4/3/2012 Post World War US: The Cold War Vacuum in Global Leadership o Japan Both leaders that

had been o Germany Shift in the US decimated by the war o From: Isolationism in 20s and 30s o To: dominant international role Yalta Conference o 1945 o UK (Churchill), USSR (Stalin), and US (Roosevelt) US International Objectives o Liberty, democracy, and equality o Global markets Soviet Union o 20 million dead during the war- Soviets have axe to grind with Germany o Devastation Agriculture Industry o Tension with US: Russia wants role of national leader Winston Churchill: Iron Curtain o Nations within Russias sphere are separated/blocked from interaction with western sphere George F. Kennan (works for state department) o Containment: cannot change communism, must contain it to keep it from spreading Truman Doctrine (Foreign Policy): o Truman took office after FDR died o Support free people resisting subjugation by Armed minorities Outside pressures Ex. Greece and Turkey: dealing with communist insurrection Britain is trying to help, but cant so asks for US help The Eagle (US) vs. The Bear (Soviet Union) o Berlin Airlift (1948): Germany is split so Berlin is separated- support is being flow in o NATO (1949): attack one of us, you attacked all of us o Hungary (1956): rise up against communism; Russians bring in tanks and put down uprising Eisenhower knows about this because of D-Day at Normandy He knows there is nothing we can do against the Soviet Union US does nothing militaristically China o Mao Tse-tung Communist victory 1949 Form Peoples Republic of China- what happened to containment? Truman accused of losing China o Chiang Kai-shek Formally known as Formosa (now known as Taiwan) Korea (1950-1953_ o SK aligned with US o NS aligned with China Korean War o NK attacks o UN responds No appeasement (scared because they mistakenly appeased Hitler) Called police action = should have been called war o Truce Latin America o CIA activities o Not universally positive sentiment towards US o Cuba Fulgencio Batista is OUT

Fidel Castro is IN Nuclear Weapons o USSR has them o Massive Retaliation: you shoot, we unleash on you (US and USSR) o Brinksmanship: one side would push other to brink of nuclear war o Mutually Assured Destruction: recognition that if US/USSR shoot on each other, earth will be destroyed Communism is US o HUAC (1938): House Un-American Activities Committee o Executive Order 9835 (1947) o Homosexuals are targeted because they are seen as easily able to compromise o McCarran International Securities Act 1950 Registration of organizations Immigration restrictions Tightened deportation laws: easier to get kicked out Truman vetoes Paul Robeson (entertainer) Did not think blacks were treated fairly Entertained in Russia US pulled his passport McCarthyism o Sen. Joe McCarthy (R-WI) o Good Night and Good Luck o Find communists and lock them up o Accuses army of being communist- end of his career

Post World War II US Harry Truman o 1949: Lost China o Cold war tension Eisenhower Years (1952-1960) o Conservative with regard towards money o Liberal with regard to human needs o Thinks American government should play a smaller economic role o Ratified the welfare state o Interstate highway act (1956) Builds interstate highways o Cautions against military- industrial complex

4/6/2012 Post World War II US Continued Interstate Highway Act (1956) o Created suburban access o Caused housing boom o Created dependence on oil In the US o Baby boom o Corporations Oligopoly: small collection of businesses control the industry o Automobile boom Cars were not being produced during the war o GI Bill (1944): Soldiers coming home are getting: Education Going to school keeps these soldiers out of the job market Low interest mortgages: helps soldiers buy homes o Housing boom Population Shifts To: o West

Defense industry Aviation, electronics o Sunbelt (South) o Moving to suburbs Technology o Computer are becoming more useful in the civilian world o Automation: building things with machines instead of workers o Television Consumerism: a characteristic of American Society o Lots of choices in products o Growth in advertising And in new ways for the ads to be seen (media) o Credit: put so much more in reach of the American people Conformity o Housing o Fashion Religion o People going back to church o Ecumenicalism: protestants more tolerant of Catholics and Jews o Family that prays together stays together o 1954: Under God added to the pledge of allegiance o 1955: In God We Trust added to dollar bill Woman: demonstrated what they were capable of while the men were away at war o College o Marriage o Family o Some get out of the workplace Mid-class women go home to the suburbs as homemakers o Some still in work place after the war Lower class whites African Americans Uneven Prosperity o Poor Still poor even in spite of the o Minorities

