SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CENTER OF KURDISTAN

CENTRE DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE DU KURDISTAN (CRSK)

Association de Loi 1901 RDA NW212005346, 4 Rue de Saverne, 21000 DIJON FRANCE Dr Ali KILIC

Prsident Doctor of Philosophical Sciences dralikilic@yahoo.fr Mobile : 0033631556896

Dijon le 21 april 2012

Prof. Dr. Wen-Hua Sun, FRSC Professor of Organometallic Chemistry and Polyolefins Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China Dear Professor Dr.Wen-Hua SUN, dear Colleague, I want to thank you for your kind letter dated April 20, 2012 by THAT the you asked me "By the way, you may be kind to let me know Where your organization is Located? The "Kurdistan" would Be The west-southern area of Asia, is it? Anyway, I feel your items to Some of my colleagues, and Some interesting Responded icts, order in Chinese only. " With a very great joy I would answer you as president of the Center for Scientific Research in Kurdistan (CRSK) and co-organizer of the Project for the Foundation of the Academy of Sciences of the Kurdistan on scientific structures Universities and academic life and the Academy of Technology and Information, founded by the Prime Minister of Kurdistan Regional Government Mr. Nechirvan Idris Barzani September 10, 2009 at the Capital Hewler South Kurdistan. Let me tell you about the historical, geographical, linguistic strategic policy of "Kurdistan" found in the west-south Asia in Mesopotamia in the Middle East. This means that Kurdistan is an international colony divided and shared by states and colonial imparialistes Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. I am very happy that you send my articles to scientific academicians of the Academy of Sciences of China who allows you ed interacadmiques develop our relations and the contribution of scientific acadmicines and the Academy of Science of China in the construction of scientific life in Kurdistan especially in southern Kurdistan. To my familiarized history the department of the Academy of Sciences of China had written four books on ED volumes Kurdistan
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Indeed, the Kurdish aspirations for independence have their roots deep in the origins and social structure of this people and are the result of a long historical evolution. The Kurds are one of the oldest populations of Asia Minor. According to a thesis, that of Professor N. Marr, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the U. R. S. S., they would be related to the Asiatic tribes whose remnants are now in the Caucasus and have experienced rapid development to the sixth and seventh centuries BCE, when they rivaled the Assyrian power. If one accepts this thesis, we must at the same time assume that the Kurds of today no longer speak the same language as their ancestors. This is the case of my mother tongue Kirmanki we talking about now in Dersim the department where the people in my family has lived VI.me century BC according to Herodotus. Indeed ) which oi oi (we are descendants of Kardoukho speaks to us in Anabasis by the Greek historian Xenophon, or their name, its form of Kirmanki reflects, as he thinks Professor Minorsky, the ethnic mix of Cyrtio with the Medes (Manda,), we need to remember is in; any event, an indisputable antiquity of the Kurdish people. In 1937 the Kemalist government turkish has destroyed 170 .000 Kurds the Dersim by a physical gnoncide including 302 people in my family including 52 children were the bodies are burned by the Turkish army. Because of my political activities in support of the Kurdish people I was arrested by the military dictatorship in 1973 and imprisoned and then my wife Sevgi Kilic ed philosophy professor is arrested by the military dictator's fascist dictatorship Kenan Evren is've become cancerous and then died so I'm in exile for 33 years I think our language is part of the language of the Medes that on which I'm searching for language. Let me send you one of my studies in this language domain in nuclear astrophysics "The Mystery of Milky Way" But our going very far. Before interpreting our history prfaire I insist on our history and our scientific scientific structures that interest you. I think 5000 years ago on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia a science of the stars was born. This beautiful imagination of man has obtained remarkable success. It is rooted in the historical memory of peoples,with which we began to reflect on the creation of the universe, on the nature of man and the world, as well as human knowledge Throughout the history of science, many theories have followed about the sky and the physical world: Man tried to understand how the universe works. A theory of the materiality of the universe and the natural birth of all that exists from a single substance has been developed by philosophers in this region. Throughout the history of mankind reorganization scientific knowledge has been the concern of scholars and scientists. It was in ancient Greece as the first Academy was founded by philosophers. Mesopotamia was the birthplace of
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the development of science, culture and civilizations of different peoples. But Mesopotamia and Kurdistan do not have an Academy of Sciences of Kurdistan and a Centre for Scientific Research in Kurdistan while these days more 55 academies of sciences contribute to the development of the organization of Science and Technology in the world. KURDISTAN

Centre for Scientific Research in Kurdistan (CRSK) was founded in France in June 2010 for two purposes: I-his first goal for the scientific and technical research and the scientific and academic cooperation between universities of France and those of Kurdistan between the Academy of Technology, France and the Kurdistan

Gathering of scholars, scientists, intellectuals, writers abroad and joined the French and European scholars and those departments of Kurdistan. Encourage the scientific, publishing scientific works, academic, technical, literary, linguistic, academic disseminate science to the public, protect the environment against the dams maintain vigilance with a reflection on the place in the world through research on the history and the environment Achieve by establishing with the scientific structures of relationships that can lead to common structures, cooperation agreements and exchange of scientists, by organizing conferences or writing joint report of scientific and technical cooperation between Universities of South and North Kurdistan with French universities, the CNRS, INRA scientists defend victims of human rights. Ensure, in its archives, the retention of documents contributing to the knowledge of the history of science and the progress of scientific thought. 2 - The second objective concerns the Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1. The Center for Scientific Research in Kurdistan aims to defend and promote the historical legacy of the civilization of science and Anatolian Mzopatamienne 2. Be in particular to benefit members of the scientific community in Europe and the Kurdish two districts where they remain, these rights scientific, cultural, economic and social set out in international legal instruments in the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights. 3. Report violations of international law and human rights perpetrated against the people of Kurdistan, and in particular denounce the perpetrators. It is under the Department of Scientific Research Centre of Dersim Kogiri persidy by Kurdish Sociologue Miss Seve Evin Ciek and who is entitled to follow these steps to follow the decision taken by CRSK. 4, Translate and judge in collaboration with international legal assistance to international courts of justice, government or private dealers who sell weapons of mass destruction (napalm, chemical or biological weapons, components of nuclear weapons, cluster bombs or incendiaries and explosives of all kinds to the States sharing the Kurdistan if it is proved that these weapons are used against the people of Kurdistan and of Dersim and Kogiri 5 . Compensate the population for the use of weapons and gases used the above. 6, Calling on all national and international organizations, to all men of good will to participate in the reconstruction of Dersim and Kogiri victims of war and mass destruction of villages to prevent the construction of eight dams on the river which Munzur has a length of 85 km.

7. Attend judicial members of the community Kogiri (Sivas) and Dersim (Tunceli), where they remain and whatever their nationality, all matters and all legal problems, International Law and Internal Law. We consider that the current science and the scientific purpose of the dissemination of science to a science of reality theoretical analysis of the issue of organization of scientific knowledge requires a determination of the orientation of the development of science and study of their application areas. In this sense, we consider it impossible to resolve the issues of reorganization of scientific knowledge and its relationship with the company by asking these questions is in the human sciences or science of nature, as the purely methodological and totally ignore the epistemological qualities, either as purely epistemological questions that completely ignores the methodological issues of knowledge and science (the dialectic of abstraction), or as purely economic and political issues while completely ignoring the application of science to production. However, this means that the rigorous application of science to production is a necessity because the needs of society are made to the needs of science, whose satisfaction depend essentially on the level of production, the state of the technical and material possibilities of the scientific potential of the company itself. The scientific orientation of our approach to the founding of the Center for Scientific Research in Kurdistan depends primarily on the reorganization of the human sciences of the natural sciences and earth sciences and space in second place the interpretation of the purpose of basic and applied sciences. The epistemological sense of the organization of the natural sciences: The physical, chemical and biological. We will present the interpretation of the physical sciences, chemical and biological approach to illustrate our epistemological * on the scientific organization of knowledge. The unavoidable intervention of physics in all divisions of natural science proceeds in large measure because it takes as its object of study the properties of both the simplest and most general of terms. The progress of physical science has a direct influence on all the essential elements of modern production-based energytechnology instrument working on the objects and work on a design of the contemporary world. This is due primarily to the close links between physics and the theory of knowledge. The revolution in physics thus contains the potential for turning technical and material production. Another focus of the scientific revolution in physics closely related to nuclear physics that lies at the confluence of its experimental facts and often involving a fugitive material Sophisticated X of quantum physics. A nuclear physicist producing the atom, produces not only the atom but
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also the death of others and his own death. This raises the question of the opposition of scientific responsibility and the logic of development of science and determine the practical uses of scientific discoveries, and finally, the restriction of the sphere of scientific responsibility for applied research and the exclusion of basic research in this sphere. A double ethical problem arises in physics, the use of policy instruments on the operator along with the release of independent relations make it impossible for him objectivity. The question is how this objectivity is possible? One can ask the same question in the field of scientific activity of the chemist and biologist. The revolution in chemistry is bound to the control of the structure of molecules and consequently to the creation of substances, the structure of the properties defined in advance, that is to say, the controlled creation of chemical bonds. We can say that the correlation of physical and chemical sciences and transition them directly reflects the relationship of the movement of elementary particles with atomic nuclei and atoms with the molecules. Finally just as atoms, molecules constitute an object for both chemistry and physics. For the chemistry that they are complex systems, the product of an interaction of atoms, while for the physical (molecular) they are "cells" original: it is from these that form the logical aggregates determined. The results of biological chemistry were and still are a powerful tool for understanding life processes. But the language of chemistry did not allow himself to penetrate the mysteries of life. This requires the epistemological analysis of the biological sciences. By penetrating deeper into the secrets of living processes, biological science also discovered the mechanism of the use of genetic information. Philosophy of biology that is divided into two disciplines, the first functional biology that is directed towards the image of science proposed by physics and evolutionary biology who assumes the autonomy of biology and stimulates an image non-physicalist science and a new philosophy of biology. The biological sciences naturally give special importance to the nature of living organisms and their smallest components in the cell and components of the cell itself. Science has penetrated well into the microscopic structure of the cell below, which enabled him to make unexpected discoveries, forcing a radical revision of current ideas on the principles biochemical, biophysical and physicochemical cellular processes. Therefore the epistemology of molecular biology and genetic engineering is a necessity. The problem is how to design the nature of heredity and its problems did not change, but which radically changed are the possibilities of penetration into the depths of the phenomena.

The Kurds and Kurdistan

The Kurds are a people in their own right, the fourth largest in the region, estimated today, no doubt, nearly 40 -45 million just over half, about 25 million live in Turkey. All have strong sense of national identity, language, culture, their own history Who, and a homeland, I had to say one country, which was their for millennia, where they accounted for a large majority of the population. After the coming to power of Mustafa Kemal, Kurdistan has been split between several nations statements unit, which continues against the Kurds in different forms and degrees true, a policy of national oppression and underdevelopment, trying to total elimination or forced assimilation them as a distinct people. It is because they have been placed against their will and without having been consulted, under the jurisdiction of such totalitarian nationstates, that the Kurds are fighting for self-determination, for a form of state under the Federalism who devoted their national identity and ensure their economic and social progress. Indeed, the Kurdistan is treated as a colony, occupied militarily and economically exploited without even a colonial status to be recognized by the United Nations. Indeed, we can say that this is a settlement practiced, outside any international control by totalitarian systems in fact, worse than the classic colonialism as it was formerly exercised by the Western Powers "(....) "This is a result of three quarters of a century of rebellion, repression and massacres da, is still relatively unknown or ignored by international opinion: A strange conspiracy of silence has continued to conceal this genocide. The various appeals to the United Nations, States, to the universal conscience launched by the oppressed people, doomed to extermination, have so far received no echo.51 . Officially it is neither Kurds nor Kurdish Question in Turkey. An identical genocide has taken place since 1992 in Kurdistan of Turkey, storytelling Kurdish civilian population, the intention of the National Security Council and Turkish under the Anti Terrorist Act in April 1991. Turkey is indisputably governed by laws. Do I have to add that Germany was Hitler legislature? The Preamble, 3 of the Universal Declarations of Human Rights declares the following: "Whereas it is essential that human rights should be protected by a rule of law so that human being not con t train, Supreme resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression. ". The Act is to be based on the broad principles of justice and fairness any rebellion against tyranny is legitimate. As you know, since the adoption of the Declaration on the ONU on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples clearly demonstrate whenever people have resisted pressure from neo-colonialism, they have triumphed and were released. Article 1 of the Declaration of the Granting of Independence Countries and Peoples Coloniss, December 4, 1960, refers to
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"The subjection of peoples to a bid, domination and exploitation constitutes a denial of fundamental human rights, is contrary with the Charter of the United Nations and is an impediment to the progress of peace in the world and its mutual "The article continues this statement as well:" All peoples have the right to self-determination under the right they freely choose their status the policies and lead their development conomic, social and cultural '~ Article 4 adds "" Any military action or repressive measure and some so whatever, directed against non-independent peoples must cease in order to enable them to function freely and peacefully their right to complete independence and the integrity of their national territory must be respected. " But why the United Nations should help them to the liberation of peoples and territories only under Western domination or European? Why colonialism would it only the fault of a number of European powers industrially advanced? We usually call colonialism official, the other form is such that one can find in states in the Third World, the shameful colonialism. . Right to selfdefined by the United Nations and a doctrine depth is universal. Because the right of peoples and nations to selfdetermination has become a universally recognized principle of law international.ll, means not only the right of every people to elect the form of state leadership he regards as relevant to its development, but also the obligation of other states and peoples to give the people in question assistance in the realization of their right to self-determination. The question that arises what is the responsibility of States to the Security Council of the United Nations vis--vis the situation of Kurdistan in accordance with the United Nations Charter and the Declaration on progress and development as well as two Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, adopted in 1977 represent an undeniable progress of humanitarian law? The Protocol I relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, recognized as such "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of the right of peoples to selfdetermination, enshrined in the United Nations Charter .. "So what is France's policy in relation to the Kurdish Question? Protocol II deals with non-international armed conflicts and apply to the conflict "occurring in the territory of a High Contracting Party between its armed forces and dissident armed forces or other organized armed groups which, under the leadership of responsible command, exercise on part of its territory control . " Secondly, the first chapter of the United Nations Charter which states that "one of the purposes of the United Nations is to develop among nations friendly relations based on respect for the principle of equal rights of peoples and their
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right to self-determination. "means that" the right to self-determination for all peoples and the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex , language or religion. "That encourages the UN" View to creating conditions of stability and well-being necessary to ensure among nations peaceful and friendly relations based on respect for the principle of equal rights of peoples and their availability to themselves. "Emphasis should be placed on the right to self determination of the Kurdish nation. Seven years ago, in January 2005, me and the sociologist Kurdish Seve Evin CICEK we have introduced a bill for the founding of the Academy of Sciences of Kurdistan and the Centres of Research Science and Technology from the representation of the Regional Government southern Kurdistan in France. Dr. Saywan Barzani, representative of the Kurdistan Regional Government and Mr. Barzan, the representative of YNK these projects have transmitted to the authorities of South Kurdistan. On our project of the Academy of Information Technology and is based in southern Kurdistan. In the introduction of the Project for the Foundation of the Academy of Science of Kurdistan in January 2005, we highlighted the fact of our century in the following manner. Considering that Kurdistan is in the current phase of the construction of a state, as' a country divided between four states, Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq with southern Kurdistan has three fundamental Universities, Dohuk, Salahaddin and Soulenamieh, and a fourth with the American University has just been founded. Currently there are more than ten universities in southern Kurdistan. Whereas Kudistan South is the heir of the historical foundation Theological Science founded by Sheyh Abdusselam which removed the proprite private and distributed land to peasants Kurds before the onset a socialist system, Whereas the Kurdish nation leads a battle for freedom and independence since a century in different parts of the country and she was the subject of genocide not to mention the martyred city of Halabja against which chemical weapons used by the fascist regime of Saddam was toppled by coalition forces in anti Saddamiste alliance with the Kurdish people's struggle for freedom and democracy building. Therefore our people are proud to have plainement democratic national rights in accordance with the resolutions of the UN and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Therefore, We, the scholars, scientists, researchers, writers Kurdistan in Exile consirons we have the scientific and academic responsibility at the situation of Kurdish people to found the organization of Science and
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Technology in Kurdistan with the aim of the project study for the foundation of Academy of Sciences of Kurdistan and the creation of the Centre for Scientific and Technical Research and Kurdistan to serve the Kurdish nation for the good and happiness of mankind to achieve international cooperation of the Academy of Sciences of Kurdistan with the science academies in the world and as well as scientific research centers. I know that Mr Lu Yongxiang, professor of engineering sciences, chairman of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a member of CC CPC a said he supported the creation of a Technology Transfer Centre of the Academy of Sciences in the development zone of high technologies of East Lake. He also encouraged officials in Hubei to develop resource protection aquatiques.Mais our Prime Minister Mr. Nechirvan Idris Barzani founded Vocational Academy of South Kurdistan Techmologie Hewler Finally 10 September 2009 the Prime Minister of Kurdistan Regional Government Nechirvan Barzani Mr. South presented the foundation of the Academy of Technology and Information Hewler in southern Kurdistan. I am pleased and privileged to be here with you today to take part in unveiling a great achievement and another step in the institutional progress the Kurdistan Region, which is the launch of the Information Technology Academy. This Academy is another tangible landmark of the firm relations and friendship between the Kurdistan Region and the Republic of Korea. On this occasion, I would like to reiterate the gratitude and appreciation of the people and the government of the Kurdistan Region to the Korean Government and KOICA. We reaffirm the continuation of our lasting strategic relations and friendship with the government and companies of South Korea.

