Energy Wise Hotels

Energy Wise Hotels
TOOLKIT DECEMBER 2007
City of Melbourne, December 2007 PO Box 1603, Melbourne, Victoria 3001 Hotline 61 3 9658 9658 TTY 61 3 9658 9461 Email enquiries@melbourne.vic.gov.au Web www.melbourne.vic.gov.au This is a publication of the Melbourne City Council. The Energy Wise Hotel Toolkit is printed on Monza Satin Recycled. Monza has a high 55% recycled fibre content, including 30% pre-consumer and 25% post-consumer waste and FSC certified pulp. Monza Recycled is sourced from sustainable plantation wood and is Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF). Disclaimer statement The content that appears in this publication is provided for information purposes only. No claim is made as to the accuracy or authenticity of the content. Sustainability Victoria does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this publication or incorporated into it by reference. The information in the Sustainability Victoria publication is provided on the basis that all persons using the publication undertake responsibility for assessing the relevance and accuracy of its content. Sustainability Victoria does not accept any liability for loss or damages incurred as a result of reliance placed upon the content of this publication.
02 Energy Wise Hotel TOOLKIT
The Energy Wise Hotels Toolkit
Introduction
The hotel industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world due to increased tourism and market globalisation. At the same time hotels are providing more facilities and services to customers, leading to increased energy consumption. As the cost of energy in Australia is increasing, and its use is shown to accelerate climate change, the hotel industry is becoming more aware of the impact of their business on the environment. Today most guests are aware of climate change due to the generation and consumption of energy. The Energy Wise Hotels Toolkit has been developed to assist accommodation service providers to reduce their energy consumption. The toolkit also outlines energy consumption patterns in hotels and the impact this has on our environment. This toolkit provides comprehensive recommendations on energy reduction opportunities with technical explanations. Hotel management can use the toolkit to develop the action plans necessary to improve the energy efficiency of the hotel, without sacrificing the comfort of guests. This not only makes the hotel business more profitable but presents a favourable image of hotels that can be marketed.
Who is this Toolkit for?

The Energy Wise Hotels Toolkit has been developed for: hotel management; engineers; and staff members responsible for training and work practices. The toolkit is divided into chapters to enable hotel operators to apply relevant information to their own hotel. Each chapter may not be relevant for every hotel, depending on the structure and utilities at each hotel. The toolkit is based on information obtained from a series of 10 energy audits undertaken as part of the City of Melbournes Savings in the City Green Hotels program. Case studies carried out by Energy Efficiency Opportunities Australia (EEO) are also sourced throughout the toolkit, as well as information collected from general surveys and consultancies in energy conservation.
Energy Wise Hotel TOOLKIT 03
Using this Toolkit

This toolkit comprises nine sections:
Section 1: Why be energy efficient?

Outlines benefits of conserving energy
Section 2: Energy use and performance indicators

Identifies which areas in hotels are generally the largest energy consumers
Section 3: Energy monitoring and tracking

Deals with the key parameters to be monitored and tracked in order to improve energy efficiency
Section 4: Taking action

Explains how to start implementing energy saving ideas in your hotel
Section 5: Understanding energy

Basic explanation of energy
Section 6: Energy saving initiatives

Outlines possible energy saving opportunities for hotels
Section 7: Involving staff and guests

Outline of engagement and training techniques for staff and guests
Section 8: Renewable energy

Explains the role and value of sourcing energy from renewable sources such as wind, power and solar power
Section 9: Technology discussion

Includes three fact sheets with more detailed information and tips to aid energy conservation in your establishment. These include: lighting; heating, ventilation and air conditioning; variable speed drives; and environmental management systems.
The Energy Wise Hotels Toolkit
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following organisations for their help and information: Enman Pty Ltd www.enman.com.au EEO, Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources www.energyefficiencyopportunities.gov.au Crowne Plaza, Melbourne www.crowneplaza.com.au Grand Hyatt, Melbourne www.grandhyatt.com.au Hotel Ibis, Melbourne www.hotelibis.com.au Jasper Hotel www.jasperhotel.com.au Saville City Suites, East Melbourne www.savillehotelgroup.com Saville on Russell, Melbourne www.savillehotelgroup.com Melbourne Marriott www.marriott.com.au Sofitel Grand Hotel, Melbourne www.sofitel.com.au Sebel Melbourne www.mirvachotels.com.au Hilton on the Park, Melbourne www.hiltonhotels.com.au This Energy Wise Hotels Toolkit was researched and produced by Enman Pty Ltd.
Why be energy efficient?
Why save energy?