Shows that government is comfortable with emphasis on the church

economic boom

Turbulent 60s President JFK o US Senator (D-MA) o Catholic- problematic for his campaign o WWII hero o Wealthy o New Frontier i.e. space Similar concept as Fredrick Jackson Turner o Torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans This new generation has survived the Great Depression and WWII o Ask not what you country can do for you, but rather what you can fo for your county. Legislative Flops o Medical care for the elderly o Urban renewal (poverty/lack of opportunity) Successful Programs o NASA o Peace Corps: expose American good will Confrontation o Bay of Pigs (1961) Invade Cuba to try and get Castro out Poorly planned Unsupported US fails o Berlin Wall (1961) People trying to leave East Germany by going through West Berlin and taking train to West Germany

US did nothing Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Russian missiles pointed at Cuba (close to Florida) Lyndon B Johnson o Great Society Civil rights (even though he was a Democrat from the Solid South) Job corps Similar to Civilian Conservation Corps VISTA: Volunteers In Service To America Job corps in America Medicare: medical care for the elderly o

4/10/12 The Civil Rights Era Jim Crow Laws o Plessey vs. Ferguson: separate is okay also long as both are still equal o Brown vs. Board of Education: separate is not equal The New South o So far Blacks are free Blacks have legal rights Blacks can vote o There is no social equality for the blacks NAACP o 1909 o Method for achieving social justice: using the court systems o Consists of blacks and whites Marcus Garvey o Black pride o Political empowerment in the ballot o UNIA o Black enterprise African Americans in WWII o Double V Victory over war in Germany and Japan Victory over injustice in America March on Washington Movement o 1941 o Led by A Philip Randolph o FDR declares no race discrimination in government or defense industry Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) o Founded in Chicago in 1942 o Non violent Truman in 1948 o Issues an executive order to desegregate the US military Slow process that takes several years Democrats in 1948 o Sought civil rights for African Americans Think that politicians are not doing enough o States Rights Party Dixiecrats Are not going along with Democrats Against civil rights and integration International o Foreign perceptions of what US is Russians was Latin America, South Africa, and Asia on their side and tell them You dont want to be a part of the US who has racial injustice. o Infiltration Steps in Freedoms Direction o Jackie Robinson: 1st African American to play in major league baseball

Violence is Capturing Whole Nations Attention o Emmitt Till (1955) 14 year old African American from Chicago Visits family in Mississippi Murdered for saying something to a white woman o Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks: member for NAACP NAACP looking for a case to try against the state transportation system Rosa Parks in the case Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is the spokesperson Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. o Southern Christian Leadership Conference founder Involves leaders in black churches Steps in Freedoms Direction o 1957: School integration Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas does not integrate Eisenhower sends in federal troops o 1960: Sit Ins Greensboro, NC Woolworths lunch counter does not serve black people 4 college students refuse to leave the bar until served Practice of sit ins spreads across the US Organizations o NAACP o CORE o SCLS o Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee Designed to bring social, political, and economic justice to all 1961: Freedom Rides o African Americans and whites o CORE o Met with violence and arrests in South (Alabama and Mississippi) Steps in Freedoms Direction o 1962: Integration at University of Mississippi James Meredith denied admission Air Force veteran Smart enough for college Black Kennedy sends in federal troops to integrate the school George Wallace o Governor of Alabama o Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever! Not a totally uncommon opinion o 1968: 3rd part political candidate o Shot in leg Results in wheelchair Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 o Department store picketed o Bull Connor: demands no disturbance on his watch o Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. arrested Writes Letter from Birmingham Jail Written to church leaders Says something needs to be done Injustice has gone too far Violence o 1963: Birmingham, Alabama 16th Street Baptist Church Civil rights activists at church KKK bombs the church 4 girls (11-14 years old) killed March on Washington

o o Freedom o o o

August 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gives I have a dream speech Summer (1964) SNCC, CORE, NAACP, SCLC coordinate Voter registration is being disrupted by political parties Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Ask to be seated Denied