Adress.

Prime Minister Nechirvan Idris Barzani

Prime Minister, Kurdistan Regional Government Hewler - southern Kurdistan

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It is evident that the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) has enhanced its efforts to deliver basic services to the people of the Region. This has included increased supply of electricity, infrastructure development, water resources, housing and other projects. We are proud of these achievements. But for lasting prosperity, we must provide more than basic services. We must do our best to provide citizens with the skills necessary for success in the workplace. I refer now to our human resource capacity the ability of the individual to excel in key fields of business is essential for the development of the Region. It is our duty to develop our human resources. The concept of establishing an Information Technology Academy dates back to the term of the fourth cabinet. I asked the Minister of Humanitarian Assistance and Cooperation to develop the project proposal, which was submitted to the Government of South Korea. And here is a suitable time and place to thank Dr Shafiq Qazzaz, who was at that time the Minister of Humanitarian Assistance and Cooperation. He worked very hard with KOICA so that this project could begin as soon as possible. Two years ago, when we laid the foundation stone of the Information Technology Academy building, our vision was for this institution to be a centre for learning.Today we are happy to see that, in addition to a modern building and advanced equipment, the process of learning has begun and will expand. University faculties the teachers of the new generation were the first to be trained here. The Academy is more than a place to learn about information technology. It exemplifies the most important type of progress for our Region a tool for sustainable development. The KRG places great importance on information technology because we live in a new world where information and communication are strategic assets. We see ICT as a progressive and significant driving force for our future. ICT will be our key to unlocking great potential in the Kurdistan Region, helping us take leaps and bounds towards the development of our region. We must embrace new approaches to transform the Kurdistan Region, its people, civil society, private sector and government in the 21st century. The road ahead carries opportunities and challenges, so we must embrace new thinking and allow ICT to help us seize the opportunities and overcome our challenges, for the good of our people. Recognising its importance to our present
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and future and its integration into our way of life will spearhead our competitive partnership in the global community. In 2011 the strategy of the Academy of Technology and Information Kurdistan founded by the Prime Minister has been defined as follows

KRG IT Strategy
Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) is in the midst of significant IT investments and improvements to support the transformation into a modernized government. In order to orchestrate these Government Wide IT initiatives, this project aimed at developing an inclusive IT Strategy and Roadmap was launched. This project aims at laying the foundations of a modernized government capable of providing enhanced services to the various stakeholders. Consequently, the project targets the establishment of a high tech government infrastructure while ensuring the enhancement of government employees and other stakeholder skills and competencies in the various areas of IT to cope with the changes introduced. Additionally, the project addresses the regulatory and standardization requirements of the introduced technologies in addition to the various financial elements in the areas of funding and spending needed to support the implementation of the strategy. As a part of the Strategy formulation exercise, the team conducted a current situation assessment of the various KRG entities to identify the challenges and assess the entities readiness with regards to the achievement of the governments aspirations. Detailed reports documenting the current situation of the various entities were developed. It was found that the entities would require a lot of investment and efforts in their IT Governance structure, infrastructure, capacity of their skilled resources, and many other areas. All these areas were considered in the development of this strategy and therefore the strategy was structured into seven areas which address the common requirements of all the KRG entities. The objectives of these seven areas have been defined as part of this strategy. We have the opportunity in the Kurdistan Region to learn from the experience of other countries, such as the United States and South Korea, to build our e-government in a shorter time and with newer technology. It is important to consider the experience of other countries, which shows us that leadership, plans, strategies, skilled human resources, and time are essential for success. Integrating information technology into government institutions helps us modernise the public sector. Public sector modernisation will enable the government to function more efficiently and deliver better services to citizens.
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Having an efficient government will also help us to create a better climate for investors in the private sector as well as overall economic development. Ultimately, our efforts will result in a better quality of life for all in the Kurdistan Region. To achieve this goal, we have adopted an institutional process. First, we have established the Department of Information Technology at the Council of Ministers to lead the governments strategic and systemic IT initiatives, coordinate the IT initiatives of the ministries, provide advice and technical support at the senior level of government, and pave the way to develop IT in the community and the private sector. The institutional process of the government, through the Department of Information Technology, applies new public administration principles. This process and new way of management is an experience that could be useful for other sectors and government institutions. We have already reached important achievements which make us proud. Some examples are developing a KRG Employees ID Card System and Human Resources Database, Information Technology Academy, and starting the project of developing the KRG IT Strategy and Roadmap. The ID Card System unified the KRG ID cards and provides a standard identity to government employees. The human resource database will provide critical information and analysis for the government for planning, managing and developing its human resources. We take pride in being among the pioneers in this area in the Middle East. The Information Technology Academy will be a key medium for the development of capacity and necessary skills at the different levels of KRG. Here, I reiterate that the Iraqi federal government as well as the private sector can benefit from the Academy. There is no doubt that we need more similar academies to provide the expertise required for our progress. The KRG places great significance in training its employees; therefore, it has trained a large number of employees inside and outside the Kurdistan Region. Furthermore, we incorporated computer lessons into the different levels of education and expanded IT specialisation in the universities and institutes of the Region. The KRG ID Card System and the Information Technology Academy are two important regional initiatives of the KRGs institutional process to develop information technology. However, the process is bigger than this.

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The KRG has engaged PricewaterhouseCoopers for the development of a KRG IT Strategy and Roadmap. Through this project, the KRG will have a common IT vision, strategy and roadmap through the year 2015. To ensure an effective institutional IT process, a cabinet high committee provides general direction. The KRG and PricewaterhouseCoopers teams have completed the assessment phase of the project in the KRG ministries and entities in Erbil, Suleimaniah and Duhok. Through this project the KRG currently has a broad network of people to develop IT; further, we have an on-the-ground understanding of the current functions and level of IT use in the KRG institutions. The new cabinet will receive IT assessment reports about the KRG ministries, which are the products of the assessment phase of the IT Strategy Project. Thus, the new cabinet will have the opportunity to build on the efforts of the current cabinet. We believe this strategy of Prime Minister of South Kurdistan and prospects of the Academy of Technology and Information Kurdistan does not fully spond to the needs of our people. But even this in itself is a project designed to meet the 48 multinational corporations that exploit the oil wealth of Kurdistan.. That's why we critiqons and we pose the following questions. What relationship established between the needs of the people of Kurdistan and the founding of the Academy of Sciences of Kurdistan? In other words what are the needs of the Society of Kurdistan? What institutions are there? Are these structures in science and technology are capable of responding to the reality of Kurdistan? If so, what are the scientific and technical workforce and what academic potential on site? What technological need of Universities in Kurdistan? What level of scientific cooperation with universities Kurds? Is there a contribution of the UN and UNESCO? What if not? What relationship established between the epistemology of science and the information revolution? What does epistemology and what is the epistemology of Atomic Physics, Nuclear of the Nuclear Astrophysics from the perspective of the origin of the cosmos, the origin of life and the universe? That is how the two trends can be both a dialectical unity of science in the development process of the natural sciences, human sciences and technical sciences and both branching and diversification that are not immediately on the same context? What is the role of scientific structures in the process of the information revolution and what is the future of science in terms of epistemological analysis of science in relation to our project for the foundation of the Academy of Sciences awarded to Kurdistan authorities in January 2005?
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What is the meaning of creation of the Academy of Technology by the Prime Minister Nechirvan Idris Barzani in 2009 in southern Kurdistan? and what relationship established between the London Conference to be held in June 2010 by Ms Bayan Sami Abdul Rahman on the sale of national wealth and natural South Kurdistan? What is our vision and political science on the set of elements on the sale of the wealth of our country to imperialist forces? What are our proposals? This is why at first I will present our vision of the scientific and academic point of view of the epistemology of science in explaining the basis for the need of the Academy of Sciences and the empty structure founded by Mr. Nechirvan Idris Barzani that this attempt will be used only multinational firms and authorization of the operation of the Universities of Glen fascist who will overthrow the whole logic of development of productive forces in Kurdistan, if we insist that our analysis does not take scientific consideration followed its policy will allow him to sink the ship of the Government of South Kurdistan to the rivers of imperialist and colonialist states, primarily Turkey, which has not only multinational firms colonial in Kurdistan, but also the Turkish occupation forces colonialist joint U.S. policy and NATO. In a second step we develop the policy of natural wastage of Kurdistan that will be belly by Ms Bayan Sami Abdul Rahman and Mr. Talabani Qoubat at the London Conference on 15 and 16 June 2010 and we condemn this policy collaborator the sale of the wealth of our country to imperialist and colonialist forces, and we declare them to history, if this initiative referendum in the opinion of our people, if this question has not been examined, discussed the Kurdistan Regional Parliament in which case, we call them as traitors to the fatherland to the balances of imperialism Turkish, English, American, Japanese, Korean, etc. and Germanic. we clarify our approach by scientific epistemological analysis on nuclear energy in solar fusion from the epistemology of atomic physics, nuclear astrophysics and nuclear energy and prospects for the future of your country. My Project for the Foundation of the Academy of Kurdistan is inssu a PhD in philosophy Sciences I presented before the jury at the University of Bourgogne in the Faculty of Philosophy December 19, 1988 by the following statement Classification of the Sciences and Computing, Philosophical foundations of computer science. On what grounds can we ponder over the nature of science classification and what links can we establish between the classification and computer science? Where do the ideas on computer philosophical foundations come from as a base for the foundation of the Academy of Sciences and of the National Center for Scientific and Technical Research of Kurdistan? Do these ideas come

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from an issue on the historical development of the science classification or do they come from another methodological or epistemological nature? In other words, does the history of the philosophy of science need such a theoretical and philosophical explanation of the issue on the scientific reorganization of knowledge and its foundations? First, how can the opposition between both notions constitute a unity, especially with notions that do not stand in the same context? On one hand science classification is an old issue that goes back to Aristotle and which was a more philosophical issue than a scientific one in the Middle Ages, so that is an encyclopedic issue. On the other hand computer science gets a very varied meaning which has directly no links with the notions of science classification which are not on the same level. . First, a prevailing tendency is found among French and European computer scientists and there is an approach to the definition of "a computer science "or" computer sciences "or" computer scientific branches" which is linked to the definition of technology. The computer scientists of today are looking for the nature of only one science " (the computer science) and they reject the division of the intellect and the differentiation of sciences, their detachment from computer technology, without considering the scientific and technical progress. On one hand this belief of one science coincides with the positivist philosophy which rejects its role of Science of sciences ". On the other hand the tendency stems from the thought of Marx and developed by Engels, defends the unification of the human science with the natural science in order to create one science only.... Under those conditions, "is there one or several computer sciences" J.D Warnier asked. Then he added as far as the axioms and the basic principles are concerned, there is not an only science ". What are the differences between the axioms and the basic principles of computer science and those of philosophy? If there are no differences, how can we study " as many computer branches as we discover branches of the human activity which need word processing that is to say data processing, not only as far as applied sciences are concerned but also in the technological structure of the scientific and computer branches ? How can we tell the fundamental computer science in general from management computers, scientific computers, telecomputers, telematics or the computers of satellites which have different missions? From the computer science analysis, can we introduce the field the classification of techniques that is not made any longer according to the products but to the processes in order to establish links with the science classification ? In other words the classification was interpreted by the philosophers of the 19th century like the connection of sciences and it didn't lead to the reduction of philosophy to an only science as Marx pointed out: how will natural science later embrace human sciences as well as human sciences include natural science, and will there be an only science?" What will

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be the function of computer science in the fulfillment of the scientific combination? Will there be an "only computer science or several computer sciences within the process of the realization of the combination? But we may ponder over the origin of those computer scientists looking for the nature of an "only science" (computer science) and who reject the diversification and the differentiation of the computer scientific branches. Where do they go to? Which tendency of science do they go to? To an only science as Marx suggests or to the only science developed by the neopositivists of the logical positivism? If those scientists get close to the Marxist conception how will the natural science embrace the human science? But if they get closer to the neopositivist doctrine or to the logical positivism what will their function in the sciences centre be if the human science includes the natural science? Which criteria allow us to distinguish the logical analysis of the science which claims to organize the scientific knowledge within the scope of an "only science"? What is the meaning of the value of an "only science" for the science philosophy of our century? How can we look for the philosophical foundations of computer science if there are some differences between the "axioms and the basic principles" of computer science and philosophy? First question: What is data processing? Is it a science, a technology or various techniques? What are its aims? If it is considered like a science, is there one or several computer sciences? What would its function in the science classification be? If it is considered like a technology and if we define technology like the science of the scientific and the technical rules of the production process, then, what is its function as a physical, technical and mathematical science, in the science classification? What are the differences between technology in general and computer technology? If it is considered as a technical whole, what are its connections with science and the human being? What links can we establish between the science classification and the various application fields of computer science? What is the computer science methodology? What are the features of a pattern of the science classification and computer science? Second question: What is classification? What does the science classification mean nowadays? What are the aims of science? What about their classification) How can they be in harmony with the numerous human experiences. What is the specific characteristic of the issue for the human science philosophy ? Third question: is there a computer science classification? What are the bases of the various scientific branches of computer science? What links can we establish between science classification and the scientific and technical revolution?

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Fourth question: What are the prospects of the scientific development for a new humanistic civilization and what conclusions can we draw? METHODOLOGY For our philosophical processes, we have used the dialectical method. First, we have pondered over computer science by developing the logical and mathematical basis and the linguistic basis of computer science. Then, we have taken interest in the historical issue of science classification and we have intended to show the connection between science from the natural rules, its outcomes and the objective links between the function of the various sciences within their development and their own changes. Finally, we have studied the physical chemical and biological science as the basis of the differentiation of the scientific branches of computer science. We have analyzed the classic and modern computer system, the dialectical process of human knowledge in philosophy and computer science (the artificial intelligence and the foundations of the scientific knowledge) to establish the links between philosophy and the scientific revolutions and the aspects of a new conception of humanism in the scope of a new science classification. What is data processing is it a science a technology or does it embrace all techniques and tools? According to the Academy of Science, data processing is "the science of the rational processing, especially with automatic information machines considered as the basis of human knowledge in the technical and social fields. "This definition provided by the Academy of Science is our starting point but we have broadened it. First, computer science is a physical, technical and mathematical science linked to the second part of the natural science classification. That implies: 1. Computer science is both a rational processing science and a systematic, logical and mathematical science. It needs the analysis of the logical and mathematical basis of computer science (the binary logic and the Boolean logic) 2. Computer science is the science of the automatic data processing with machines and computers. So, it is both a physical computer science and a technological computer science that implicates the other scientific branches like telematics or telecomputers which is linked to the study and the creation of the components and the electrical and mechanical subset that are part of the creation of
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computers. It requires the analysis of the physical and technological foundations of computer science. 3. As a science of the rational and automatic analysis of information considered as the basis of human knowledge and communication computer science it leads to the creation of several scientific disciplines : the epistemological computer science, the knowledge engineering, the artificial intelligence, Experts systems, the survey of the shape, the synthesis of the word, the interaction between men and machines, the development of the communication engineering in the field of telecomputers and the computer technology of satellites. 4. As an applied science of production, computer s c i e n c e it has some results as far as the production diversification and the scientific work division are concerned. So, we have seen the logical and mathematical foundations of computer science. The Boolean logic is used in the systematization of the scientific knowledge in computers as a tool to argue. It is said that this mathematical logic is also the result of the logical and mathematical thought of Leibniz and that it is the basis of the philosophical and linguistic ideas developed in Ars Comniatoria (1666). Then we have divided the historical activity into four basic periods and we have studied the linguistic foundations of computer science "from Lavoisier's pictures which express the world into a new symbolical or expressive chemistry till the sophisticated classifications from which the living can enter a systematical reason" as Professor Dagognet wrote. The basic idea of his philosophy deals with the ORDER of reality and the linked possibility that the scientific knowledge cultivates. From this point of view we have analyzed the different languages: COBOL, FORTRAN, List Processing, ALGOL, BASIC, PROLOG, PASCAL. The growth of the languages suited to computers relatively corresponds to the needs of society. The scientific improvement based on the fundamental research in science widens the field of the labor force with the differentiation of the software technology. So, we have briefly studied the structure of the computers called digital computers as opposed to analogical computers. They deal with digital information that is to say the continuous and discontinuous analogical and digital information which is the basis of computers classification. This technology gets a final logic in the material and social practical experience of the world. Indeed, "technology implies a reflection on the mode of connection. It is the place of change from the scientific rationality to the rationality of human science. So technology is the science of the control of information (especially scientific information) between men" Nevertheless there is historically a deep and converse connection in an explicit and systematic way between technology
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and science classification. The most remarkable of these classifications is Ampere's. So what is classification? What is classification? In French, the classification supposes a scientific attention and a theoretical order, I mean, it is built on a rational knowledge on the classified things and it allows one to understand them. Classification is an example of logical process used in science or in practice. Classifications are made according to the basic characteristics of the things. Classification emphasizes the similarity and the differences between things. So, the classification is a cognitive activity whose objective is to divide up the beings according to their similarity. It is a representation of the whole systematic knowledge, especially in science, of a system of divisions and subdivisions. Sometimes, when it is only a matter of organizing things in a system, we base our divisions conveniently even if things have no links between one another. Classification is the share-out of things in several coordinated and subordinated sets. It is the way to organize concepts according to the connections we want to emphasize: connection from gender to species, connection from the whole to the part, genealogical and hierarchical connections and so on ...In the field we deal with three main kinds of classification. First, there is statistics, that is to say the automatic classification that allows us to draw, thanks to algorithm, several partitions according to the individuals. Then there is the biological classification found by Linne. It is based on the obvious similarity between species that are placed in the same set. But this kind of classification is not very common. Finally there is the classification philosophically speaking. So, we have considered in detail four main stages in the development of science and knowledge: the immediate intuition stage, the analysis stage, the synthesis stage based on the former analysis (the upset object of knowledge is mentally pieced together in its entity and in its former reality). At the stage the differentiation of knowledge has been doubly characterized: first, according to the material object, it is different from the former science; then, according to the lower form of the nearest movement thanks to which it is linked to the former science. The characteristics of a science and the differentiation of its knowledge get objective foundations on each new science. Such a connection can be made because the lower form of the movement enters the upper form just as the upper form just as the movement of a molecule enters the physcal state of gas (thermodynamics. So, this dialectical unity of the material movement and of thescientific knowledge on the real world, constitutes a real basis on which you can build a model of the dialectical classification of sciences and you can give
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each science an accurate definition that can indicate its place in the new sketch of science classification. For example, the nuclear science is a science you can deal with at the edge of its often fleeting experimental facts. This science makes sophisticated materials intervene. The problem posed to the physicians is the following: which model of the nucleus can we propose to explain the observations and the experimentation in keeping with the rules of atomic physics If nuclear physics is a scientific branch of atomic physics, so, it has given rise to energy and has become differentiated from the nuclear chemistry and the other scientific branches of atomic physics. How can we explain the basis of the law of changing from quantity to quality from a science to another as far as the development of the basic contradiction is concerned? Will this contradiction lead up to a new approach of the classification? Which model of science classification can we propose to the problematical unity of the scientific knowledge regarding science computer science in keeping with the nature? Can the atomic model of classification be based on the dialectical (material is both divisible and continuous and at the same time and neither of them) and on the dialectical atomic components, and can we analyze and express any historical experience of science in the unity of the scientific organization of knowledge? In other words, will this approach establish the common foundation of the whole fields of knowledge? Explain the classification of dialectical rules the dialectical contradiction indivisible and unity of the From this viewpoint we have tackled the basic principles of science classification. There are subjective, objective and comparative principles of science classification. First we have seen the subjective principle in Bacon, Hobbes, d'Alembert, Diderot as well as the rational classification in Comte according to the principle of coordination, the natural classification of science in Andre Marie Ampere. Then we have analyzed science classification according to the objective principle in Descartes, Gassendi: the artificial classification in Augustin and Cournot : the characteristics of the development of science classification in Germany thanks to Kant, Scheling, Hegel and the logic of the scientific connection in Marx. Finally we have analysed the dialectical classification based on the principle of subordination in F.Engels. A first thought is based on the positivist thinking of A.Comte that allocates to the "authentic" philosophy a basic function. The positivist philosophy itself is a special science. The connection between philosophy and science is typified in this way: "science has its own philosophy". This connection is due to a definite interpretation of the role of science in culture. Neopositivism as a modern form of positivism deprives philosophy of its object without considering anything but the consciousness of the reality and the everyday or scientific thought. According to the positivist thinking philosophy is