Energy is fundamental for maintaining comfort standards in a hotel however it is important this energy is used efficiently. Like water and waste efficiencies, the benefits of being energy efficient are: reducing your hotels environmental impact; cost saving on energy bills; and enhancing your hotels reputation for protecting the environment. Energy is the largest generator of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases cause global warming which is detrimental to our natural environment systems. Some of the effects of global warming are: a rise in sea level causing coastal damage; an increase in the likelihood of extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods and cyclones; health impacts because of the spread of tropical-borne diseases, the increase of flooding and other such climate changes; damage to ecosystems and species diversity; damage to agricultural output and food supply; and an increase in the earths surface temperature causing heat stress and damage. Reducing the energy consumption in hotels helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Refer to Appendix B for details about the environmental impact due to energy generation and use.
Energy use and performance indicators
Before energy use can be reduced in a hotel, motel, serviced apartment or hostel, it is necessary to understand where energy is being consumed. It is also helpful to compare your hotels energy consumption to other similar hotels.
2.1 Energy balance

An energy balance shows where and how much energy is being used in the hotel. The two most common sources of energy consumed in hotels are: electricity; and thermal energy this is usually natural gas, however in remote places LPG and other forms of fuel are used. Typical energy consumption in hotels is spread relatively evenly to a number of uses including kitchens, heating, cooling and lighting. This is shown in Figure 2.1 below.
Figure 2.1: Example of total energy consumed in a hotel
7% Pump 7% Kitchen 10% Electric heating 10% AHU, FCU and ventilation fan 10% Laundry 10% Lighting 3% Refrigeration 13% Space heating 14% Domestic & pool water heating 15% Chiller 1% Miscellaneous
Most of these uses are serviced by electricity (See Figure 2.2), with gas primarily used for hot water and heating (see Figure 2.3).
Figure 2.2: Typical electricity consumption
5.6% Refrigeration 12.0% Pump 18.7% Lighting 17.6% AHU, FCU and ventilation fan 17.2% Electric heating 26.6% Chiller 2.3% Miscellaneous
Figure 2.3: Typical thermal (gas) consumption
32% domestic & pool water heating
30% Space heating
22% Laundry
16% kitchen
2.2 How much energy can you save?

It is very important to know how energy efficient your hotel is and where potential savings could be made through energy conservation.
Performance indicators and benchmarking

Benchmarking your initial energy use is a convenient way to compare the energy efficiency of hotels. It is important for the benchmark to consider the star quality rating of a hotel so that the comparison is meaningful. Benchmarks are also known as an energy index or as performance indicators. Energy performance benchmarking is an internal management tool designed to provide ongoing, reliable and verifiable tracking of the hotels performance. Realistic targets can then be set for improving efficiency by hotel management. The most useful performance indicators of hotels are: gigajoules (GJ) per square metre of floor area; and GJ per guest. Table 2.1 shows energy benchmarks that are used by hotels in Australia.
Table 2.1: Benchmarks for energy consumption per square metre (GJ/m2.year) for a hotel
Rating Very Good Good Satisfactory Poor Very Poor
Energy use (GJ/m2.year) < 0.95 0.95 - 1.09 1.09 - 1.24 1.24 - 1.38 > 1.38
Note: Benchmark figures are based on surveys conducted on hotels in various regions, and buildings of similar nature by Benchmark Hotel, EEO (Energy Efficiency Office) and IHG Hotels operating results.
Energy monitoring and tracking
To achieve energy savings it is important to monitor and track energy consumption, and generate reports on a regular basis. Such a system forms the basis of any ongoing and sustainable energy management program.
There are standard software packages available to monitor and track energy and greenhouse gas emissions. However, hotels and hotel groups can easily create their own simple database. Some of the key features required for tracking energy efficiency are: comparison of energy consumption and key performance indicators; bar graphs of energy use and performance index for 12 months over the past few years as shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2; and comparison of actual energy use against target consumption (Figure 3.3). The target can be generated according to seasonally adjusted monthly energy use.
Figure 3.1: Bar graph of electricity consumption over three years
120
Electricity Consumptions (MWh/year)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2004
2005
2006
Figure 3.2: Bar graph of natural gas consumption over three years
120 100
Gas Consumptions (GJ/year)
80 60 40 20 0
2004
2005
2006
Figure 3.3: Actual electricity consumption versus target consumption
120
Electricity Consumptions (MWh/year)
100 80 60 40 20 0
Actual
Target
Taking Action
In order to implement successful energy saving you must have a well structured and realistic plan with management support.
4.1 Following an energy management framework

