Morgan Rodgers Linear Algebra (3191) Summer 2008 HW 1 Solutions 1.

1, problems 8, 16, 24 8) Continue row operations and describe the . . 1 4 9 . . 0 1 7 . . . 0 0 2 . . Reduces to 1 0 0 so solution is x1 = x2 = x3 = 0. 16) Determine if the system is consistent. Do not completely solve. x1 2x2 2x1 +3x2 +2x3 x3 +2x3 2x4 +3x4 +x4 = = = = 3 0 1 5 0 1 0 0 0 1 . . . . . . . . . solution set of the system: 0 0 0 0 0 0

We have the augmented matrix 1 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 1 3 2 3 2 1 which reduces to the echelon form 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0

. . 3 . . . 0 . . . 1 . . . 5 .

2 0 3 0

. . 3 . . . 0 . . . 1 . . . 0 .

and so our system is consistent (since the far right column is not a pivot column; need to reduce to echelon form).

24) True or False; justify your answer. a) Elementary row operations on an augmented matrix never change the solution set of the associated linear system. True. See pg. 8, if two augmented matrices are row equivalent then they have the same solution set. b) Two matrices are row equivalent if they have the same number of rows. False. Two matrices are row equivalent if one can be produced from the other with elementary row operations. In particular, two matrices with a dierent number of columns and the same number of rows can never be row equivalent. c) An inconsistent system has more than one solution. False. A system is called inconsistent if there are no solutions (pg. 4). d) Two linear systems are equivalent if they have the same solution set. True. By denition (pg. 3). 1.2, problems 12, 20, 22 12) Find the general solution: 1 7 0 0 1 7 Row reduces to 1 0 0 So the general solution is x1 x2 x3 x4 = 5 + 7x2 6x4 is free. = 3 + 2x4 is free. 7 0 0 0 6 1 2 0 0

0 1 4

6 2 2

. . 5 . . . 3 . . . 7 . . . 5 . . . 3 . . . 0 .

20) Choose h and k so that the system has a) no solution, b) a unique solution, and c) many solutions. x1 +3x2 = 2 3x1 +hx2 = k This has the augmented matrix 1 3 which row reduces to 1 0 . a) If we let h = 9 and k = 7 (we can let k be anything but 6 here), the last row gives 0 = 1 and so the system is inconsistent. b) If we let h = 10 and k = 6 (we can let k be anything here) then we have x1 = 2 and x2 = 0 as the unique solution. c) If we let h = 9 and k = 6, then we have x2 as a free variable, and so we have innitely many solutions. 22) True or False. Justify your answer. a) The echelon form of a matrix is unique. 1 0 2 and 0 1 0 same system of equations. False. 0 2 are two row equivalent echelon forms for the 3 h9

. . 2 . . . k h . 3 . . . 2 . . k6 .

b) The pivot positions in a matrix depend on whether row interchanges are used in the row reduction process. False. Pivot positions are locations of leading entries in the reduced echelon form, which is unique. c) Reducing a matrix to echelon form is called the forward phase of the row reduction process. True. See pg. 20. d) Whenever a system has free variables, the solution set contains many solutions.

False. A system may have free variables and still be inconsistent, as in the system corresponding to the following augmented matrix: . 1 1 . 0 . . 0 0 . 3 .

e) A general solution of a system is an explicit description of all solutions of the system. True. By denition, see pg. 21. 1.3, problems 6, 14, 24 6)Write a system of equations that is equivalent to the given vector equation: x1 2 3 + x2 8 5 + x3 1 6 = 0 0

We have the corresponding system of equations: 2x1 3x1 +8x2 +5x2 +x3 +6x3 = 0 = 0

14) Determine if b is a linear combination of the columns of A: 11 1 2 6 7 , b = 5 A= 0 3 9 1 2 5

We rst form the augmented 1 0 1 which row reduces to 1 0 0

matrix 2 3 2 6 7 5 . . 11 . . . 5 . . . 9 . . . 11 . . . 5 . . . . 2 .

2 3 0

6 7 11 4

The system is consistent since the far right column is not a pivot column. Thus b is a linear combination of the columns of A (see pg. 34). 24) True or false. Justify your answer. a) Any list of ve real numbers is a vector in R5 . True. See the beginning of the section, we think of a vector as any list of numbers. b) The vector u results when v is added to u v. True. This follows from the basic properties of vector addition, which say (u v) + v = u + (v + v) = u + 0 = u. c) The weights c1 , c2 , . . ., cp in a linear combination c1 v1 + . . . + cp vp cannot all be zero. False. The weights can be any scalars including zero. d) When u and v are nonzero vectors, Span{u, v} contains the line through u and the origin. True. Span{u, v} contains all linear combinations c1 u + c2 v. By setting c2 = 0 and letting c1 range through all real numbers, we get all points on the line through u and the origin. e) Asking whether the linear system corresponding to the augmented matrix . [a1 a2 a3 . b] has a solution amounts to asking whether b is in Span{a1 , a2 , a3 }. . True. This follows from the blue box on pg. Span{a1 , a2 , a3 }. 34 and the deinition of