Violence o o o o o

1965 March from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery Includes whites and blacks Advocating for civil rights and voting rights March 7: Bloody Sunday Troops stop the march Violence breaks out o 3rd march attempt is successful with the help of the National Guard Civil Rights Act of 1964 o Equal access to employment o Access to Public accommodations (parks) Schools Voting Rights Act of 1965 o Ensured right to vote for all people o Federal examiners monitor polling stations to make sure things are fair o Literacy test are suspended Black Nationalism o Black pride o Separatism o Self-improvement o Nation of Islam (called Black Muslims) Elijah Mohamed is the leaders Preached black independence and black uplifting Anti-white message Malcolm X o It is criminal to teach a man to defend himself when he is the constant victim of brutal attacks. o Converts to Islam while in jail o Rising star in the Nation of Islam o Elijah Mohamed Takes Malcolm under his wing Eventually pushes Malcolm to the side because he is too powerful o 1925-1965: killed by Nation of Islam followers Movements and Organizations o Black Power o Black Panthers Establishes community programs of uplift Feed breakfast to children Literacy initiatives Armed self defense o Black Liberation Army More militant than Panthers Scared everyone Violence o 1960s Urban Riots Watts section of Los Angeles Northern cities Black and white communities concerned

4/12/12 Vietnam War

Ho Chi Minh o North Vietnam o Communist o Nationalist o Becomes ally of the US in WWII o Ruthless o Was at the Treaty of Paris to represent the Vietnamese people Post WWII Vietnam o Japanese are out o Declaration of Independence from France Begins with direct quotes from the US Declaration of Independence Telegram o Ho Chi Minh begs the president of the US for help against France o US does not help because US knows they will need Frances help to fight Russia Post WWII Vietnam o French reestablish colonial control o US supports the French o Dien Bien Phu (1954) Vietnamese rise up against French and beat them Geneva Accords (1954) o Independent Laos and Cambodia o Vietnam divided at 17th parallel o Elections and ratifications promised to happen in 1956 o US and South Vietnam do not sign, but agree to follow Eisenhower and Vietnam (1950) o Domino Theory: Communism would spread through Asia like dominoes falling o 2000 military advisers stationed in the Republic of Vietnam o Premier Ngo Dinh Diem Catholic Nationalist Suppressed Communists Suppressed Buddhists Means that locals are not happy with him Kennedy and Vietnam o Diem failed to enact social and economic reforms o Buddhist demonstrations continue o US advisors upped to 16000 o Diem overthrown and murdered

Johnsons War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) o American ships are fired upon o Issue resolution that gives Johnson broad powers to conduct war US Political Aims o Keep Vietnam from becoming communist o Ensure Saigon control of the Republic of Vietnam US Military Aims o Deter Peoples Republic of China from intervening This means this war is a limited war not a total war o Defeat Vietnam Communism and North Vietnam in Republic of Vietnam

4/17/12 Popular Music: Represents a Change in Culture Influences o Blues o Country Hank Williams Move it on Over o Gospel

o Big-beat jazz o Mick Jagger (Rolling Stones) Church Influences o Otis Redding Antebellum South Slave spirituals Change Gonna Come Mainstream Media o Corporate is controlled by white executives o Boring Patti Pages How Much is that Doggy in the Window? The treat of Rock n Roll o Jungle rhythms o Lawlessness o Sexual orgies o Disregard for decency New Orleans Citizens Council o Youth are undermining morals Elvis Presley o Adopted African American musical ideas and elements o Southern o White o Separation of adult and teen domains Blue jeans Greasy hair Sideburns o [Presley] Will turn our young people into open revolt This change is upsetting society Chuck Berry o Faster beat than blues or country o Songs about the youth lifestyles Cars, schools, teachers, soda shops Whites and blacks both like him Late 50s, Early 60s o Elvis goes into US army o Chuck Berry arrested for human trafficking o Jerry Lee Lewis disgraced for marrying 13yr old cousin Center Stage o A change in the music scene Pop tunes and ballads are popular Rock loses its vitality Rock goes underground Very popular in Europe Surfs Up: Beach Boys o Doesnt have the hard edge like rock n roll does o Affluent, young CA suburbanites Beaches Girls Souped-up muscle cars Martha and The Vendellas: MOTOWN = founded on black enterprise o Peaceful black and white integration o Process in civil rights movements o Appealed to black and white audiences Folk o Sen. Joseph McCarthy calls them communists o Serious and authentic about real issues War, hunger, poverty Bob Dylan o Songs had a message o Born on the 4th of July Ron is at home before going to war and his brother is strumming Dylans Times are A-changing