Adopting a sustainable energy management framework is the first step of any energy and greenhouse gas emission reduction program. When developing an energy management plan it is recommended you consider the steps shown in the following flow chart:
Figure 4.1: Energy management plan represented in a flow chart
Adopt a Corporate energy policy
Develop an energy management plan
Adopt a Energy management coordinator
Identify and train energy champions
Non-capital intensive Energy Management Initiative
Capital intensive Energy Management Initiative
The following sections outline each stage of the framework in more detail.
4.1.1 Corporate energy policy

A corporate energy policy sets the directive and basis on which the energy management plan is developed. This policy must be approved by senior management and endorsed by the CEO. The policy is then circulated to all staff to ensure a common understanding by staff at all levels. The corporate energy policy should link to other environmental policies, primarily waste and water management. An example of a corporate energy policy is shown at Appendix A.
4.1.2 Developing an energy management plan

The energy management plan is the plan of action to improve the energy efficiency of a hotel by setting out clear objectives and targets. To achieve these objectives, management needs to assign responsibilities and allocate resources.
4.1.3 Energy management coordinators

An energy management coordinator is required for all accommodation establishments; one per hotel or one per group of hotels of the same chain. Their responsibility is to manage and coordinate all energy management functions in the hotel. The coordinator needs to monitor and report energy consumption and performance as well as drive all of the planned energy management initiatives (EMIs) of the hotel. The coordinator must be fully trained and motivated to carry out the required tasks efficiently and effectively.
4.1.4 Energy champions

Energy champions are staff members who can assist with the day-to-day energy management action plan. Hotel service engineers and other supervising staff are the ideal people to be designated as energy champions. Energy champions should be properly trained along with the energy coordinator to achieve satisfactory outcomes for the hotel. This is a great professional development opportunity for motivated staff.
4.1.5 Introduce energy awareness program

Introducing an energy awareness program consists of several components which are discussed in detail later in this toolkit. These are: education program; display of corporate commitment in staff member common areas; and promotion of energy management through various means including stickers.
Figure 4.2: An example of energy sticker
Understanding energy
It is important to understand the basics of energy to monitor and control it.
A guide to understanding energy units

What does the term power mean?
The term power refers to the rate of change of energy. It is a way of describing the capacity needed to make appliances or equipment operate effectively. For example: A lamp of 100 wattage: Power is 100 wattage A heater rated 1 kilowatt (KW): Power is 1 kW (1000 wattage)
What does the term energy mean?

The term energy links power to length of time. ENERGY = POWER x TIME OF OPERATION ENERGY = WORK DONE BY A SOURCE Unit of energy = Joule (J) 1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1 kilowatt operates for 1 hour = 10 lamps operate for 1 hour = The heater operates for 1 hour 1 kW = 3.6MJ/hr 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
How do energy and power link together?

Most common units: POWER = kW , joules/sec ENERGY = kWh , GJ 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
1 Btu = 1.05506 kJ or 2519 kcal 1 calorie = 4.187 joules
What are the main types of electric power transmission?