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conceivable only because it is devoted to the analysis of language by which the mind can express itself. The philosophical analysis does not extend to the objective reality; it is limited to the immediate experience of language. According to the representatives of the logical empirism the phrase "philosophy of science" can apply to the research on philosophical thoughts on science and to the research on the probabilities of science. According to the logical positivism a real scientific philosophy is only conceivable as logical analysis of the scientific language. On one hand this analysis must suppress "metaphysics" (that is to say the traditional philosophy) and on the other hand it must analyze the logical structure of the scientific knowledge to make known the empirically verifiable content of the scientific arguments and concepts. The objective of this analysis is to reorganize the scientific knowledge in a "unique science" that erases the differences between physical, biological and psychological sciences and so on... We must notice that the phrase "philosophy of science" is often used to name the ideas, the criteria and the principles used in the scientific processes. It is called "presupposition". The study of the various scientific presuppositions is the subject of what we call "research on the foundations". This research used scientific methods such as axiomatization, the construction of models and so on... According to some authors (especially those who belong to the strict tradition of neopositivism) the only problems that can be posed about science are about the foundation. According to them the philosophy of science is a synonymous with the research on foundations. Only the adding knowledge is able to embrace the whole intelligible knowledge. The second thought is based on Hegel's idea of foundation as a category of the system of the dialectical logic. In Science of Logic Hegel analyzed the rules and the basic categories of the dialectical logic and the theory of knowledge. He developed the first system of the dialectical logic. The only law for Hegel is the law that unifies the law of gravity and the law of the celestial movement. The standardization of all the laws in the universal attraction is set down in itself. The universal attraction only reads that everything is different from everything; understanding thinks it has found a universal law which is able to tell the reality in its universality. By the way Hegel makes unification include in the conception of development even if he interprets in an idealistic way the main three fields of the object of the human knowledge: the natural world (nature), the historical world (society and its history), the spiritual world (human thought). According to Hegel, foundation is a reflection on essence that is foundation is the real mediation between essence and oneself. Foundation is first the absolute foundation as a basis in general; but more precisely it is determined as a form and a material and it is
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given contents. As a basic connection it becomes external to itself and it goes to the conditional mediation. Foundation presupposes a condition, but condition presupposes a foundation too. Things in themselves go to the existence thanks to the mediation of the conditional connection. Indeed this "unification in an only conception of development in the natural world as well as in the historical and spiritual world" is the foundation of the Marxist thinking. It is composed of the dialectical materialism, the historical materialism, the political economy, the scientific doctrine of the society which has on one hand overturned the idealistic doctrine of Hegel and on the other hand it has developed a new conception of science classification. So, according to Marx, philosophy can be fulfilled only by the abolition of the proletariat. With its triumph, the proletariat is nevertheless disappearing because of the birth of a society with no class and strictly human. For some people "this society is the real appropriation of the human essence by men and for men. It is the men return to themselves that is to say to social men -it is a total and conscious return which concerns all the wealth of the former development." For the other, it is "a utopia in an anthropological structure of imaginary." But according to Marx this society will put an end to the antagonism between men and nature, between men, between the individual and species, between existence and essence, between negation and assertion of oneself, between liberty and necessity thanks to the application of science to production in the process of the scientific and technological development as a material basis for the realization of the scientific unification. This new conception of science classification developed by Engels is a logical generalization and the reflection of the historical process. Four principles are developed: the principle of the reflection of the natural stages according to which science classification reflects the development of the movement within a peculiar local phenomenon consisting in the successive changes of the various kinds of energy. Then there is the principle of the development of the movement and its subset, according to which science classification is analyzed in a set : first as the reflection of the successive stages of the nature history and then as the natural science history. Then, as the history of the logically generalized and summarized natural science, that's to say as the continuous development of the peculiar sciences. So we have studied the various forms of the mechanical, kinetic, potential and electrical energy from a macroscopic and a microscopic angle, and the caloric and biochemical energy and finally the nuclear energy. With the study of Pauli's principles on the electrons, we have looked at the spectrum of the atoms of valency and we used the vector model for the
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atoms with dual valency electrons composed of four vectors of orbital momenta 11 and 12 and Spin momenta S 1 and S2. If in a low magnetic field, these vectors combine giving the vector of the total cinetic momentum of the atom J, so, we may find the basic structure of science classification from the elements of the regularity of the atomic spectra of the periodic classification. This process gets universalized, science becomes a direct transforming and productive force and it exerts an influence on natural science as well as on social science. We replace the vector L (natural science) with the vector S (social science) and the quantum number J (unity of all the sciences). In order to note a better interaction between philosophical science and natural science and between social science and technical science, we will take into account the basic interactions between the elementary particles of the nuclear physics that on one hand aims at integrating all the scientific knowledge and on the other hand it aims at differentiating the scientific knowledge from techniques. Considering physics, chemistry and biology as the foundation of the development and the differentiation of the scientific branches in computer science, I have examined the peculiar sciences that reflect the forms of the substance and its movement evolving in an inconsistent way. The inconsistent characteristic of nature development is revealed in the division of nature by phenomena that are both linked to natural factors, to the essence of the natural structure and to the nature of men and society. By the way, we can clearly explain the correlation between physics and chemistry and between the transitive sciences. This correlation directly reflects the connections between the elementary particles and the nucleus and between the atoms and the molecules. The movement of the elementary particles (protons, neutrons, positrons, electrons, eutons, hadrons, mesons, leptons and so on...) is part of the subatomic physics and the nuclear physics but the molecules forming the bodies are part of the molecular physics (superatomic). So, the way science is arranged corresponds to The order of the development of the discrete forms of substance. Finality. Like the atoms, the molecules are both part of chemistry and physics .As far as physics is concerned, the order of the development of the substance. Finally, like the atoms, the of chemistry and physics. As far as molecules are anything but a complex system and the result of the atomic interaction. As far as physics is concerned, molecules are initial "cells" producing the logical aggregates. From this epistemological viewpoint we respond to the advocates of the metaphysical monist approach praising an only science in the field of computer science. The basic issue of natural science is linked to the development of the philosophical thought and to the rapid progress of all the branches of the fundamental research that more and more integrate the

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fundamental natural science, technical science and even social science. This integration makes the transformative function of science increase the command of the natural forces and it changes science into a direct productive force. Finally it allows social science to improve and strengthen its organic connection with natural science. The place of computer science within our sketch of science classification parts: natural science First, I will divide science into two basic and human sciences. 1. Natural science: - Physics, technique, mathematics - chemistry, technology, biology - earthly science 1) Physics, technique, computing and automation Mathematics: Indeed, I consider as a physical, technological and mathematical science put into the first set of the natural science classification. Then, I will consider the classical science (the positive computer science, the computer science, the systematic and logical science) and the physical and technological computer analytical computer science (the methodological computer science and the applied computer science). The contemporary computer science is divided into: - The computerized management - The computerized medicine - The biocomputer science - The computerized industry - robotics - Telematics - Telecomputers - The scientific computer and the satellites computer science - The nuclear computer science and astrophysics I consider the mathematical science with its subdivisions (mathematics, physics, logical mathematics, applied mathematics and so on...) behind
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computer science. Finally I consider physics within the set of the physical, technical and mathematical science 1.3 Physics roughly speaking 1.4 Atomic, subatomic and superatomic physics 1.5 The nuclear physics 1.6 The physics on plasma 1.7 the quanta physics 1.8 The high energy physics 1.9 the basic particles physics 1.10 the contemporary physics (optics, spectroscopy, thermodynamics, the theory of magnetism, electricity, electronics, radio and radioactivity) 1.11 Mechanics (undulatory) 1.12 The physical and technical science of energy 1.13 The physical and technical science of mechanics and the control process (cybernetics and the management process) 2) Chemistry, technology, biology: First, I will divide chemistry into two main parts : the organic chemistry and the non organic chemistry. Then, following the analysis made page 323 of this research, I have made the following subdivisions: 2.1 chemistry and technics 2.2 The physical chemistry and the technology of the inorganic substances 2.3 biochemistry, biophysics, the chemistry of the active physiologic compounding (the chemistry of the complex compounding) 2.4 electrochemistry and radiochemistry 2.5 the chemical physics 2.6 The cinetical chemistry 2.7 Physiology 2.8 Biology and its subdivisions (microbiology, the molecular biology) 2.9 The science of life: medicine and its scientific branches 3) The earthly science: 3.1 Geology

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3.2 Geophysics 3.3 Geochemistry 3.4 Oceanography 3.5 The physics of the atmosphere20 3.6 The physics of the geography 2. Human sciences. As far as human sciences are concerned we discern dialectics at the head of the philosophical science with several subdivisions: logics, epistemology, and esthetics. Then there are history, economy and law and finally literature and linguistics. They are the foundations of our classification. Human sciences are more important than any other science. They are based on the scientific rules that link natural sciences with philosophy and social sciences. Indeed before considering computing and automation as a physical, technical and mathematical science at the head of the first set of the natural sciences classification, it is advisable to tell about the metaphysical monist approach that defends the absolute unity of computer science and denies the division and the diversification of the scientific branches of computer science. The historical approach first takes into account the relative development of computer technology that regards computer as a three dimension "discipline". The first computer science laid down the great inventions. It was little by main ideas going with the invention being different from cybernetics. The second computer science dates back to 1970's. It is characterized by the basic principles and little detached from the computer but without from the 1960's and the setting up of the great centralized systems. It was mainly made by opposition to a certain metaphysical cybernetics. According to this approach computer science will be automated and it will appear like the field especially dedicated to computers and their using. Thus it has become a technique to handle data whereas cybernetics used to ponder over the use of techniques in the modern world. The third computer science deals with the diversification of the means and methods, with the grids and the cohabitation between the small and large systems. Finally, this historical approach has neither a scientific objective nor a gnoseological or methodological one. It is not either a basic proof relating to the scientific and technical development. Lastly, Ph. Dreyfus has divided computer science into 5 main fields. It is a positive approach but it remains in the classical apprehension of computer science:
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a) The classical computer science and its subdivisions: 1. the positive computer science 2. The analytical computer science 3. The systematical and logical computer science 4. The physical and technological computer science 5. The methodological computer science 6. The applied computer science 1) The positive or analytical computer science is the nearest branch to the precise sciences. Computer science is not only diversified according to the object of the research and to the scientific division of labor but also according to its use within the working system. 2) The systematical and logical computer science looks into the architecture of the computerized systems in which the computers with their central processing unit, their memory and their data input and output step. This classical and traditional approach of Dreyfus is far from looking at the process of the technological development of the systematical and logical computer science that has given rise to telecomputers, telematics, satellites computers and charts. According to Dreyfus there are connections between the physical and technological computer science and telecomputer 3) The physical and technological computer science is relatively out of date. 4) The methodological computer science refers to the research about programming. It has given rise to another scientific discipline from computer science: the artificial intelligence and the acknowledgement of shapes, the synthesis of voice, the engineering of knowledge. 5) The applied computer science enters the activities of the modern world. The contemporary computer science is divided into: 1. the computerized management 2. The graphic computer science 3. The computerized medicine 4. The biocomputer science
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5. The computerized industry 6. Robotics 7. Telematics 8. Telecomputers 9. The scientific computer technology and data processing relating to satellites 10. The nuclear computer science The rise of the theoretical computer science is the main basis of this science on which computer science is rising. We can distinguish the theoretical computer science from the practical computer science. The difference comes either from inward in the theoretical logic either from outward in the applications. This second stage needs to specify the phenomena in order to set up the rule of the empirical foundations. The third stage is made of hypotheses. The scientific branches of computer technology as concrete aids to verify the hypotheses play a different part from the classical and traditional computer science and they enter into a new stage of the development, changing not only the argument but also the scientific applications of techniques. As far as the scientific philosophy is concerned computer science is a technological science linked to the physical, technical and mathematical science. There is not an only computer science but several scientific branches linked both to the chemical, technological and biological sciences and to the earthly and human sciences. It is different from the classical computer science as far as the scientific ethics is concerned. From the dialectical analysis of computer technology we have introduced the classification of techniques that is no longer made according to the products but to the processes. For this classification we have used physics, chemistry and biology as bases for the diversification of the scientific branches of computer science and their connections within the sketch of the dialectical classification of science. The diversification of the scientific branches of computer science is due to military, economic, political and technological causes. On one hand the application of data processing to the issue on defense has been of effect on the military strategy. And on the other hand, following their research into the "economic and social effects of the investments towards information" the Japanese have made evident the needs of the next informational society. And the traditional computer science cannot provide those needs. So, it has been necessary to think about different computerized systems. So, we will move directly from the third generation of computer to the fifth one.
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The diversification is also economic: it deals with the output of hardware and its diversification within the process of production with respect to the needs in the competitive market. Pioneer from the local network and Ethernet, the American 3COM, has just carried out a great diversification while launching out into office automation. The firm has indeed decided to launch its own work stations especially made for the networks. It deals with a machine based on 80286 (usually it fits the PCs AT) and some suited circuits providing a 1M0 central memory extendible to 4M0 (...) The company deems its proposal is 30% to 50% cheaper than a classical solution with minicomputers and terminals. 3COM expects to sell 1200 stations in the world for the first year of marketing... But the world market of the local networks has difficulty in getting off the ground.Nevertheless for the first 9 months the business has got a turnover of $79m (+76%) for a $8m net profit with an equal increase. This state asserts that the radical change is not the result of abstract things; on the contrary everything proceeds from the material production and from the exploitation of the main wealth and the development of the labor force. The distinguished characteristic of technique as a commodity is not independent from the differentiation and the connection of capital and the originality of the diversification as a new technique. But this new technology is in opposition with the rules of the capital development. As a whole, the material basis of the production rules the differentiation and the variety of the scientific branches. The diversification is also technical. "Technology is the science of the scientific and technical rules of the production process" What are these scientific and technical rules? What is their function within the production process in the technologically advanced societies where the productive human condition, their labor force, their social relations with foreign powers that lead them and crush them? Men become impotent, got off their social power defining by their international corporality, their so called "private" subjectiveness. So, within the computer process the system of the private appropriation of the collectively produced wealth unavoidably leads to the underdevelopment of the main wealth. What will the results of the scientific and technical revolution be in the new computerized society? How can we resolve the new problems posed by the new situation and to what extent can these universally developed technologies create the conditions for all individuals' growth? In reality the issue on men liberation is raised within a new conception of mankind. It is both the social and objective world in which we live as concrete individuals with our subjectiveness and the growth of the individuality. This individuality has no meaning except if mankind adapts itself to the whole of the external forces with which we have created our own aim. How can we secure men liberation from the direct production process after the control functions have been managed by automated systems? The liberation from the routine can both be a way of self-management in life and in