Beatles o Rejuvenated American rock n roll o African American rooted music o Crossed gender and race lines o Troubled the parental generation o Did a cover of Chuck Berrys song 1965-1970 Changes o Distinctive sound (The Byrds)- funky, psychedelic Folk rock Electric guitars Beatles musical influence Dylans lyrical influence Psychedelic Sound o Beatles one of the pioneers o Drug experimentation o New sexual attitudes o Communal living o Escape plastic society Plastic meaning phony or fake Late 60s Campus Culture o Against Vietnam war Racism Military industrial complex o Supported 3rd world guerrilla movements Che Guevara Maoists o Us vs. them mentality Generational separation Establishment Reaction o Nixons silent majority Most of the US is working hard, not protesting o Spoiled college kids are the ones who are protesting o Expressions of patriotism Flag decals on everything love it or leave it bumper stickers

Vietnam Challenges o History and culture of Vietnam are not understood o Enemy safe havens in Laos Cambodia o Truthfulness: Americans exaggerated their progress o Lack of popular support in Vietnam for the Saigon government o Regime installed by Americans not Vietnamese o Corruption o Burden on the US because of the war Neither for free Johnson is trying to introduce healthcare/welfare o American is impatient WHAM: Winning the Heart and Minds of the Vietnamese People Gen. William Westmoreland o Pacification: pacify the villages so that they can protect themselves against the enemy o War of attrition: we have to kill more of them than they kill of us o Search and destroy o Supporting arms: artillery and air Johnson and Vietnam (1965) o Rolling Thunder: bombing campaign against north Vietnam o Development of ground forces o Main force engagements

Battle of Ia Drang America wins North Vietnamese figure out that they must do something different Neighborhood Guys o Family tradition of service o Mostly middle class But all classes are represented o Draft eligible, but volunteer anyway o God-fearing o Anti- Communist o New Frontiersman: Kennedys speech Come characteristics of total war Psychological operations o Air planes dropped How to Surrender pamphlets on the Vietnamese US Sentiment Turns o At 1st they are supportive of the war o Towards the end Less supportive 13,000 Americans killed San Francisco: Summer of Love o

4/19/2012 Vietnam Continued Psychological Operations o Japanese shot these flyers out of cannons at American troops Photo with Americans protesting the war Encouragement for African Americans to fight for their own justice 1968 Tet Offensive o Put a dent in the armor of the peace movement in the US This battle was an example of Americans fighting in defense o Coordinated Vietnam attacks o Saigon and provincial capitals attacked o Failed attack on US embassy o Hue seized Nixon and Vietnam (late 60s to early 70s) o Johnson declines to run in 1968 He is broken from the Vietnam War o Nixon is elected o Peace with honor Get out of the war o Paris peace talks with Kissinger o Increased bombing to increase the leverage over Vietnamese o Vietnamization: turn things over to Vietnam and get Americans out o My Lai becomes public information (1969): US tried to cover up the accidental murder of Vietnamese civilians o Cambodian incursion (1970): US invades Cambodia Makes peace activists mad because Nixon said that the war was ending o Kent State shooting (1970): peace activists protest goes bad o Pentagon Papers (1971): analysis that showed that US will not win the war is stolen and revealed to the public The War Ends o Last US combat troops leave in 1973 o Saigon falls April 30, 1975 and North Vietnamese win Legacy of Vietnam War o South Vietnamese are suffering Re-education camps Boat people: trying to leave Over a million refuges o Dominoes: Take over by communism Laos Cambodia

Un-Dominoes: not communist Philippines Thailand Taiwan o Domestic and international opposition to US military intervention abroad o Skepticism of idea of globalization o Emphasis on domestic issues without distraction of a war Lessons from the Vietnam War o Dont get involved in an Asian land war o Intervene in international conflict only is vital US interests are at stake Hard to determine what are vital US interests o Avoid simplistic reasoning o American power has its limits o

