 30 Condenser 31 of Condenser vacuum

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember Understand and remember

III

Chalk and talk Chalk and talk Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

III

condenser efficiency vacuum efficiency

Explanation

Listen

III

32 To study Thermodynamic Thermodynamic analysis of air 33 analysis of air pumps, pumps Calculation of Capacity of air 34 Capacity of air extraction pumps extraction pumps 35 Efficiency calculations

Explanation

Listen

III

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

III

Chalk and talk Chalk and talk Chalk and talk Chalk and talk Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

III

Explanation

Listen

IV

To study Steam STEAM TURBINES: Types 36 turbines of steam turbines, To study Impulse Impulse turbines, 37 turbines To study Pressure 38 and velocity compounding Pressure and velocity compounding,

Explanation

Listen

IV

Explanation

Listen

IV

Explanation

Comprehend

IV

Understand Velocity diagrams, Velocity work output, 39 diagrams, work output To calculate Power, blade efficiency 40 Power efficiency and blade and

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

IV

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

stage efficiency, IV

stage efficiency, Chalk and talk Chalk and talk Explanation Listen Understand and remember Understand and remember

To study Reaction turbines, 41 Reaction turbines To understand Velocity diagrams, 42 Velocity diagrams To understand Degree of 43 reaction, work output Degree of reaction, work output,

IV

Explanation

Listen

IV

PPT

Explanation

Listen

Remember and pertain

IV

To calculate Power, blade Power, blade efficiency and 44 efficiency and stage efficiency, stage efficiency To study 45 Governing of turbines, To study overall 46 efficiency To study reheat 47 factor To evaluate 48 various efficiencies Governing turbines, of

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

Remember and apply

IV

Chalk and talk Chalk and talk Chalk and talk Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

retain information and apply Remember and apply Remember and apply Remember and apply

overall efficiency

IV

Explanation

Listen

reheat factor

IV

Explanation

Listen

IV

Determination of turbine efficiencies

Explanation

Listen

To study REFRIGERATIO Refrigeration N: Need for 49 refrigeration, definitions, To study Methods of refrigeration, 50 Methods refrigeration of

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Observe

Apply and evaluate Understand remembers and comprehends

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

To understand Working of Working of refrigerator & heat 51 refrigerator & pump, heat pump To study Reversed carnot 52 Reversed Carnot and bell-Coleman and Bell- cycles,

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

Synthesis

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

understand

Coleman cycles To calculate Refrigerating effect, COP. 53 Refrigerating effect, COP To understand Vapor compression Vapor refrigeration system, 54 compression refrigeration system To understand Influence of various 55 parameters on cycle performance, Influence of various parameters on cycle performance,

Chalk and talk

Explanation

listen

Understand

Chalk and talk

Explanation

listen

Understand remembers and comprehends

Chalk and talk

Explanation

listen

Understand remembers and comprehends

Vapor absorption Vapor Absorption refrigeration cycle 56 refrigeration cycle To understand Various parameters Influence of on cycle 57 various performance parameters To differentiate between 58 refrigeration systems Evaluation refrigeration 59 systems Comparison refrigeration systems of

PPT

Explanation

Listen

Remember and apply

Chalk and talk

Explanation

listen

Remember and apply

Chalk and talk

Explanation

listen

Remember and apply

of Estimation of COP of Vapor compression system Estimation of COP of Vapor Absorption system

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

Understand and remember Understand and remember

Evaluation of 60 refrigeration systems

Chalk and talk

Explanation

Listen

X.

SELF LEARNING TOPICS: 1. Vapour power Cycles: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cycle 2. Steam Boilers: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler 3 .Steam Nozzles: http://www.ultimatewasher.com/steam-guns-nozzles.htm 4. Steam Condensors: http://www.heatexchange.org/pub/pdf/edu/Tech%20Sheet%20113.pdf 5. Steam turbines: http://www.google.co.in/images?q=Steam+turbines&oe=utf-8&rls=org. 6. Vapour Compression refrigeration: http://www.google.co.in/images?q=Vapour+Compression+refrigeration&oe=utf-8&rls=org. 7. Vapor absorption refrigeration: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator EVALUATION SCHEME:
EC No. QUIZ I TEST I TEST - II QUIZ - II ASSIGNMENT COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION ATTENDANCE COMPONENT DURATION (minutes) 50 50 50 50 60 180 --TOTAL MARK S 20 20 20 20 10 100 10 200 Date & Time

1 2 3 4 5 6

XI. XII.

CHAMBER CONSULTING HOURS: : Informed in the class by the respective instructors. NOTICES: All notices/circulars regarding course matters will be displayed in the notice board and also will
be placed in the web.

COURSE CO ORDINATOR

H.O.D.

DEAN ACADEMICS

TEAM OF INSTRUCTORS: 1. 2. 3.