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the computerized society and a way of changing the productive basis into an automated system. Robotization provides a new content to the process not only to production but also to the social relationship. To what extent can computerization increase imployment, the importance of the cognitive and creative components in labor and to what extent can it improve the division of the scientific labor? In other words, how can we pose the issue on dialectics in the complete use of the intellectual potential of the human being and the computerized system for an harmonious combination between the artificial intellect in its improving and human thought? How can the unity of dialectics consisting in the division in two of one of them and the learning of these contradictory parts enrich mankind? How can know the unity of dialectics as a method that consists in identifying the contradictory tendencies enriches mankind? As far as the philosophy of the scientific revolutions is concerned the issue of the connection between philosophy and the scientific knowledge is raised from a dialectical analysis and a generalization of natural and human sciences. The methodological analysis of the scientific organization according to the discipline and from science classification is the main structural unity of science but on one hand science classification aims at integrating the scientific knowledge, their union and the discovery of their dialectical connections and on the other hand it aims the differentiation between the scientific and technological knowledge, their branching within the scientific knowledge because it gets several kinds of connections (communication, organization, reflection and so on...) At that stage we must resolve the scientific issue on the scientific organization and the philosophical foundations of computer science over three main levels. Firstly a critic against the dogmatic position was absolutely useful in the scientific history. Then, this critical analysis has led to a new solution for numerous concrete issues on natural sciences as well as on human and technical sciences. It has clarified the way of the natural science development that embraces human sciences to realize an only science using technique to apply it in the productive system so that all the creative possibilities of technical sciences may be at the disposal of human sciences. In the computerized society the dialectical unity of science within an only science is a reality. This is the foundation of all sciences, the scientific and philosophical synthesis included. Indeed, this dialectical unity of the knowledge integration is not a melting of disciplines that have lost their identity but their interaction, their mutual enriching. So, we have been obliged to examine the object of science and especially the object of computer science as a physical, technical and mathematical science (a technologically unified science) in order to establish a system and a theory on science different from the subjective and objective idealism and to make evident the historical realization of an only science. On one hand the dialectical classification of science is the direct continuation of the
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French philosophers' science classification: d'Alembert, Diderot, Gassandi, Descartes, Saint Simon, A.Comte, A.M Ampere, A. Cournot. On the other hand we have raised the issue on the unity in the foundation of science classification, considering physics, chemistry and biology as the foundation of the basic sciences. As for computer science it is inseparable from the process of the scientific knowledge. But it seems that philosophy cannot play its part in an efficient way within the development of the world scientific conception as well as within the understanding of the philosophical foundation of computer science. Computer science has to emphasize itself among the other science that is to say as a cognitive and permanent activity with its own issue. This social and ethical issue gets four main tendencies: first, science as a peculiar kind of human activity looks for the direct subject of this activity: human being. It is revealed when it becomes less and less socially alienated and more and more "humanly measurable" that is correlative with the qualities and needs of human being not only expressed in objective terms and social outcome but also in subjective qualities. This tendency is the result of a growing appreciation of the human activity. In other words science penetrates more pressingly the social life as well as the individual life. It changes it and it initiates rules and some new and unknown structures. It influences greatly the process: the human being becomes one of the main subjects of the scientific knowledge. Then, this tendency gets a clearer and direct socializations and humanization of the contemporary science included computer science when it reflects some more general processes linked to the need for a social and ethical regulation of science. So, science determines the creative and cognitive activity but this one gives science a new quality, a humanist trend which is quite important for the society and science itself. Without such a trend science and its application can become a dangerous and diabolical power used to destroy life on the Earth. The more science penetrates the mystery the more powerful men are. But its application involves liabilities. It raises the issue on the foundation of the scientific ethics and by the way on the philosophical liability of scientists. Through this issue we have pondered over the philosophical foundation of computer science. Then, the need and the scientific nature of the science classification history has led us to suggest a new interpretation of the classification. The history of science classification needed such an explanation for two reasons: the first is that without raising the historical issue on the classification and without dealing with the issue on its change and on its manifestations in the various scientific fields and above all in computer science, it is impossible to raise the issue on the unity of the philosophical foundation of computer science. The second reason is that "science history deals with an axiological activity with the search after truth. It is at the stage of the issue on the method and the conception

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that the scientific activity as such appears. That is why the time of the science history can't be a side thread of the time course". So, on one hand according to us "science and culture consist in getting reality with them without getting drowned". And on the other hand we think that science proceeds from the need, the social activities of men with which they can change nature as well as themselves. By the way we can come to the issue on the structure of the scientific knowledge from the angle of the analysis of the conceptual system of science classification or computer science. For example in chemistry and physics, science was formed by itself and its object got specified parallel to the change in the former notions that were too vague in scientific concepts. We can note some phenomena in the other basic fields of the scientific knowledge. The process of formation of the basic sciences shows the general structure of the scientific knowledge. The structure can be the following: science roughly speaking as a sphere of activity for all the scientists; a peculiar branch of science (for example chemistry or physics); a narrow sphere of the scientific activity but independent from the scientist. Finally the value of the existence of over five thousand millions human beings in a world full of fear and contradictions depends on the philosophical answers of our age. These philosophical answers give possibilities to science and to computer science and by multiplying discoveries and astonishing inventions that are able to provide a worthy life to all men. Philosophy and science do not lead to the whole negation of the main wealth, that is to say men themselves, because of a social system, but on the contrary they lead to the truth of the mankind existence that puts an end to all the trouble raised to men condition. It is the part of science and philosophy. The scientific and technical revolution will release men from the automated production. There are some emancipative forces required to men. The problem is how to manage altogether these forces. This is the historic objective of the new humanism. It coincides with the growth of the competitive individualism as B. Brecht notes it: "climbing, always climbing over someone" whereas everybody can peacefully climb altogether. This research is dedicated to the study of the classification of sciences and the philosophical foundations of computing to create the ACADEMY of sciences and a national center for national research of Kurdistan . It concerns its logical, mathematical, linguistic, physical, technological and ethical aspects as a problem of the scientific philosophy of our century. An attempt is made to define the historical nature of the classification of sciences, to interpret its philosophical foundations and to specify its connections with the scientific and technical revolution from a philosophical and methodological point of view.

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The dialectic analysis of the scientific knowledge of sciences and the philosophical foundations of computing is carried out on five different levels : the first corresponds to the study of all the processes aiming at developing the atomistic model of the classification and with the logical, mathematical, linguistic, physical, technological and ethical foundations of computing ; the second corresponds to some notions of the classification and organization of the scientific system of knowledge up to the fundamental principles of the development of knowledge and sciences; the third corresponds to the historical and scientific approaches of the classification of sciences and the fundamental principles of classification ; the fourth, to the classification of computing and the diversification of the scientific branches of computing (contemporary computing, management computing, graphical computing, medical computing, bio-computing, industrial computing, robotics, telematics and remote-access computing, etc.) ; finally the fifth one which is of highest level represents the general methodology of the philosophy of scientific revolutions which provides the whole structure of the scientific cognitive activity (artificial intelligence and scientific knowledge) and identifies the main types and mechanisms of the dialectics of the process of human knowledge. Consequently, particular attention is given to the revolution of computing, to society and to the method of treating science which makes it possible to show the contents of the Scientific and Technical revolution and to the place that computing occupies in the new outline of the dialectic classification of sciences. In the orientation of the philosophy of scientific revolutions, the socio ethical humanist and scientific approach shows four fundamental tendencies. Firstly, science as a particular form of human activity attempts to unite with itself the direct subject of this activity: man. Secondly, this tendency towards a clearer and more direct socializations and humanization of contemporary science, including computing, reflects more general processes linked with the need for a socio ethical and humanistic regulation of science. Thirdly, the need and the scientific nature of the history of the classification of sciences which obliges us to revalorize a new dialectic and materialistic interpretation of the classification. Fourthly, the question of the new civilization depends on the philosophical response of our time and the question of man's freedom which is posed in a new conception of humanity is both the social and objective world in which we live as concrete individuals, with our subjectivity, and the development of individuality which does not have any sense without the developed humanity that, by our appropriation of all these exterior forces, by which we have created our own end. By which means we can guarantee the liberation of man from the process of direct production following the handing over of the control and monitoring functions to the automatic, autoregulator systems or the liberation from routine work, its transformation into an act of creation in a technology that can become both an self management intervention and an instrument for men in everyday life and in the computerized firm ; it can become both an instrument for transforming productive bases into
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automatic systems, to the robotization that gives a new content to the process, not only in production but also in social responses. The answer can be given by the scientific philosophers to found the ACADEMY of sciences of Kurdistan and a national center for scientific research of Kurdistan1 19-12-1988. II. Informations on the Kurdistan Region The Kurdistan Region in brief The Kurdistan Region is an autonomous region in federal Iraq. It borders Syria to the west, Iran to the east, and Turkey to the north, where fertile plains meet the Zagros mountains, and is traversed by the Tigris, Big Zab, and Little Zab as the main rivers. Area: 40,643 square kilometres [1] Population: 3,757,058 [2] Capital city: Erbil (also known as Hewler) Languages: mainly Kurdish; Turkmani, Arabic, Armenian, and Assyrian in some areas. Currency: Iraqi Dinar (IQD). Geographical characteristics and climate The Kurdistan Region comprises parts of the three governorates of Erbil, Suleimaniah and Duhok. It borders Syria to the west, Iran to the east, and Turkey to the north, lying where fertile plains meet the Zagros mountains. It is traversed by the Sirwan river and the Tigris and its tributaries, the Great Zab and the Little Zab. The mountains of the Kurdistan Region have an average height of about 2,400 metres, rising to 3,0003,300 metres in places. The highest peak, Halgurd, is near the border with Iran and measures 3,660 metres. The highest mountain ridges contain the only forestland in the Region.[3] Annual rainfall is 375-724mm. [4] The climate of the Kurdistan Region is semi-arid continental: very hot and dry
1

Annexe Bibliography

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in summer, and cold and wet in winter. Spring is the most beautiful season in Kurdistan and the time when Kurds celebrate Nawroz, the Kurdish New Year, on the spring or vernal equinox. Mean high temperatures range from 13-18 degrees in March to 27-32 degrees in May.[5] The summer months from June to September are very hot and dry. In July and August, the hottest months, mean highs are 39-43 degrees, and often reach nearly 50 degrees.[6] Autumn is dry and mild, and like spring is an ideal time of year to travel in the Region. Average temperatures are 24-29 degrees in October, cooling slightly in November.[7] Winters are mild, except in the high mountains. Mean winter high temperatures are 7-13 degrees Celsius, and mean lows are 2-7 degrees Celsius.[8] Kurdistan Region Presidency The Presidency of the Kurdistan Region is a political, administrative, and legal institution that was promulgated by the Kurdistan National Assembly, the national parliament, in 2005 under Law 1, Article 1. The President of the Kurdistan Region has the highest executive authority in the Kurdistan Region. He or she is elected by secret ballot in a popular vote every four years and can stand for election for a second term. On 31 January 2005, the Kurdistan National Assembly elected Mr Masoud Barzani as Kurdistan Regions first president. Subsequent presidential elections will be by secret popular ballot by the people of the Kurdistan Region. According to the Law of the Presidency of the Kurdistan Region, the President of the Region will have a Deputy President. Through a session of the Kurdistan National Assembly, Mr Kosrat Rasul Ali was elected as the Deputy President of the Kurdistan Region. The Deputy President assists the President in his or her duties and in the Presidents absence is the acting President. According to the Law of the Presidency of the Kurdistan Region, the President may delegate some of his powers to the Deputy President. At national and international levels, the president represents the people of Kurdistan, oversees relations between the Region and the Iraqi federal
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authorities, and represents the people of Kurdistan at Iraqs Political Council for National Security which includes the Iraqi President, the two Vice Presidents, the Iraqi Prime Minister, and the Speaker of Iraqi Council of Representatives. To secure the rights of the people of Kurdistan in the Iraqi Constitution, the President of the Kurdistan Region will represent the Region when conducting negotiations and consultations with other parties in Iraq and will oversee coordination between the Kurdistan Regional authorities and the Iraqi federal authorities. The Law set out the relationship between the Presidency of the Kurdistan Region and the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. The President of the Council of Ministers is also known as the Prime Minister of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). All applications for special appointments and promotions will be submit to the Presidency of the Kurdistan Region. After the Presidents approval and through Regional Decrees, the applications will be returned to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. The Law also stipulates the relationship between the Presidency of Kurdistan Region and the Presidency of Kurdistan National Assembly. Any laws passed by the Kurdistan National Assembly must be ratified by the President before they are enacted. The President has the power to return any law passed by the Assembly for further debate. This must be done within ten days of the passage of the law. The decision of the Assembly after the referral is final. Organization of the Presidency of Kurdistan Region

Diwan of the Presidency: this legal institution was established on 8 January 2005 and has the following duties: Overseeing Diwans directorates Organizing communication between the Presidency of Kurdistan Region and the Presidency of KRG and the Presidency of Kurdistan National Assembly. Organizing communication between the Presidency of Kurdistan Region and the Iraqi federal authorities. Organizing the Presidents activities in and outside the Kurdistan Region. The Chief of Diwan: the President of Kurdistan Region, Mr Masoud Barzani has appointed Mr Fuad Mohamad Hussein as the first chief of Diwan, who with a rank of minister can attend all Kurdistan Regional Government Council of Ministers meetings. The Chief of Diwan also supervises all the activities of the Diwan.

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The Office of the President: this administrative office deals with daily activities of the President. The Office of the Deputy President: this administrative office deals with daily activities of the Deputy President. There are general directorates in the Diwan for administration and finance, legal affairs, communications, public complaints, public relations, and regional relations.

Universities in the Kurdistan Region

There are seven universities in the Kurdistan Region. The four largest are Salahaddin University in Erbil, the University of Suleimani, the University of Dohuk and Soran University. They offer studies in various subjects leading to specialised diplomas, bachelors and masters degrees, and doctorates. Two recently established universities teach exclusively in English. There are also a growing number of licensed private universities in Kurdistan.

Dohuk University students

Salahaddin University's Directorate of Sports Activities in coordination with Hawler Sports Club organized a condolence ceremony to remember and honour the late SUH lecturer Dr. Shakhawan Majeed. The ceremony was attended by Dr. Ahmed Anwar Dezaye, President of Salahadin University-Hawler (SUH); several SUH deans and government officials. SUH president delivered a speech and valued the great role and contribution of the late lecturer in developing SUH's College of Physical Education and Hawler Sports Club. More speeches were delivered by Mr. Abdullah Majeed, Chief of Halwer Sports Club; close friends of the late Dr. Shakhawan and his family's speech as well. Then, several poems were read to mark the anniversary of the untimely death of the late lecturer. Finally, SUH's Football Champion's League was launched for the SUH colleges. The Directorate of Academic relations operates under full personal supervision of the president of the university ( ahmeddezaye@suh-edu.com) and directed by Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Aziz Saeed ( mohammedaziz953@gmail.com, 00964 (0) 750 462 2954, 00964 (0) 770 642 7282) has two disciplines:First: Department of Scholarships.
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This department puts forward in cooperation with all the colleges linked to Salahaddin university (suh-edu.com) plans of scholarships to send graduated students abroad to study in different fields of science leading to the degrees of master and Ph.D. The plans are mainly based on the need of the colleges to the qualified academic university teachers and researchers, especially in those fields in which higher studies in local universities are not possible. The graduated students are usually sent to the English speaking countries. The main languages of teaching in Salahaddin university like the rest of Iraqi universities are English. The University of Salahaddin also sends students to non English speaking countries like France, Germany and Russia according to our need and special scientific agreements between KRG and these countries. The department of scholarships is also looks after the students who studies abroad, follows up the progress of their study to provide the students with all the necessities. Second: Department of Delegations. This department is responsible for all international and local delegations visiting the university of salahaddin, receiving delegations, making required arrangements for meetings, discussions the main issues of the delegations, writings minutes of meetings of the delegations. This department is responsible for making communications with local and worldwide universities and scientific research centers, for exchanging ideas and establishing bilateral scientific and cultural relations all over the world in accordance to the necessity and benefit of the university in order to be upgrade and progress the scientific levels of the graduates. Preparing proposals of the memorandum of understanding and agreements with all. The department of delegations is also follows up the process of participation of the university staff member in the international and local scientific conferences. Carrying out all the administrative procedures of the registration in the conferences. The department is also responsible for sending university staff members to participate in the training courses held on local and international base to renew, update , and improve the level of learning, and skill their capabilities. International Universities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. American university of science and technology Beirut Michigan university Cambridge university Belfast university University college London Leipzig university Ersta skondal university Cincinnati university