4/24/2012 Nixon Presidency: Triumph to Disgrace Nixon and Foreign Relations o Recognition of Communist China (The Peoples Republic of China on mainland China) o Dtente with Soviet Union Nixons Fall o Watergate break-in: trying to find dirt on Democrats and figure out how they are going to run against Nixon, but they get caught o Presidency attempted to cover it up o Public threatened impeachment o Nixon resigns, Ford takes over as president Economy o Environmentalism: not a new idea (Roosevelt) Environmental Protection Agency Regulation: last thing industries want o Deindustrialization Steel: Japanese steel is being imported to US Weaker unions o Households Two incomes: mom and dad working o Population growth Southward and Westward Jimmy Carter (1976): beat Ford in the election o Situations Unemployment Inflation Energy o Democrat o Camp David Accords (1978): peace treaty Arabs Jews of Egypt o SALT II: arms reduction o Panama Canal agreement to give the land back to Panama o Aid to mujahedeen (Afghanistan) who were invaded by Soviets Lots of Muslims are fighting back against Soviets o Iran hostage crisis US refuses to hold Shah Iran seizes US embassy

1970 Shift from Liberalism to Conservatism Liberal Society o Civil Rights Affirmative action: organizations must justify why they do not have lots of minorities Busing: achieves racial balance in the schools o Womens Rights

ERS (Equal Rights Amendment) Roe vs. Wade (1973) Gay Rights Access to public places Equal protection under law Form a voting bloc

Culture o

TV and Film Adult themes Sexuality o Religion blossoming Evangelical Family values TV Conservatism o Against big government o Law and order stance o Fed up with youth protesting everything Background o Sen. Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) 1964 candidate; lost to LBJ Opposed New Deal Liberalism Against expanding government Criticized containment policy (scared people) Conservatism Elements o Anticommunist o Free-market economy o Religious moralism Conservatives Against o Urban unrest o Supreme Court decisions on Abortion Pornography School busing Conservatism o Gov. Ronald Reagan (CA) Republican Wins 1980 election against Carter Reagans Support o Southern whites o Religious right (conservatives) o Law and order o Reagan Democrats Blue collar Catholics Reagan Foreign Policy o Dtente discredited o USSR= evil empire o US military buildup o Support for right-wing regimes: not as sensitive to human rights o Iran-Contra affair Iran and Iraq at war US sells anti-tank missiles to Iran No evidence Reagan knew about this Marine Lieutenant Colonel takes the blame Reaganomics o Cut taxes o Trickle down: rich people doing well, everyone will do good o High expenditures for defense (600 ship Navy) o Deregulation o NO entitlement cuts

US Economic Reality o Prosperity: WWII-1970 o By 1985, negative trade balance o Shift to services (financial, medical) o Tech industry advancements Soviet Union o High defense expenditures o Really bad economy o Gorbacher and Reagan like each other Gorbacher: developing social, political, and economic reforms o Dissolution: 1989-1991 o Berlin Wall falls in 1989 Global Politics o Jewish State of Israel (1948) o US supporter of Israel o Israel is a true democracy Strategic Importance of Middle East o Oil o Military bases o Proximity to Soviet Union: easy for containment Geo Political Trends o Decolonization (western influence is not welcome) o Nationalism Britains Diminishing Role o Balfour Declaration (1917): Support for Jewish homeland o League of Nations Mandate (1922): force Britain to provide homeland for Jews o Abandonment of Mandate (1948) Instability o Through 50s and 60s o Repeated crisis Arab state about Israel o NO recognition o NO negotiation o NO peace Six Day War (1967) o Egyptians blockade water access to Israel o Israel launches strike o Israel defeats Allied Arab States o Israel occupied Golan Heights Gaza Strip West Bank Iranian Hostage Crisis o Shah is in US hospital o US will not give up Shah o 50 US embassy members taken hostage o Carter launches failed rescue attempt (1980) o Jan. 20, 1981 hostages are released Day Reagan is sworn in Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) o US supported Iraq on the surface o US olds arms to Iran o Iraq used poison gas o Ceasefire and stalemate Soviet Invasion Against Afghanistan o 1978-1988 o US support Afghanistan o Stinger missiles given to freedom fighters o Osama bin Laden

Desert Storm Desert Shield (1990-1991)

Desert Storm o Coalition forces o Aftermath Iraq driven from Kuwait Kuwaits sovereignty restored Saddam Hussein still in power