1. Three-phase electricity Many electric motors employ a three-phase load design which runs three alternating currents of the same frequency at different times to give constant power in an efficient, compact and longer-lasting way. Used in pumps, fans, blowers, compressors and some air-conditioning units. Power (kW) = Volts (line) x Amps (line) x 3 x Pf
Note: The power factor (Pf) of electric motors is designed at around 0.8 to 0.9. The Pf decreases as motor load decreases.
2. Single-phase electricity Employs a single circuit of electricity current. kW = Volts x Amps x Pf Example 1: 1 kW motor (full load) operates for 16 hrs/day, 300 days/year Power = 1 kW Energy = 1 x 16 hrs/day x 300 days /year = 4,800 kWh/year
5.1 Greenhouse gas emission factors

Once the amount of power and energy used for operations is understood, it can then be converted into greenhouse gas emissions. Factors used to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions associated with consumption of different fuels and activities are provided below: Electricity greenhouse gas emission factor: 1.325 kg CO2-e/kWh Natural gas greenhouse gas emission factor (Small user <100,000 GJ pa): 63.6kg CO2-e/GJ These emission factors are sourced from the AGO Factors and Methods Workbook and are updated on an annual basis. www.greenhouse.gov.au/workbook/index.html
5.2 Energy prices

The table below shows the structure of a typical electricity bill. Based on the prices shown in the table, a number of energy charges have been calculated and listed.
Table 5.1 - Breakdown of electricity prices for typical electricity bill structure
Typical cost Energy Peak Off-peak Network Network peak Network off-peak Network standing charge Demand Other E&REC MRET NEMCO ancillary charge NEMCO pool fees Meter provision Retail service fee $6/ kW-month 0.1 c/kWh 0.07 c/kWh 0.05 c/kWh $900 pa 6 c/kWh 3 c/kWh 2.5 c/kWh 0.8 c/kWh
5.3 Calculating the cost of electricity.

To calculate the cost savings from the estimated energy savings, you need to know the real cost of energy per kWh you save, cost savings from the bill which is shown as average charges as below. Example energy charges: Peak charges: 8.72 c/kWh Off-peak charges: 4.02 c/kWh Average charges: 7.31c/kWh (Assuming 70 per cent peak and 30 per cent off-peak energy use) Demand cost: $72/kW-month
Energy saving initiative
Energy savings equal financial savings. Hotels can deliver a range of energy saving initiatives grouped as either:
Initiatives that require little or no capital. These are the energy management initiatives to consider first in your energy management plan as they require little or no finance and are simple to do. Initiatives that require capital investment. These should be considered based on individual merit. These opportunities are outlined in more detail in the following sections.
6.1 Energy management initiatives the first steps

Simple energy management initiatives that require little or no financing include: changing operations and practices around the hotel; purchasing energy efficient equipment; energy efficient maintenance; and introducing an energy awareness program for staff and guests.
6.1.1 Change of operational practice

By simply altering the operations of your accommodation facility you can save a large amount of energy with little cost. Some of the simplest ways to conserve energy are:
Lights
Turn off lights when not required. Lights in common areas are under staff control; therefore staff should turn off lights in common areas when not in use. This can be achieved by conducting a staff awareness program. Dim reception and foyer lights from late night to early morning when there is minimal activity. This can be achieved whilst still maintaining guest safety and comfort. Lights in guest rooms are under guest control. Encourage guests to turn off lights through energy and climate change promotional stickers. Invite guests to join the efforts of the hotel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and inform them of some of the hotels initiatives. This will encourage guests to reduce their own energy use.
Air conditioning
Similar to lighting, the air conditioning can be turned off when its use is not necessary. Increasing the room temperature during cooling provides energy savings of around five to 10 per cent of the cooling load. It is recommended the cooling temperature is set to 24C.
Heating
Decreasing the room temperature during the cooler months can lower the heating load by five to 10 per cent. It is recommended the heating temperature is set at 18C.
Kitchen
Turn off the exhaust fans in the kitchen when not required. Reduce the speed of fans during times of low kitchen activity by using a variable speed drive. Installing a variable speed drive is a wise financial investment, as the reductions in energy bills quickly repay the initial investment.
Hot water
Set hot water temperature to as low as possible. The recommended hot water temperature is around 60C.
Office equipment
Turn off office equipment such as computers, computer screens and printers when not in use, especially after hours. Explain the benefits to staff so they participate in reducing the energy needs from office equipment. Always enable energy star features on office equipment to give it the ability to power down or sleep when they are not being used and wake up when they are needed. For more information refer to the Australian Department of Environment Green Office Guide 2001.
6.1.2 Buying energy efficient equipment