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9. Massachusetts university 10.University of Athens 11.Coventry university 12.Leicester university 13.Jagiellonian university 14.Linkoping university 15.The Eastern Mediterranean university 16.Tver state university 17.Saratov state university 18.Tambov state university 19.Ardahan university 20.Tufts university 21.Pavia university Others 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. French institute of Near Eastern Archaeology (IFPO) International university council (IUC) Ankara Daad organization EUJUST LEX (The EU integrated rule of law mission for the Iraq) UNDP Iraq UNICEF British cultural center

University of Kurdistan Hewler held its annual Open Day on 16th of April and the event was well attended by interested high school students and their parents from the Kurdistan Region. The event aimed at facilitating registration for new students for the academic year 2012-2013. The prospective students attended talks by UKH's senior management and academic staff explaining relevant issues which included admission requirements and procedures, degrees offered and life at UKH. It was stressed to the students that only 600 will be enrolled for the academic year 2012/2013 and that is extremely competitive as only 400 students were taken from last year's 2,600 applicants. The students were also given a tour of the campus and had the opportunity to meet with the Head if Departments and discuss the range of degree programmes, including a number of new degrees, being offered in the coming academic year. University of Kurdistan Hewler is an English-medium and Independent University in Iraq. The University of Kurdistan Hewler is an initiative of and is funded by the Regional Government of Kurdistan.
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The University of Duhok is a fast growing establishment in the city of Duhok, situated on the international highway between Iraq and Turkey. The university plays a vital role in developing the community; its graduates contribute to the enhancement and capacity building in the public and private enterprise sectors in the Duhok Governorate. The vision of the University of Duhok is a university of the twenty-first century, committed to research and teaching. At the university, our foremost concern is equipping students with necessary knowledge and skills through over 40 departments and more than 800 dedicated faculty members. At the University of Duhok, we provide our staff and students with all the necessary facilities: laboratories, computing services, sports facilities, and many extracurricular activities. The university nurtures and encourages ambition and excellence through a supportive, learning environment. The University of Duhok has established a comprehensive plan for developing English language skills through intensive courses, which are taught by native speakers. In addition, the University of Duhok has developed new, advanced courses in teaching and research methods for the teaching staff of the university. These courses are coordinated by the Training and Development Center of the University of Duhok. Faculty of Science Department of Chemistry Dr.Mahmood Ali Hasan mahmood.ali@uod.ac The Department of Chemistry aims to prepare professionals specialized in chemistry. Its practical application is to supply local high schools with modern and professional chemistry teachers. Mutually supporting aspects of education, research, and service are embraced as a mission in the chemistry department. In education, the department seeks to provide a comprehensive education meeting professional guidelines for students majoring in chemistry at both the baccalaureate and masters levels. The chemistry department also strives to provide high quality educational support for majors with a chemistry element in their program, and to educate the general student body about life and relevance of chemistry as a contemporary science.

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Lines of Research Analytical chemistry, biochemistry, organic chemistry First Year Analytical Chemistry I Inorganic Chemistry I General Physics Mathematics Computer Application Kurdology Scientific English Scientific Debate Second Year Analytical Chemistry II Organic Chemistry I Inorganic Chemistry II Physical Chemistry I Mathematics I Computer Application Third Year Biochemistry I Industrial Chemistry Organic Chemistry II Inorganic Chemistry III Physical Chemistry II Optional Subject Fourth Year Identification Biochemistry II Instrumental Analysis Physical chemistry (Quantum) Research Project Optional Subjects Polymer & Petroleum University of Kurdistan Hewler Telephone +964(0)66 2238665 Address University of Kurdistan Hewler (UKH) 30 Meter Avenue, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq Email info@ukh.ac
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One of the major functions Soran University is the development and transmission of knowledge and skills through research. In order to achieve its mandate in research and extension, Soran University through its research policy will enable our staff and students to make full use of the available resources to create a research culture consistent with the regions development. What is the purpose of the Scientific Method? The scientific method is the means by which researchers are able to make conclusive statements about their studies with a minimum of bias. The interpretation of data, for example the result of a new drug study, can be laden with bias. The researcher often has a personal stakes in the results of his work. As any skilled debater knows, just about any opinion can be justified and presented as fact. In order to minimize the influence of personal stakes and biased opinions, a standard method of testing a hypothesis is expected to be used by all members of the scientific community. The Kurdistan region of IRAQ consists of many universities. Among them is the University of Salahaddin Hawler (SUH). The university is located in one of the oldest cities in the world with a great civilization called 'Erbil'. Which is locally known as HAWLER. The university was founded in 1968 in the city of Sulaymania as the university of Sulaymania, and then it was transferred to Erbil in 1981. SUH is the oldest university in the Kurdistan Region which offere different types of programs for all levels of education. The University has a significant share of the most competitive postgraduate and undergraduate programs in the following fields:Science Agriculture Engineering Art-Administration and Economics-Fine Arts-Languages-Basic EducationPhysical Education-Science Education-Education for Humanities-Islamic studies-Law and Politics The university conducts professional trainings and activities through available centers on the campus to develop personal skills and enhance knowledge. Some of those centers are: The Scientific Research Centre, Information Communication Technology, The Cultural and Social Centre, The Central Library, and The Language Center. a structure in tite unofficial Kurdish Academy of Sciences th (KAS) in Sueden was founded by researchers lesd Kurds in Sweden. I permest inform you. KAS teThe Directorate of Academic relations operates under full personal supervision of the president of the university ( ahmeddezaye@suhedu.com) and directed by Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Aziz Saeed (Curriculum Vitae), ( mohammedaziz953@gmail.com, 00964 (0) 750 462 2954, 00964 (0) 770 642 7282) has two disciplines:First: Department of Scholarships.
43

This department puts forward in cooperation with all the colleges linked to Salahaddin university (suh-edu.com) plans of scholarships to send graduated students abroad to study in different fields of science leading to the degrees of master and Ph.D. The plans are mainly based on the need of the colleges to the qualified academic university teachers and researchers, especially in those fields in which higher studies in local universities are not possible. The graduated students are usually sent to the English speaking countries. The main languages of teaching in Salahaddin university like the rest of Iraqi universities are English. The University of Salahaddin also sends students to non English speaking countries like France, Germany and Russia according to our need and special scientific agreements between KRG and these countries. The department of scholarships is also looks after the students who studies abroad, follows up the progress of their study to provide the students with all the necessities. Second: Department of Delegations. This department is responsible for all international and local delegations visiting the university of salahaddin, receiving delegations, making required arrangements for meetings, discussions the main issues of the delegations, writings minutes of meetings of the delegations. This department is responsible for making communications with local and worldwide universities and scientific research centers, for exchanging ideas and establishing bilateral scientific and cultural relations all over the world in accordance to the necessity and benefit of the university in order to be upgrade and progress the scientific levels of the graduates. Preparing proposals of the memorandum of understanding and agreements with all. The department of delegations is also follows up the process of participation of the university staff member in the international and local scientific conferences. Carrying out all the administrative procedures of the registration in the conferences. The department is also responsible for sending university staff members to participate in the training courses held on local and international base to renew, update , and improve the level of learning, and skill their capabilities. KAS temporary committee members Abdul Karim Kadir, PhD Bahzad Rashid, PhD Beston Nore, PhD Chia Madani, MSc Fouad Marouf, MD Hataw Aziz, MSc Hiwa Tillakoy, MSc Hossien Khalighi, PhD Kamaran Ardalani, PhD
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Karouk Said, PhD Khabat Ali Najmadin Karim (Dara), PhD Naser Mohammadzadeh, MSc Nawzad Saleh, PhD Parosh.Abdulla, PhD Safwat.Said, PhD Tariq Amin, MSc The agricultural scientific teams are specialist in various discipline of agriculture, nutrition, food industries, veterinary medicine, forestry, water management, fisheries, agro-industries, creation and protection of agricultural and forest landscape and development of countryside. Its role is to provide a forum to interact on important issues of agricultural issues, education and indicating views on food market as policy inputs to the planners and decision/opinion makers at various levels. It also has schemes of according recognition to the contributions of scientists at different levels to encourage research needs in various disciplines in agricultural sciences. The main mission is about the development and realization of scientific and research activities, such as: Take active part in creation of conception and strategy in agricultural, food, veterinary, forestry, and water management sciences. Elaborate conceptions and judge scientific and technical programs of development in agriculture. Draw up prognoses of scientific and technical development and their basis propose conceptions of scientific and technical policy and international scientific technical cooperation. Create conditions for mutual cooperation in research, development and education of scientific workers in collaboration with universities. Elaborate scientific and professional views, expertise, proposals and expert opinions. Perform the function of scientific advisory organ of the Board of Ministry of Agriculture, Health and Higher education. The social and human sciences have a vital role to play in helping to understand and interpret the social, cultural and economic environment. They provide research, identify and analyse trends, propose paths of action. UNESCO has set itself a number of tasks that should help reduce the gap between what is and what should be. This also corresponds to the work of the Sector for Social and Human Sciences (SHS):

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Determine what should be (ethics and human rights) Anticipate what could be (philosophy and prospective studies) Study what is (empirical social science research) The School of Social Science brings together the disciplines of History, Political Science and International Relations and Sociology. These disciplines involve the study of human relationships and societies. Sociology in general is the study of collective human action, social relationships, and individual human behaviour insofar as social forces influence these. Answers to sociological questions are sought via the systematic observation of social forces that shape human action, the fundamental assumptions being that much human behaviour is socially produced and many of the relations between social forces and human action are recurrent. -Agricultural Sciences The Astronomy and Physics committee function in monitoring the status of space- and ground-based astronomy and physics and provide advisory to different government organs and also promote public awareness in the field of Astronomy and Physics. The overall objective is to encourage progress in astronomy and physics and to assist the government in planning programs in these fields, including the field of astrophysics, laser technology, nuclear physics, quantum physics, nanotechnology, particle physics, solid-state physics. From fundamental laws of nature, theyre elementary components and their interactions, the properties and the behavior of matter via fields in space and time up to the structure of space. A panel with expertise across the range of Astronomy and Physics disciplines will focus on:

Identifying new opportunities, compelling scientific questions, and themes that have arisen from recent advances and accomplishments in the field. Discussing connections between Astronomy and Physics sciences and other scientific fields, emerging technologies, and national needs. Explaining how Astronomy and Physics sciences meets workforce, educational, and other societal needs. making recommendations for a strategy to fully realize the potential at the frontiers of Astronomy and Physics science. -Biological (Life) Sciences The Biological and life science committee deal with matter reactions and biomaterial interactions and offers reports and articles about applications and
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scientific awareness of modern biology, chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, bioinformatics, biophysics, genetics, human biology, marine biology, microbiology, molecular biology, cells biology, zoology, botanic, inorganic chemistry, industrial chemistry, geology, geography, petrography, crystallography, meteorology and seismology.Materials management designates a science that deals with the research, i.e. development, manufacturing and processing of raw and industrial chemical materials to improve knowledge and exploration sciences at different levels. The major objectives are: Developing research in basic and applied science; performing national studies on natural resources and life science research and education. Providing public awareness of Biological and life science disciplines. Give recommendations and advice to governmental organizations if necessary. -Chemistry Chemistry is the branch of science which studies the characteristics of substances and the changes they undergo when they are mixed one with another. Chemistry uses this new information to prepare new substances of value to us. Chemistry is involved in some way with almost everything we do or use. It is central to most of science and technology, blending at one extreme into physics, mathematics and engineering and at the other into the earth and life sciences. Chemists are employed in industries which process food, energy, consumer goods. In other words, chemistry is an essential part of life. It also supplies us with the answers to many questions, such as: Culture and Media Art The culture and Media Art committee promoting proper environment for artistic creativity, crafts and design, artist status, and artistic education allowing intercultural dialogue in order to maintain cultural diversity, to protect cultural heritage, museum, tourism and history. Access to the new technologies opens the way to original forms of expression, promoting information exchange, dialogue and communication among artists, scientists and technicians from different geo-cultural regions, developing their own approaches and practices in various disciplines and fields of knowledge connected to media arts. Support existing institutions and networks throughout the Kurdish communities in the transfer of knowledge, according to UNESCOs major initiatives aiming at the development of interdisciplinary activities in research, creativity and communication in the field of culture and media arts. -Economics, Management, and Financial Markets Economics, Management, and Financial Markets provides a forum for theoretical, applied, policy and methodological research into social and economic issues, and publishes high quality original research on applied and
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theoretical issues related to the changing forms and boundaries of markets and planning, uneven development and world market instability; strategic management, organizational theory; securities trading and pricing. Strong emphasis is placed on critical perspectives, multidisciplinary approaches, the provision and use of empirical evidence, realistic analysis and accessibility to non-specialists. Engineering Science and Industrial Engineering In general engineers are concerned with the analysis and design of systems. Engineering is the application of science and mathematics to the development of products and services useful to mankind, while Industrial Engineers are concerned with production systems. Industrial Engineering focuses on the "way" those products and services are made, using the same approaches that other engineers apply in the development of the product or service, and for the same purpose. A distinguishing feature of the industrial engineering discipline is the integration of humans, machines, materials, and information to optimize the performance of such systems using available resources in the most efficient way, but without degrading social and physical environments. -Geology and Environmental This section deals with the interactions between earth resources and environmental factors acting on them, but also to a greater extent between individual inanimate environmental factors. The innovation report offers you interesting reports and articles, among others, on these branches: climatic protection, landscape conservation areas, ecological systems, wildlife parks and the investigation of the efficiency of natural balance as well. Law and Political Science Law and politics are often so interdependent that it is difficult to define one without reference to the other. Lawyers work within institutions that are shaped by the politics of agencies, courts, legislatures, the electorate, and the international system. Legal institutions, in turn, have reciprocal effects on the distribution, use, and limits of political power. Whether one examines a president's power over government agencies, legislative responses to judicial decisions, or the impact of international agreements, Accordingly, research at the intersection of law and political science investigates some of the most interesting and fundamental questions in both fields. These include (among others): How do law enforcement agencies police themselves to avoid corruption, when their own personnel often have such strong incentives to
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resist oversight? Why and when do federal agencies or international organizations sometimes issue regulations contrary to the interests of those who created them? Who has power within legislative assemblies, and how is that power shaped by developments outside the legislature? What explains differences in the institutions of representative government across jurisdictions? How (much) does money influence politics under different systems of campaign finance regulation? What explains the votes of regulatory commissioners on telecommunications policy? What forces make it easier (or harder) for a country to comply with international law? How should legal responsibilities be allocated across organizations? How do laws and law-like systems of social norms affect public attitudes or corporate behavior? And how do independent regulatory institutions emerge in developing countries? This section is defined as rules and principles governing a community and enforced by a political authority; matters having to do with the control and administration of public policy in a political unit; the study of the processes, principles, and structure of government and of political institutions. The body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority. The prevention, investigation, apprehension, and detention of individuals suspected or convicted of offenses against the criminal laws. Political Science studies human relationships involving power, rule and authority. It is about how societies govern themselves and understanding different ways of thinking about how societies ought to be governed. It focuses on how nations relate to each other in a global polity, and the political behaviour of individuals and groups that occurs in all societies. It is about those who exercise political power in society and those who do not. -Mathematics and Computer The Computer Sciences and Mathematics section guiding the edge of Information Technology. Technical and scientific innovations and developments in the field of communications, interactive media, media business, digital television, Ebusiness, online advertisement, information and communication technology. Innovation and developments in the field of information and data processing as well as the hardware needed for this purpose, including IT-services, ITarchitecture, IT-management and telecommunication. -Medical Sciences Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness. Contemporary medicine applies health science, biomedical research,
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and medical technology to diagnose and treat injury and disease, typically through medication, surgery, or some other form of therapy. The word medicine is derived from the Latin ars medicina, meaning the art of healing. Though medical technology and clinical expertise are pivotal to contemporary medicine, successful face-to-face relief of actual suffering continues to require the application of ordinary human feeling and compassion, known in English as bedside manner. Kurdistan Academy of Science (KAS)(SUEDEN) is a scientific network forum for the Kurdistan academics, scientists and professionals with the vision of providing better life quality for the people of Kurdistan. We invite you to join KAS to support our people with knowledge, skill and science. Kurdish language Academy in Bagdad (IRAQ) held elections for the new presidency body in which Dr. Nuri Talabani has won as head of the votes, while Azad Ahmed was elected vice-president of the Presidency body of the Academy. The head of the academic team Nuri Talabani said "During the meeting of the Academic Council of Kurdistan, which is the highest authority in the Academy, a secret election has been held to choose a president and deputy president of the Academy." "The conditions of Kurdistan and the region require regulating of unified Kurdish language for us, especially the language of government, as we have relations with Baghdad and the countries of the world, and we need to have a Kurdish language for those relationships, so if we can not find a common language for us in all aspects, it is certain that we need in all cases a unified governmental language. " The head of the Academy said about the academic project to unify the Kurdish language. The Academy of Kurdish was founded initially as (Academy Kurdish) in the era of the Iraqi former regime during the seventies of the last century, and chaired by Ihsan Shirzad. It was renamed in 1979 as the Iraqi Academy of Science / the Kurdish Body, and the presidency was assumed to Massoud Mohammed after the Shirzad,. After the authority of Baghdad to Kurdistan's cities had been over during the nineties of the last century, the institution named (Academy of Kurdistan),was formed headed by Kurdistan Mokeriani, while Dr. Shafiq Qazzaz has become the President then, for eight years, until the new elections held yesterday when Nuri al-Talabani was nominated as its president It was decided years ago during a meeting of the Council of the Academy, to change the name of the institution into (Kurdish Academy). HISTORY OF KURDISTAN
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Origin of The Kurds Being the native inhabitants of their land. there are no "beginnings" for Kurdish history and people. Kurds and their history are the end products of thousands of years of continuous internal evolution and assimilation of new peoples and ideas introduced sporadically into their land. Genetically, Kurds are the descendants of all those who ever came to settle in Kurdistan, and not any one of them. A people such as the Guti, Kurti. Mede, Mard, Carduchi, Gordyene, Adianbene, Zila and Khaldi signify not the ancestor of the Kurds but only an ancestor. Archaeological finds continue to document that some of mankind's earliest steps towards development of agriculture. domestication of many common farm animals (sheep, goats, hogs and dogs), record keeping (the token system), development of domestic technologies (weaving, fired pottery making and glazing), metallurgy and urbanization took place in Kurdistan, dating back between 12,000 and 8.000 years ago. The earliest evidence so far of a unified and distinct culture (and possibly, ethnicity) by people inhabiting the Kurdish mountains dates back to the Halaf culture of 8,000-7,400 years ago. This was followed by the spread of the Ubaidian culture, which was a foreign introduction from Mesopotamia. After about a millennium, its dominance was replaced by the Hurrian culture, which may or may not have been the Halafian people reasserting their dominance over their mountainous homeland. The Hurrian period lasted from 6,300 to about 2,600 years ago. Much more is known of the Hurrians. They spoke a language of the Northeast Caucasian family of languages (or Alarodian), kin to modern Chechen and Lezgian. The Hurrians spread far and wide, dominating much territory outside their Zagros-Taurus mountain base. Their settlement of Anatolia was completeall the way to the Aegean coasts. Like their Kurdish descendents, they however did not expand too far from the mountains. Their intrusions into the neighboring plains of Mesopotamia and the Iranian Pteau, therefore, were primarily military annexations with little population settlement. Their economy was surprisingly integrated and focused, along with their political bonds, mainly running parallel within the Zagros- Taurus mountains, rather than radiating out to the lowlands, as was the case during the preceding (foreign) Ubaid cultural period. The mountain-plain economic exchanges remained secondary in importance, judging by the archaeological remains of goods and their origin. The Hurrians-whose name survives now most prominently in the dialect and district of Hawraman/Awraman in Kurdistan- divided into many clans and subgroups, who set up city-states, kingdoms and empires known today after their respective clan names. These included the Gutis, Kurti, Khadi, Mards,
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Mushku, Manna, Hatti, Mitanni, Urartu, and the Kassitis1es, to name just a few. All these were Hurrians, and together form the Hurrian phase of Kurdish history. By about 4.000 years ago, the first vanguard of the Indo-European-speaking peoples were trickling into Kurdistan in limited numbers and settling there. These formed the aristocracy of the Mitani, Kassite, and Hittite kingdoms, while the common peoples there remained solidly Hurrian. By about 3,000 years ago, the trickle had turned into a flood, and Hurrian Kurdistan was fast becoming Indo-European Kurdistan. Far from having been wiped out, the Hurrian legacy, despite its linguistic eclipse, remains the single most important element of the Kurdish culture until today. It forms the substructure for every aspects of Kurdish existence, from their native religion to their art, their social organization, women's status, and even the form of their militia warfare. Medes, Scythians and Sagarthians are just the better-known clans of the IndoEuropean-speaking Aryans who settled in Kurdistan. By about 2,600 years ago, the Medes had already set up an empire that included all Kurdistan and vast territories far beyond. Medeans were followed by scores of other kingdoms and city-states--all dominated by Aryan aristocracies and a populace that was becoming Indo-European, Kurdish speakers if not so already. By the advent of the classical era in 300 BC. Kurds were already experiencing massive population movements that resulted in settlement and domination of many neighboring regions. Important Kurdish polities of this time were all byproducts of these movements. The Zelan Kurdish clan of Commagene (Adyaman area), for example, spread to establish in addition to the Zelanid dynasty of Commagene, the Zelanid kingdom of Cappadocia and the Zelanid empire of Pontus-all in Anatolia. These became Roman vassals by the end of the Ist century BC. In the east the Kurdish kingdoms of Gordyene, Cortea, Media, Kirm, and Adiabene had, by the 1st century BC, become confederate members of the Parthian Federation. While all larger Kurdish Kingdoms of the west gradually lost their existence to the Romans, in the east they survived into the 3rd century AD and the advent of the Sasanian Persian empire. The last major Kurdish dynasty, the Kayosids, fell in AD 380. Smaller Kurdish principalities (called the Kohyar, "mountain administrators") however, preserved their autonomous existence into the 7th century and the coming of Islam. Several socio-economic revolutions in the garb of religious movements emerged in Kurdistan at this time, many due to the exploitation by central governments, some due to natural disasters. These continued as underground movement into the Islamic era, bursting forth periodically to demand social reforms. The Mazdakite and Khurramite movements are best-known among these.
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The eclipse of the Sasanian and Byzantine power by the Muslim caliphate, and its own subsequent weakening, permitted the Kurdish principalities and "mountain administrators" to set up new, independent states. The Shaddadids of the Caucasus and Armenia, the Rawadids/Rawandids of Azerbaijan, the Marwandis of eastern Anatolia; the Hasanwayhids, Fadhilwayhids, and Ayyarids of the central Zagros and the Shabankara of Fars and Kirman are some of the medieval Kurdish dynasties. The Ayyubids stand out from these by the vastness of their domain. From their capital at Cairo they ruled territories of eastern Libya, Egypt, Yemen, western Arabia, Syria, the Holy Lands, Armenia and much of Kurdistan. As the custodians of Islam's holy cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, the Ayyubids were instrumental in the defeat and expulsion of the Crusaders from the Holy Land. With the 12th and 13th centuries the Turkic nomads arrived in the area who in time politically dominated vast segments of the Middle East. Most independent Kurdish states succumbed to various Turkic kingdoms and empires. Kurdish principalities, however, survived and continued with their autonomous existence until the 17th century. Intermittently, these would rule independently when local empires weakened or collapsed. The advent of the Safavid and Ottoman empires in the area and their division of Kurdistan into two uneven imperial dependencies was on a par with the practice of the preceding few centuries. Their introduction of artillery and scorched-earth policy into Kurdistan, however, was a new, and devastating development. In the course of the 16th to 18th centuries, vast portions of Kurdistan were systematically devastated and large numbers of Kurds were deported to far corners of the Safavid and Ottoman empires. The magnitude of death and destruction wrought on Kurdistan unified its people in their call to rid the land of these foreign vandals. The lasting mutual suffenng awakened in Kurds a community feeling--nationalism, that called for a unified Kurdish state and fostering of Kurdish culture and language. Thus the historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi wrote the first pan-Kurdish history the Sharafnama in 1597, as Ahmad Khani composed the national epic of Mem-o-Zin in 1695, which called for a Kurdish state to fend for its people. Kurdish nationalism was born. For one last time a large Kurdish kingdom--the Zand, was born in 1750. Like the medieval Ayyubids, however, the Zands set up their capital and kingdom outside Kurdistan, and pursued no policies aimed at unification of the Kurdish nation. By 1867, the very last autonomous Kurdish principalities were being systematically eradicated by the Ottoman and Persian governments that ruled Kurdistan. They now ruled directly, via governors, all Kurdish provinces. The
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situation further deteriorated after the end of the WWI and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. The Treaty of Svres (signed August 10, 1921) anticipated an independent Kurdish state to cover large portions of the former Ottoman Kurdistan. Unimpressed by the Kurds' many bloody uprisings for independence, France and Britain divided up Ottoman Kurdistan between Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The Treaty of Lausanne (signed June 24, 1923) formalized this division. Kurds of Persia/Iran, meanwhile, were kept where they were by Tehran. Drawing of well-guarded state boundaries dividing Kurdistan has, since 1921, a Micted Kurdish society with such a degree of fragmentation, that its impact is tearing apart the Kurds' unity as a nation. The 1920s saw the setting up of Kurdish Autonomous Province (the "Red Kurdistan") in Soviet Azerbaijan. It was disbanded in 1929. In 1945, Kurds set up a Kurdish republic at Mahabad in the Soviet, occupied zone in Iran. It lasted one year, until it was reoccupied by the Iranian army. Since 1970s, the Iraqi Kurds have enjoyed an official autonomous status in a portion of that state's Kurdistan. By the end of 1991, they had become all but independent from Iraq. By 1995, however, the Kurdish government in Arbil was at the verge of political suicide due to the outbreak of factional fighting between various Kurdish warlords. Since 1987 the Kurds in Turkey by themselves constituting a majority of all Kurds have waged a war of national liberation against Ankara's 70 years of heavy handed suppression of any vestige of the Kurdish identity and its rich and ancient culture. The massive uprising had by 1995 propelled Turkey into a state of civil war. The burgeoning and youthful Kurdish population in Turkey, is now demanding absolute equality with the Turkish component in that state, and failing that, full independence. In the Caucasus, the fledgling Armenian Republic, in the course of 1992-94 wiped out the entire Kurdish community of the former "Red Kurdistan." Having ethnically "cleansed" it, Armenia has effectively annexed Red Kurdistan's territory that forms the land bridge between the Armenian enclave of NagornoKarabakh and Armenia proper 10,000 BC - 3000 BC This is by far the most noteworthy period in the history of Kurdistan. The technological advancements and discoveries made in the Kurdish highlands in the 7000 years preceding the rise of Mesopotamia (3000 BC) forever changed the course of human history, and altered the very face of the planet. Much that
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was achieved later by the civilization of lowland Mesopotamia starting 5000 years ago began 7000 years before that, in the bordering mountains and valleys of Kurdistan. The archaeological and zoological-botanical evidence of Kurdistan's crucial importance to the development of civilization is bountiful and well documented. 3000 BC- 400 BC This period marks the progressive technological and commercial overshadowing of Kurdistan by neighboring Mesopotamian cultures. It also heralds- a power struggle between the military forces of the mountains (Kurdistan) and the plains of the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia and Syria) for political and economic control of this most civilized and richest of the planet's corners. Successive advances and retreats by both sides in the struggle for supremacy continue to this day. The ancient period also marks the coming of the Aryans and the beginning of the transformation of Kurdistan into an Indo-European-speaking society, which culminated in the classical period. 400 BC - 600 AD This period in Kurdish history marks the homogenization and consolidation of the modern Kurdish national identity. The ethnic designator Kurd is established finally, and applied to all segments of the nation. After over a millennium of Aryan nomadic settlements, and rejuvenated by the infusion of the Aryan ethnic element, independent and vital Kurdish kingdoms resurfaced after three centuries of eclipse under Achaemenian and Seleucid rule. This revival reached its apex in the 1st century BC, when Kurdish political hegemony stretched from Greece and Ukraine to the Straits of Hormuz. Toward the end of this period, Kurdish influence over southwest Asia shifted from politics to religion and demography, which stretched well into the medieval period. Medieval History 600 AD - 1600 AD This vibrant period of Kurdish history is marked by the reemergence of Kurdish political power from the 7th to 9th century, after three centuries of decline under the centralized governments of the Sasanians of Persia and the Byzantine Empire. It culminated in three centuries, the 10th through the 12th, that can rightfully be called Islam's Kurdish centuries. Through steady emigrations and military conquests, their political rule extended from central Asia to Libya and Yemen. Early Modern History 1497 - 1918

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This period in the history of the Kurds is one of steady decline in every aspect of their national life, with the possible exception of literature. An important proportion of the nation also found itself deported to far-away regions in the course of the 250 years from ca. 1500 to 1750. An energetic, industrious, and reasonably worldly Kurdish society at the beginning of the period had turned into one of the most backward and devastated societies in the Middle East by the end of the period. There were two primary causes of this decline: 1) the division of the Middle East into two, warring empires, Persians and the Ottoman, with their line of fire being the heartland of Kurdistan, and more importantly, 2) the utter economic isolation of Kurdistan resulting from the epoch-making shift in international trade routes. Modern History 1915 up to Present The idea of a nation-state in the modern sense and on the European model was more or less unknown in the Middle East until the late 19th century. This European political convention had caught on as much with Kurds as with any other nationality in the area at the time of the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. I think of my country Kurdistan which is not even a colony. A colony borders, but my country is divided between four states, my country has been transformed into a country without borders. My country is shared shared by the colonialists, but this is not a colony, because the colony has its own state. The settlement is subject to colonial rule, when my country is destroyed by colonialists who massacred my people repeatedly that the best scholars were hanged, killed, massacred. Despite that my people have claimed their freedom and independence, but each time, the resistance of my people has been silenced by blood. For these bloody massacres States have divided, shared, colonized. What determines the will of my people in every part of Kurdistan, is that we have rebelled for similar claims, claims which are identical and sociological anthropological realities. These are daily realities that we can seize if we are not referring to the history of the Kurdish people, specifically the period wedged between the First and Second World War. I will try to present this part of the story ignored by the majority of the world population. I would start with a history and I linger on the various treaties that affected the Middle East and end by a UN text on situations of colonized countries. First appearance of Kurdish The Kurdish people living in Kurdistan since antiquity. Founding the Median Empire in the 7th century BC, the Kurds conquered the Assyrians and then gradually extended their rule to all of Iran, in Central Anatolia and Mesopotamia. The political rule of the Medes ended in the mid-seventh century

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BC when the Persians their empire concevrent but he resisted until the time of Alexander the Great. Having put up fierce resistance to the Arab-Muslim invasions, the Kurdish people created to mid 10th century with its own four principalities ruled over most of Kurdistan until the 12th century, when the Ayyubid Dynasty was founded by Prince Saladin . The need for an independent Kurdistan is formulated for the first time in 1821 and has grown in 1888. Kurds in the Ottoman and Persian empires For the first time Kurdistan is divided between the Persian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in 1639. But the resistance against the Kurdish people continue sharing their homeland. Before developing this problem let me give you a quote from Giuseppe Campanile: "It Kurdistan Region of de'Kurdi o sia, situato tra i confini della Mesopotamia, Persia e della Quelli. The sua estensione, an ad di presso, ha trenta giorni di Lunghezza dodici e giorni di larghezza in circa. indipendente dall'imperio Ottomano (Kurdistan or Kurdish region, lies between the borders of Mesopotamia, and those of Persia. Its extension, not, has thirty days in length and width of about twelve days. It is independent of the Ottoman Empire.) ". Campanile Kurdistan quoted by none other than the part that was occupied by the Turks in 1071 and divided, colonized by the Persian Empire in 1639. This colonialist characteristics of colonialism, but its history is a process of conquest inspired by reasons other than trade, but by the notion of "greatness of a great country" or "civilizing genius". It appears that colonization result of prejudice and racism as much for the settlers that colonized. While being fed racial bias, bringing to mind the settlement also has good intentions. In other words, colonialism is the imposition of a political and military domination of one country over another, whose goal may be to increase the power of the invading country. It violates the right of peoples to self-determination. Genocide of the Kurds by the Ottoman and Turkish and Persian Kurdistan shared between the Ottoman and Persian empires fell victim to endless conflicts that led all the result of annihilation. The Kurdish region has been burned, ruined and its economic, social and cultural development has been hampered. Moreover, the feudal structure of Kurdistan has been an obstacle to the unification of the country. Throughout the 19th century, European colonial states who coveted the territory of the Middle East helped the Ottomans and the Persians to quell Kurdish uprisings.Fall of the Ottoman Empire

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The fall of the Ottoman Empire after the First World War resulted in its fragmentation by European nations eager for oil. Kurdistan is hoped then a union of its territories but the British and the French arrived to include South Kurdistan in the new state borders Iraq and Syria to keep them under their authority. Persia retains its part and the Republic of Turkey inherited the bulk of Kurdish lands and reconstitutes itself on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. This division of the empire releases several different ethnic groups from Ottoman rule but condemns other groups. Arabs living in Saudi Arabia are recognized as a proud people but the Kurds, whose existence during the Byzantine and Ottoman could not be doubted, are at the rank of a chimera of history. These effects are mainly due to the imperialist policy of the United Kingdom and France, which is fairly well expressed in the film Lawrence of Arabia by David Lean. This policy takes the Sykes-Picot Treaty. The Sykes-Picot Treaty While Europe is torn by World War I, Britain and France is signed, in May 1916 a secret agreement which defines, for the postwar partition of the Middle East in separate areas governed under their mandates . This contract is made by Sir Mark Sykes and Franois Georges-Picot agreement with Russia, even tsarist, and Italy. Everyone wants their share: Russia demands Constantinople and the northern half of Persia, Italy is the Mediterranean islands and Anatolia, France query Cilicia, Syria and Lebanon and the United Kingdom reserves the southern half of Persia, Palestine and Mesopotamia. French and English will be the winners of the division. This maneuver of the two great colonial powers reflects the malignant face of Europe because, under the label of the subject peoples saving and after so much promise of independence made to different ethnic groups, they are condemned to continue an oppressed existence but under another government. Such behavior would today but scandal would still be admitted because the current situation shows us in Iraq a "democratic" under the aegis of the United States. These ways are still present a century after the Sykes-Picot Treaty. We may wonder if the crisis currently facing the Middle East do not stem from the greed of foreign powers. The current political mess is not really conducive to the Kurdish point of view of their stability. Iraqi Kurdistan is recognized by international authorities as part of Iraq and has representatives in the Iraqi parliament, but once American troops withdrawn, nothing guarantees the protection of the Kurds. They could be massacred by the Iraqi or be invaded by neighboring Turkey, which has developed a policy of extermination,
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assimilation of Kurds. The only way to protect this nation would be his union but many problems remain and rivalries in this community based on a feudal system, a system that favors the profits of foreign countries. Sharing the Middle East between British and French Figure 1 Map of the Sykes-Picot agreement.Following the triumph of European powers on the Ottoman Empire in 1918, many new ones appear in the Middle East but a new map created by colonial powers divided the region into five distinct areas in administration and British English. Thus, Europeans do not respect any promises to the people "liberated". Partage du Moyen-Orient entre britanniques et franais

French blue area, administrative formed directly from Lebanon and Cilicia; 2. Arab area A, with the French influence in northern Syria and the province of Mosul; 3. English red zone, consisting of direct administration of Kuwait and Mesopotamia; 4. Arab zone B, of English influence, including southern Syria, Jordan and Palestine; 5. brown zone, international administration including St. John of Acre, Haifa and Jerusalem. Geography and population The number of Kurds living in the four parts of Kurdistan and inside the borders of four countries between which it is shared, is approximately 45
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million. In number, the Kurds are, with the Arabs, Turks and Persians, one of four great nations of the Middle East. Kurdistan, occupied since always by Kurds, has an area of 500,000 km2, comparable to that of France. In other words, the Kurds are not a minority in their country but rather the majority. The Kurdish issue is not a minority problem in one country or another, but that of a divided country and a nation. Like every other nation, the Kurds have the right to self-determination. The boundaries that separate Kurdistan are neither natural nor economic, nor cultural. These are artificial borders erected against the will of the Kurdish people to satisfy the interests of countries sharing the powers and the balance of power. These boundaries often separate villages, towns, even families, and the destruction and division of the cultural and social life. The biggest part of Kurdistan, which is - of the area and number of inhabitants, about half of all of Kurdistan, is located in Northern Turkey. It represents one third of the total area of Turkey and includes more than twenty provinces in the "regions of the East and Northeast." Order of magnitude, other parts of Kurdistan are Eastern Kurdistan (located in Iran), South Kurdistan (located in Iraq) and Kurdish regions located in Syria. There are between 80 and 90% of Kurds living in those parts of Kurdistan. A number of Kurds live - either long or because of recent migration or refugee movements - in other regions and cities of each country. If we also take into account these, we can say that 20 to 25 million Kurds live in Turkey, 8 to 10 million in Iran, 5 million in Iraq, Syria and 2. About a third of immigrant workers from Turkey arrived in the last 20 to 30 years in European countries are Kurds. If we add the number of Kurds who fled Turkey and other parts of Kurdistan for political and economic in recent years and now living in Europe, the number of Kurds living in Europe is approximately 2 million . And Kurdish communities have emerged in North America and Australia, following the movement of migrants and refugees. Natural resources, economic and social structures As regards the natural resources of the basement, Kurdistan is one of the richest country on earth. The region known for a long time as the "fertile crescent" that extends the Zagros Mountains to the Mediterranean and covers northern Mesopotamia is largely in Kurdistan. Kurdistan is also rich in agriculture. The plains between the mountain ranges, especially in the South where it is warmer, are particularly suited to
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agriculture because of the properties of their soil and favorable climatic conditions. Plateaus and mountain slopes offer very fertile pastures. On soil of Kurdistan grow all kinds of cereals and fruits and vegetables of high quality. The plains of Haran and the regions located around Mosul are Cezire and attics across the region. Differences in temperature and altitude between North and South Kurdistan have a country where farming is of great importance. In addition, Kurdistan is a veritable reservoir of meat, butter, cheese, wool and hides for the Middle East. DERSIM REGION MY PATRY

the Sacred Valley of Munzur in Dersim When the Academy of Sciences organized the symposium on the ENVIRONMENTAL MINERALOGY the Sacred Valley of Munzur will disappear. It is an ecological and cultural genocide before the world public opinion. It is a violation of international law. This practice of the imperial Turkish government is opposed to the Final Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Environment and the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention for the protection of national and international protection of cultural and natural heritage. Because we believe that degradation or loss of property of cultural and natural heritage constitutes a harmful impoverishment of the heritage of all peoples of the world, and the protection of this heritage at the national level often remains incomplete because of the scale means it requires and of the

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insufficient economic, scientific and technical services of the country on whose territory the property to safeguard. Because the Constitution provides that the Organization will maintain, increase and diffuse knowledge by assuring the conservation and protection of heritage, and recommending to the nations concerned the necessary international conventions because and conventions, recommendations and resolutions in support of existing cultural and natural property demonstrate the importance, for all peoples of the world, of safeguarding this unique and irreplaceable property, to whatever people they belong. So the Turkish colonialists have no right to remove a natural civilization of 42 million years. It is an ecological crime of genocide which my country has undergone. Under the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats of Europe, it is unacceptable that the Turkish colonial state violates the convention that "This Convention aims to ensure the conservation of flora and fauna and their habitats, including species and habitats whose conservation requires the cooperation of several States, and to promote such cooperation. Particular attention is given to species, including migratory species, endangered and vulnerable "while with the construction of eight dams on the sacred river of my country in 1817 species will disappear. That this practice is not consistent with the "Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats of Europe, adopted at Berne, September 19, 1979. The fauna and flora are a natural heritage of major interest to be preserved and transmitted to future generations. Beyond the national emergency, the parties to the agreement believe that cooperation at European level must be implemented. The Convention aims to promote cooperation between the signatory states to ensure the conservation of flora and fauna and their natural habitats and protect endangered migratory species extinction. " Moreover, the Bern Convention of 1982 "aims to ensure the conservation of flora and fauna and their natural habitat. It pays special attention to species (even migratory) endangered and vulnerable in the annexes. The Parties undertake to take all appropriate measures for the conservation of flora and fauna especially in the development of national policy planning and development, and in the fight against pollution, this objective be taken into consideration. The Parties shall also encourage education and dissemination of general information regarding the need to conserve wild natural heritage. " This practice of colonialist Turkish state is opposed to the Convention on Biological Diversity that "biological diversity and value diversity and its components on the environmental, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educational Cultural, recreational and aesthetic, and also that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be invoked as a reason for postponing measures to

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enable avoid the hazard or mitigate its effects, and further that the conservation of biodiversity requires essentially in situ conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural environment . Under the Convention "a large number of local communities and indigenous people close and traditional dependence on biological resources embodying tradition and the desirability of sharing equitably benefits arising from the use of knowledge, innovations and practices relevant to the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of its components "The colonial policy of Turkey in the historical heritage of Dersim is a negation of international law and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the architectural heritage because of the archaeological heritage is essential for knowledge of past civilizations, the responsibility for protecting the archaeological heritage should rest not only the State directly concerned but also the all the European countries to reduce the risk of degradation and promote conservation by encouraging exchanges of experts and experience, so the purpose of this Convention (Revised) is to protect the archaeological heritage as a source of European collective memory and as an instrument of historical and scientific study. As are included in the archaeological structures, buildings, groups of buildings, developed sites, moveable objects, monuments of other kinds as well as their context, whether situated on land or under water. Finally unfairly Department Dersim disappear with the sacred river Munzur and heritage. International instruments relating to the preservation of cultural heritage stipulate a system of cultural references is essential to the development of a nation and the people as a whole, benefits from the preservation of cultural heritage of every society. These instruments relating to the preservation of cultural heritage ranging from protection of architectural heritage to the underwater life through heritage protection in wartime. The folklore is part of the universal heritage of humanity, it is a powerful means of bringing together different peoples and social groups and of asserting their identity culturelleLe colonialist government of Turkey has not fulfilled the proposed resolution European Parliament has called "the Turkish government to apply European standards in the case of projects with significant impacts, such as construction of dams in the valley Munzur, Allianoi dam, construction of the Ilisu Dam and the gold mining in Bergama and other regions which threaten both the historical and unique sites and precious invites the Turkish government to make reference to Community legislation in the context of developing regional development projects " instruments relating to the preservation of cultural heritage ranging from protection of architectural heritage to the underwater life through heritage protection in wartime. The folklore is part of the universal heritage of humanity,it is a powerful means of bringing together different peoples and social groups and of asserting their identity culturelleLe colonialist government of Turkey has not fulfilled the proposed resolution European Parliament has called "the Turkish government to
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apply European standards in the case of projects with significant impacts, such as construction of dams in the valley Munzur, Allianoi dam, construction of the Ilisu Dam and the gold mining in Bergama and other regions which threaten both the historical and unique sites and precious invites the Turkish government to make reference to Community legislation in the context of developing regional development projects " Dersim has stood for centuries to foreign invasions and has always managed to keep a sort of "independence". This situation has persisted sixteen times under the Ottoman occupation and armed resistance lasted from 1908 to 1938 during the first two decades of the new Turkish Republic was proclaimed in 1923 has committed genocide physical. After founding of Turkey, Atatrk had one last thing to do "civilize Dersim". We understand better the nature of this "mission of civilization" through his speech before the Turkish Grand National Assembly: "Dersim is a tumor to the Government of the Republic. Whatever the price, this tumor must be removed through a final transaction said the "Eternal Leader" of Turkey. Everything happens very quickly: In 1935 a new law, it prohibits not only the use of the name of Dersim Genocide, but also with the people of Dersim been. and they renamed the region. The new name is not without irony: Tunceli is to say the "hand bronze" in Turkish. After prepared, the Turkish army began moving in 1937 to "the land of the oak," Dersim. The resistance leaders were arrested and then executed November 15 in 1937 thirty minuite when the arrival of Mustafa Kemal in El Azis' age of 81, despite the law prohibiting the execution of a person having such an age. The operation lasted a total of two years and provides a tragic outcome for the region: 170 000 deaths and thousands of people deported to the west of Anatolia to facilitate their assimilation. It was the only time the Dersim mountains are considered sacred by the locals have forsaken their people to their fate. Thus they tasted defeat. At the heart of the region is the chain of mountains Munzur whose highest peak reaches an altitude of 3462 meters. The river which crosses the region bears the same name. Dersim presents a unique bio-diversity.Considering the wealth of the region, December 21, 1971 the Turkish state says the River Valley Munzur 'first national park of Turkey and he is currently the largest in the country. The valley has a length of 80 kilometers. With Munzur Mountains is home to 1518 plant species of which 227 exist in Turkey and 43 only in the valley Munzur. The natural wealth of the region is comparable to that of an entire country .. In the Valley and on the chain of mountains Munzur we also find a rich fauna. There are animals endangered as the brown bear, wild cat, wild sheep, mountain goat horns fangs, in the river there are trout whose particularity is to have red scales. Dersim region is certainly a very rich, but wealth did not put away a potential disaster. The region is this time threatened with ecological disaster. For the Turkish state plans to build in the Valley Munzur eight dams and hydroelectric plants. What can the construction of these dams in the region?
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They provide 0.97% of total electricity production of Turkey. What are the consequences? First, 84 villages will be submerged under water and dams will cause irreparable damage to the region that has already lost much of its population because of the depopulation policy practiced by the Turkish state during its war against the Kurdish guerrillas which intensified in the 1990s. Secondly, the region will be divided into two and thus lose its geographical unity; the risk of creating many economic and cultural. Thirdly, the drastic climate changes occur and the endemic plants, rare animals lose their habitat, then disappear. Finally, the Valley Munzur which was formed 42 million years, according to experts, will be completely destroyed. According to expert opinion a dam has an average life of 70 years and after this period we will be left in ruinsin place of the heavenly beauty of the valley.

With its resources of oil and other minerals, Kurdistan is a very rich country. Much of the oil resources of Iraq are in Kurdistan, Kirkuk and around Hanikin. Part of the largest sources of oil Iran is also in Kurdistan, in the region Kirmanschah. The oil sources in Turkey are found almost exclusively in Kurdistan (in the region of Batman, Diyarbakir and Adiyaman). The main sources of oil Syria are also in Kurdistan, in the region Cezire. In addition, our soil is rich in iron, copper, chrome, coal, silver, gold, uranium and phosphate. In Kurdistan, the rivers are at least as important if not more than oil. Plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, where it rains heavily and the ground is covered in winter with a thick layer of snow, are the water tank in the Middle

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East. This is where originate the Tigris and Euphrates rivers well known, but many small rivers. The Tigris and Euphrates flood the Mesopotamian plain, the southern part of Kurdistan, but also Iraq and Syria. These rivers that descend in altitude between 3000 and 4000 meters are also important for energy production. Iraq and Syria have built numerous dams on these rivers or their tributaries. More important are the dams built in Turkey as the GAP project (Project of Southeastern Anatolia). This is a project that is not yet complete and which already covers a significant proportion of Turkey's needs into electrical energy. Completion of this project will firstly ensure the satisfaction of energy needs and other. In Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kurdistan was on the Silk Road and spices from the Far East and Europe. This fact has kept its importance, even in the very recent past. It is interesting to note that Kurdistan is now the most favorable region for Iraq's oil pipelines and the Caucasus. The extraordinary wealth of Kurdistan and its strategic position are the same the main reasons for sharing our country has always been maintained and enormous suffering inflicted on our people. That is why Kurdistan has attracted the attention of Western colonial states in the 18th and 19th centuries. English, French and Russians fought over our country. After World War I, they divided according to their own interests. The Russians withdrew after the October Revolution of 1917. The English and the French leave the region after the independence of Syria and Iraq. But their economic relations and their influence can still be felt in the region. Influence of the October Revolution

Figure 2 British soldiers After the overthrow of the tsarist regime in October 1917, the Governor Bolshevik occupying the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Petrograd is a copy of the Sykes-Picot Treaty it shall inform the Ottoman government. This message is sent immediately to the Sharif of Mecca to discredit the British and French in the eyes of the Arabs in order to create stability in the empire. Outraged by the news, Sharif asked for an explanation to its British counter that << the SykesPicot Treaty is simply an exchange of views, anyway, no longer reflects the current situation, that Russia withdrew from the coalition >>. But the sheriff did
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not seem convinced. He doubted the sincerity of the British because, after several interviews that took place with the West, it was agreed that a large Arab state would replace the Ottoman Empire, but this agreement puts all the decisions in question. For doubts, the British Government decides to send the following message: << The Government of His Majesty and his allies have not abandoned their policy [...] to release the oppressed Nations. Under this principle, they are more resolved than ever to support the Arab peoples in their efforts to establish an Arab world [...] the Government of His Majesty confirms his earlier promises on the release of Arab peoples. If an >> Arab world had emerged, it would probably be administered by the Koranic laws that can ensure cohesion of subject peoples. If one refers to the reign of Prince Saladin, who had united all the countries of the Middle East to Islam, a Muslim organization united proves impossible because of differences of opinion. A religious world would probably still divided over the Kurds, whose social system is also based on religious principles, and civil wars have torn advantage of this people. Today, religion unites the Kurdish and sharing. A very religious Muslim family can not allow its members a marriage with someone from another faith, with which it would be differences of ideals thereby widening a chasm in relations, but on the contrary, individuals with the same religion strengthen ties that knit the people. It would be utopian to want to reunite the nation by religion. An ideal policy would be more appropriate.

Treaty of Sevres

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Figure 3 The arrangement of the territories after the Treaty of Sevres The Treaty of Sevres signed on 10 August 1920 between the Allies and the Sultan, approved the decisions of the Sykes-Picot agreement and provides Territories for the Kurdish, Armenian and Greek and requires the demilitarization of the straits which unite the Aegean Sea to the Black Sea under the supervision of an international commission. This Treaty is signed in addition to France and Great Britain by the League of Nations, which justifies the grip of Europe on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. The Kurdish region is reflected by the treaty reduced to one third of its normal range, but he recognizes autonomy she did not have before.Such an arrangement greatly reducing the Turkish presence in the region can not be accepted by a population humiliated after the Great War and will be contested by Ankara. Led by Mustafa Kemal Atatrk said (father of Turkish), Turkish army rebelled against the decision made at Sevres and begins to fight the Armenian and Greek. The Armenians were driven back to the Caucasus and the Greeks, crushed in Ionia, cross the Aegean Sea to the west. A Turkish national consciousness born then, leading to a "Turkification" all people present in the territory of Turkey

Figure 3 The arrangement of the territories after the Treaty of Sevres

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Treaty of Lausanne
Signed July 23, 1923, this new treaty defines the situation in Turkey until today and condemns those of 1920. Kurdistan is divided between Syria and Iraq under British and French mandates, Persia and Turkey.