Incorporate the purchase of energy efficient equipment into the energy management program. Typically energy efficient equipment is more expensive than the standard option; however the energy savings achieved usually provide adequate paybacks. In addition, equipment needs to be replaced periodically anyway so this is often a perfect opportunity to invest in energy efficient equipment. Some examples of energy efficient equipment are: Office equipment typically any equipment with a star rating showing is a highly energy efficient product. A flat screen monitor uses less energy than a traditional CRT monitor; and laptops consume less energy than desktops. The hard drive of an average computer uses 49 watts when fully turned on, 29 watts when asleep and two watts when switched off. The average monitor uses 60 watts when in use, 6.5 watts when in sleep mode and one watt when switched off. Make sure energy saving modes are installed on computers and are operational. Use recycled paper which requires 90 per cent less water and 50 per cent less energy to produce and whenever possible print on both sides of the page. Buy other recycled or reused products wherever possible such as furniture. Lease photocopiers where possible. Laundry services buy washing machines and dryers with higher energy star ratings that show energy efficiency performance. Be sure to consider water efficiency when making these purchases.
Motors and chillers purchase higher energy efficiency equipment. It is worth paying more for an energy efficient motor (likely to be an increased cost of around 10 to 20 per cent) with an efficiency of between two and four per cent. Over the likely 20-year life of the equipment, the capital outlay is small compared to the cost of running it as shown in Figure 6.1 below.
Figure 6.1: Life Cycle Costs of a 55 kW Motor
1.4% Motor cost 98.6% Energy cost
Assumption: 20-year service life with an electricity price of 10/kWh.
Lighting buy compact fluorescent lamps instead of incandescent, this can achieve energy saving of around 75 per cent. Refrigeration the energy efficiency of refrigerators varies by 50 per cent even if they meet new stringent minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) introduced in 2005. When purchasing a new refrigerator consider high energy star ratings over cheaper, low star refrigerators as these models will offer greater cost savings.
6.1.3 Energy efficient maintenance

The present trend in the accommodation industry is to cut down maintenance costs allowing just enough to keep everything running smoothly. However, extending the maintenance from preventative or breakdown maintenance to energy efficient maintenance proves to be cheaper in the long-term. Energy efficient maintenance reduces energy costs and extends the life of equipment. Some of these maintenance procedures are:
Air handling units

Air handling units condition the air and recirculate it to areas for cooling, heating and ventilation. Maintenance procedures include: Replacement of filters in air handling units and fan coil units. The filters can be cleaned or replaced about twice a year. This improves energy efficiency as well as room air quality. Regular calibration check of thermostat control for the air conditioning system. Cleaning the motor casings. Belt drive A V-belt is one of the most common types of power transmission to fans in air handling units. If the tension of the belt is too high or low or the belt is worn out, the transmission efficiency of the motor is reduced. Transmission efficiency is dependent on pulley size, torque, under or over belting and V-belt construction. Belt tension is also a very important parameter. Under and over belting can cause an efficiency drop of as high as five per cent.
Regular checking of the damper control many of the air handling units found in hotels have an economy cycle. This allows the fresh air and relief air dampers to open or close depending on ambient weather conditions. The economy cycle can reduce the cooling load by up to 30 per cent. It has been observed previously in other hotels that dampers are often faulty or frozen which causes the system to operate inefficiently.
Cooling towers
New types of cooling towers with condensers are emerging. These are mixed wet and dry types which are more water and energy efficient. These condensing cooling towers operate as air-cooled systems in winter and water-cooled systems in summer. Regular checking of cooling tower performance it is sometimes found that cooling tower capacity reduces due to: unequal water distribution; water not wetting the cooling tower pack; or the spay nozzles not spraying efficiently. As a result, the cooling capacity is reduced along with the energy efficiency of supplied chillers.
Motors
Rewinding motors motors are used for pumps, fans, chillers and a large amount of other equipment. As they fail they are normally rewound. Rewinding a motor is cheaper than purchasing a new motor; however each time a motor is rewound its energy efficiency is reduced. The efficiency of rewound motors drops due to the intense heat applied in the stripping of old windings and from using cheaper, thinner gauge wire. Rewinds are normally priced at between 60 and 80 per cent of the price of a standard new motor. On average, the efficiency of a motor decreases by about one per cent each time the motor is rewound. Supply voltage when the three-phase voltages are not equal, the motor losses increase substantially. This is normally due to unequal distribution of the single-phase loads, such as lighting. A modest phase imbalance of two per cent can increase motor losses by 25 per cent or overall motor efficiency by around 1.6 per cent. When operating at less than 95 per cent of design voltage, motors typically lose efficiency by two to four per cent. Supply voltage over and under the rated voltage can also significantly reduce energy efficiency.
6.2 Energy management initiatives capital intensive