Figure 4 The border demarcation after 1923 From then begins a policy of assimilation and eradication of the Kurdish people and a set of revolts led by them. The economic Such stability allows states to flourish economically dominant in plundering the wealth of conquered land, specifically oil. Although uprisings take place, the profit was going ahead because the rebellions were chastised by the force in each region of Kurdistan, but today, these challenges lead countries that govern their losses because these states are investing heavily in armament, one that protects the Kurds. The occupation and other Kemalist The Treaty of Lausanne provides that Turkey is both the state of Turkish and
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Kurdish, but under the impetus of a national spirit, a policy of assimilation of the Kurds and the destruction of their culture sees the day. The National Assembly is dissolved and the Kurdish deputies returned. A law prohibits schools, association and Kurdish publications. Can not tolerate that one takes away their identity in the history of this land who have seen them rise, the Kurds rebelled against Turkish repression. Dice 1925, revolts began but the way they are sanctioned is barbarian villages are burned, people deported. France is also involved in these killings by facilitating the passage of the Turkish army in Syria, then placed under its mandate. This behavior of the hexagon is similar to that he had about 1990 in Rwanda where millions of people perished. Despite the bloody corrections, the Kurdish party Khoybn (independence) creates an army of national liberation. Of all countries align themselves with the Kurdish resistance under the command of a veteran of the Ottoman army, Ihsan Nuri Pasha. They are resistant to attacks by armed Turkish and Persian but are forced to surrender in 1932, exhausted and without external help. Resistance immediately destroyed, the assimilation of the people is restarted. The deportations resumed, intellectuals and tribal leaders are rebuked and Kurdish names are erased in favor of Turkish names. But that is a party given in 1938 as a new revolt broke out in Dersim and resistant for over a year to the Turkish army. It is repressed so violently that for over forty years no protest of this kind will take place in Turkey. Until 1984, the establishment of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), fighting continues in politics.In Iraq, the uprisings carried by the Barzani family have different consequences. Although subdued, institutions are emerging Kurdish and Kurdish identity remains. Following the Islamic revolution took place in Persia, the mullahs attacked the Kurdish armed resistance resulting from them still active. Even today Syria condemns any kind of challenge by the torture and murder. If for reasons cited above, the Kurdish national movement has not been successful, it must be emphasized that none of the four states concerned have managed to assimilate the Kurds or eliminate them. The opposite effect occurred because the Kurdish national consciousness became stronger. After overcoming obstacles feudal, the national movement has grown into a mass phenomenon. It is organized, has reached all social classes and a union took place between the Kurds of all Kurdistan. Kurdish resistance has increased and it has not so far could be suppressed. Negation identity, refusal rights and the pursuit of a policy of repression against the Kurdish people led the governments of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria to their doom because this war engulfing their financial resources and cost many lives. The Kurds are thus removed from their territories were promised by Sevres, but they claim the concessions the treaty with European powers. This
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agreement near Paris seems ridiculous to Western eyes when Turkish lifting. A problem is however necessary and it leads to another treaty, that of Lausanne. If the decisions made at Sevres were still valid to this day, maybe the Kurdish people have suffered less but still would not be united because the country would be divided between French Syria, Iraq, UK, young Turkey, a Persia and Armenia extent unchanged. This is a situation that may resemble the current problems experienced in the Balkans where Serbs and Albanians tear for the same region. It seems that whatever happens, fate is going after these people. After the independence of Syria and Iraq, the Kurdish national movement had to fight against the alliance of four states (Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria). Kurdish land found himself locked in four states, surrounded by hostile powers. The Kurds have no access to the outside, either by land or by sea is very difficult to establish contacts with the outside world. While there were friendly forces, that could help the Kurds from the outside, there is no road allowing direct access to Kurdistan. If the Kurdish national movement to pass an armed revolt in parts of Kurdistan, it must pass through a neighboring country for support and logistics bases needed. And these neighbors, it is precisely one of these four states which exercise control over other parts of Kurdistan, Kurdistan and a victory not related to any of them. These states use to put pressure on Kurdistan on each other when they have problems to solve them. This is what makes the Kurdish question, already complicated, more difficult. Such relationships are extremely problematic for the Kurdish national movement and sometimes lead the Kurdish organizations to fight them. The republic of Kurdistan in Mehabad The republic's official name was "State of Republic of Kurdistan" (Kurdish: Komar Kurdistan le Mehabad), but was also referred to as "National Government of Kurdistan". Through its one year existence, the republic never quite decided whether it was an independent state or autonomous region of Iran. The capital of the republic was Mehabad. The extent of the republic was never set there were peaceful negotiations with the neighbouring Iranian province of Azerbaijan about which republic should control border towns like Khoy, Selmas and Orumiyeh (Wirm) in the north, and Miandouad (Myandoaw) in the east.

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A government was established, but the republic never got to electing a parliament. A national army was established, but did never get enough time to develop into a credible defence force. A treaty of friendship was signed with Azerbaijan, covering cooperation on the most important political issues, like economy, military and foreign politics. The republic introduced Kurdish as the official language, and the language to be used in educational institutions. Some Kurdish language periodicals appeared. There were some redistribution of agricultural lands, but this only applied to unoccupied lands. There were no forms of land reform. In fact, during World war II the Russians occupied Northern Iran and the British occupied the south. The objective was to dislodge Reza Shah who the Allies suspected would turn his proGerman sympathy into military alliance. A power vacuum resulted in the Kurdish area between the two zones, with some areas, Shahpur and Urmiya (Wirm), falling under Soviet control. In the hope of using the opportunity to break loose from Iranian tutelage. Kurdish nationalists formed a party in 1942, Komelley Jhyanewey Kurd (The Kurd Resurrection Group). Under Soviet influence, but not control, both the Kurds and the Azerbaijani Turks further north were able to direct their own affairs. The Soviets still harboured an interest in annexing the Azerbaijan area which they had coveted throughout much of the 19th Century, and were also extremely interested in oil concessions in north Iran. But the Allies had, at the time of their invasion, also pledged themselves to withdraw from Iran by March 1946. As that time drew near the Kurds and Azerbaijanis formalized their independence from Tehran. In December 1945 Azerbaijanis captured Tabriz with Soviet encouragement, and declared a Democratic Repuplic of Azerbaijan. Following the Azerbaijani lead the Kurds declared the Republic of Mehabad a few days later, and in January 1946 formed a government under the Presidency of Qazi (judge) Muhammad, a respected member of a leading family of Mehabad. The Republic was outside the area actually occupied by Soviet forces stretching from Urmiya (Rezaiah) northwards, and was unable to incorporate Kurdish areas of Saqqiz (Seqiz), Sanandaj (Sine) and Kirmanshan to south which were within the Anglo-American zone of control. It was thus pitifully
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small. The government was formed by the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDPIr), an amalgam and compromise between older groups, Komelle, Hwa, a younger Iraqi leftist party, and a group of Kurdish communists. The longstanding division between Kurds, even in so small a area were soon apparent. Before the declaration of the republic the Soviet had already encouraged separatism, not through leftist political groups, but more pragmatically trough tribal chiefs. Each of these had been evasive, reluctant to jeopardize his own pivotal position between government and tribes people. Following the declaration of the republic many other lesser chiefs in the area had avoided becoming to closely involved with the Mehabad Government, which found itself depended mainly on relatives of the locally popular Qazi Muhammad and other citizens of Mahabad. Only the fortuitous acquisition of Mulla Mastafa Barzani (in flight from British and Hashemites in Iraq) and 3000 followers in November 1945 made Qazi Muhammad's position feasible. Whether or not the Mehabad Republic was set upon a path to complete independence is questionable. At the time of its establishment it sought complete autonomy within Iran's frontiers. Within the republic Kurdish became the official language, periodicals appeared, and the economy benefitted from direct trade withe USSR. A number of traditional leaders had fled rather than be implicated in a movement which would destroy their own powerful position between Tehran and their tribal or village populations. The land such chiefs was redistributed, but not on leftist principles. Some of it went to the Barzani's from Iraq. Leftists and traditionalists were anxious to compromise in order to keep the republic afloat. At a political level the Mehabad Government expected the USSR to stand by them although, since pragmatism had led the Soviet to approach tribal leaders in spring 1945 rather than to sponsor ideologically correct republics, this was wishful thinking. The expectation also ignored widespread Kurdish suspicion of the Russians, based on Russian incursions into Azerbaijan in the 19th Century, and the way in which Russians had laid bare parts of Kurdistan, including sacking Mehabad during World War I. Kurdish political groups elsewhere were hostile Qazi Muhammad's Soviet connections. Tribes in the region suffered economically from Soviet occupation and from the Mehabad Republic since they could not make their customary tobacco crop sales to other parts of Iran. West of Mehabad both the Mamesh and Mangur tribes (the closest tribes to the town) were bitterly hostile to Mahabad, to the extent that Barzani's men, who had outlasted their welcome in the area, were sent against them. The Mehabad Government also badly miscalculated Soviet interests. Although the

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Soviet had encouraged both Azerbaijan and Mhabad to declare autonomous republics, they were not prepared to defend Them. Regardless of whether either was a sound 'soviet' - and it was manifestly clear Mehabad was not - Soviet interests lay in its overall relationship with Iran, and with the oil exploration concession it was not only interested in but managed to obtain (though subsequently not ratified by Iran's parliament) in spring 1946. By late May 1946 the Soviets had left Iranian soil. Their military help to the Kurdish Republic did not extend beyond persuading a few petty tribal chiefs always ready for fighting and loot to join the Qazi and to persuade the reluctant Amir Khan of the Shikak (who had resigned from Mahabad Government) to reaffirm his support. despite honest attempts Qazi Muhammad was unable to reach an agreement with Tehran. He was aware that a majority of Kurds under their tribal chiefs were unwilling to support him and liable to support the government. In December 1946 the Iranian advanced on Azerbaijan where the republic collapsed almost without resistance, with some of its leadership fleeing to USSR. Amir Khan once more changed sides, pledging loyalty to Tehran, and along with other chiefs, being accepted back into the fold. Soon afterwards Iranian troops entered Mehabad ( the Dehbokri, Mamesh and Mangur) in the van of the advancing column. Qazi Muhammad, a man of honour to the end, made no attempt to flee. Barzani withdrew with his men to Iraqi side of the border. All traces of Qazi Muhammad's Government were eradicated. The printing press was closed, the teaching of Kurdish prohibited, and the people of Mehabad burnt their Kurdish books. The area was disarmed, though those Kurdish tribes which had co-operated with the Iranian government were exempted. In March 1947 Qazi Muhammad an two of his colleagues were publicly hanged in Mehabad's main square. Eleven chiefs hanged to encourage loyalty amongst the other. For the Kurds the episode of Mehabad held bitter lessons. Barely one third of the Iranian Kurds had fallen inside the Mehabad Republic. Many of these did not actively oppose but certainly did not support it. much rested on the personal prestige of Qazi Muhammad within the town. Beyond the 'liberated zone'few Kurds demonstrated their willingness either to rebel where they were or march to Mehabad's aid. Most stayed at home. Belief in, and dependence on, outside powerful sponsors was shown to be dangerous, potentially suicidal. The military strength of the Kurds still by lay in the hand of tribal chiefs, and these proved to be quarrelsome, capricious, unreliable, and politically uncommitted to the same ideas as urban intellectuals and nationalists. The same bitter lessons were to be replayed in Iraq.
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The cabinet of Members of Cabinet

the

Republic

of

Kurdistan

1946

1. Mr. Qazi Muhammad (Qaz Muhemed), President 2. Mr. Haji Baba Sheikh (Haj Baba Sheyx), Prime Minister HISTORY

1941: As part of World War II, Iran is partly occupied by foreign forces. In the south, British troops move in, while Soviet troops take control over the north. The region around Mehabad is not occupied. 1942: The Kurdish movement Komelley Jhyan Kurdistan is founded, asking for more rights of the Kurds. 1945: The Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) is started, and all members of Komelle joins. KDP asked for autonomy (i.e. not an independent state), Kurdish as an official language, local democracy and governance and better laws for dealing with the relations between peasants and landowners. 1946 January 24: The State of Republic of Kurdistan is proclaimed by the Kurdish Democratic Party in a ceremony in Seqiz. Delegates from the surrounding lands participate. Qazi Muhammad becomes president, while Mustafa Barzani as commander-in-chief. May: Soviet troops withdraws from Iran, and leaves the republic vulnerable for attack by Iranian forces. December: Iranian troops march into Mehabad, and end the Kurdish rule over the region.

The Oath of Office of President Ghazi Mohammad Republic of Kurdistan, 1945. "I swear by God and Gods supreme Word (the Koran), the Homeland and the honor of the Kurds and theirsacred flag, that I shall endeavor with my body and

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soul for the independence of Kurdistan and the keeping aloft its flag, until my last breath of life and the last drop of my blood. I shall, as the President of Kurdistan, remain loyal and devote to the unity of Kurds and Azerbaijan."

The international consequences The Treaty of Lausanne resulted seal the fate of the Kurds. At the international level we do not talk of Kurdish only on rare occasions and nations around the world merge Kurdish and Turkish. One might think that the assimilation of Kurdish worked better abroad than in Mesopotamia. Yet now the Kurds are represented before the new international scene, but, ironically, because of a new invasion. Perhaps independence is running? More Kurds will be heard, the greater their chances of becoming a free nation will increase. conclusion. After studying Kurdish history, the reasons which led the Kurdish people in the situation where it is today, we can ask if a bright future looms on the horizon. It follows that at present the situation of Kurdish resembles that of Jews before World War II. A people scattered and exiled but claiming a country with the difference that we are united by a political ideal, while the Hebrews were a religious way. Another difference is, we want to live with the people around us while Jews and Palestinian quarrel the Middle East. Saving the world may depend on the solidarity we will show us. From a legislative perspective, the first article of the UN Charter of 14 December 1960 provides for the granting of Independence to Colonial
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Countries and Peoples. In referring to the charter ratified by most countries of the world, we can, we Kurds seek to obtain the independence that is granted by the United Nations to the oppressed peoples. Dear Professor Dr Wen-Hua SUN, dear Colleague, I want to thank you for your kind letter dated April 20, 2012 by THAT the you asked me "By the way, you may be kind to let me know Where your organization is Located? The "Kurdistan" would Be The west-southern area of Asia, is it? Anyway, I feel your items to Some of my colleagues, and Some interesting Responded icts, order in Chinese only. " With a very great joy I would answer you as president of the Center for Scientific Research in Kurdistan (CRSK) and co-organizer of the Project for the Foundation of the Academy of Sciences of the Kurdistan on scientific structures Universities and academic life and the Academy of Technology and Information, founded by the Prime Minister of Kurdistan Regional Government Mr. Nechirvan Idris Barzani September 10, 2009 at the Capital Hewler South Kurdistan. Let me tell you about the historical, geographical, linguistic strategic policy of "Kurdistan" found in the west-south Asia in Mesopotamia in the Middle East. This means that Kurdistan is an international colony divided and shared by states and colonial imparialistes Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. From the perspective of the principles of Ethics of Science and accountability scientist, I think, as such, a nuclear physicist, producing the atom, it does not produce only the peaceful atom, the atom but also a warrior. This is a contradiction that arises level of scientific activity and scientific and academic responsibility. This is the use of science against humanity, as in el when using chemical weapons by Saddam against my people in Halabja in 1988 which has not only killed thousands of Kurdish, but this use has contaminated the land of Kurdistan which will not produce products for thirty years, and children will die at the age of eight years. This is the questionthe purpose of science that arises, even in cases of clounage, the scientific purpose isdifferent purpose than the production of weapons, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. My question is: do we make science without principles of Ethics of Science? If not, what to do? What are the possibilities of scholars and academics and scientists to define the principles of Ethics of Science? "A In this sense, it is absolutely necessary to publicize the activities Academy of Sciences researchers and scholars of Kurdistan on the issues basic sciences, in particular, on the Symposium of the Academy of Scienceson the theme Ecosystems and Extreme Climatic Events. The truth is that the Symposium addresses how ecosystems (ecosystem and socio) react torare but extreme disturbance of
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the environment. The central theme is to identify what knowledge gained or to be acquired are necessary for human societies to prepare extreme weather events. Academics seek to deal with events occurred in the past or currently. The symposium was introduced by the possible influence of climate change on the expected increase in world population by 2050. It is then organized around five sub themes: extreme weather events and society,lessons from the distant past, response of ecological systems t o extreme events, need knowledge, to prepare for extreme events. As stated Mr. Lu Yongxiang, professor of engineering sciences, chairman of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a Member of the Cenral Committee of Chinese Communist Party, in his statement in 2005 entitled Ethical challenges in the development of information technology with the development of information technology, becoming one of the most valuable resources in the world. According to Mr. Lu Yongxiang his scientific advances have also been the source of ethical issues such as disclosure of personal data and biological confirmation of the difficulties of social identity of individuals. The development of cognitive science and technology allows scientists to uncover the mystery of human intelligence and to determine the nature, laws and forms of human cognition. The cognitive sciences and technologies offer more effective ways of developing the mental health system and prevention of and fight against diseases. The development of space technology and the improvement and widespread application of global positioning systems, geographic information systems and remote sensing systems provide insight and visionm human beings and promote the progress of science and technology digital Earth and its resources. I think the scientific and academic circles should strengthen exchanges and cooperation on Ethics of Science and Technology to create a common understanding and formulate ethical standards for Science and Technology, which are accepted at world, leading to a global convention on Ethics of Science. This is why I am very happy that you send my articles to scientific academicians of the Academy of Sciences of China who allows you ed interacadmiques develop our relations and the contribution of scientific acadmicines and the Academy of Science of China in the construction of scientific life in Kurdistan especially in southern Kurdistan. To my familiarized history the department of the Academy of Sciences of China had written four books on ED volumes Kurdistan Indeed, the Kurdish aspirations for independence have their roots deep in the origins and social structure of this people and are the result of a long historical evolution. In your personality Dear Mr. Pror Dr. Wen Hua Sun I welcome all communautl Scientific Academy of Sciences of China. Dr. Ali KILI, The president of the Center for Scientific Research in Kurdistan
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Bibilographiy
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