Capital intensive initiatives are energy saving projects that require small to large financing. These projects should be considered based on their individual merits which include: payback time how quickly the works pay for themselves in the form of reduced energy bills and maintenance costs; quantity of saving of financial dollars and greenhouse emissions; and other associated benefits such as water, waste, health, noise and amenity improvements.
6.2.1 Energy saving in HVAC systems

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) are typically a major energy user in hotels. HVAC can consume as much as 70 per cent of a hotels total energy consumption. However, this is also an area where significant improvements can be made. Energy efficiency improvement of up to 50 per cent is achievable depending on HVAC configuration control and operation. The energy saving opportunities in HVAC systems are: Economy cycle this is one of the most commonly recommended energy saving functions for HVAC systems. The economics of retrofitting an economy cycle depend on the following factors: Capacity of the AHU fan sizes less than 5 kW are less economically viable. Fresh air supply duct size if the fresh air duct which brings the fresh air to the AHU does not require any modification to bring 100 per cent fresh air it is easy and more economically viable to retrofit an economy cycle. Control system if there is a building management system (BMS) the facility should use direct digital control (DDC) and enthalpy-based control to provide more energy savings. The anticipated energy saving is around 25 per cent in Melbourne. If there is an economy cycle fitted, then check the operation as follows: - Is the controller still functional? - Is the controller calibrated correctly? Economiser an economiser is a heat recovery system. Installing an economiser is a good way to improve the energy efficiency of a HVAC system. An economiser is more economically viable when implemented during the installation of the HVAC system. You should consider an economiser when the AHU system is on 100 per cent fresh air. Economisers are generally more viable in extreme weather conditions such as very cold or very hot. Melbournes weather is suitable for the use of economisers. Variable speed drive (VSD) installing variable speed drives on supply and return air fans is a new trend in energy management. Implementation as a retrofit is very simple and economically viable. Conventionally VSD were viable only if the system was designed as a VAV (variable air volume) system. However, an advanced control algorithm allows you to implement a VSD for any type of air conditioning system. The anticipated energy saving is around 45 per cent of the fan energy depending on the algorithm used for control and the humidity requirement in the space. As hotel air conditioning generally functions to provide comfort conditions, humidity is not a critical parameter. Infiltration of air reducing the infiltration of ambient air into air conditioned spaces reduces the air conditioning load. The guest entrance door in the foyer of the hotel is an area where automatic double doors or revolving doors can be considered. Room temperature setting room temperature setting is one of most important criteria for energy conservation through change of operational practice. It is recommended room temperatures in winter are set as low as possible; even as low as 18C and during summer as high as 25C.
Chiller system chillers are another large energy consumer in the hotel industry. Chiller efficiency can be improved by measures outlined below. Use energy efficient chillers: if chillers are old, replace them with a water-cooled turbo compressor fitted with a VSD. This can improve energy efficiency by up to 400 per cent. Use a different size or capacity of chiller: a smaller capacity chiller should be used in low load conditions and a larger chiller for high load conditions. Operating a chiller at part-load conditions reduces the efficiency of a conventional fixed speed chiller. Electronic expansion valve (for reciprocating compressors): if the expansion valve is electromechanical, replace it with modern electronic valve. This can improve efficiency by around 15 per cent. Use a chiller with remote set point control facility. It is common practice to design the cooling tower with minimum capacity. Increasing the cooling tower capacity can increase chiller efficiency. Therefore, provide adequate cooling capacity for cooling tower. Use a common cooling tower for all chillers with common header and discharge this not only provides the opportunity to save energy but also provides greater reliability of the chiller system. Use variable speed drives for the following areas: - secondary chilled water pump; - primary chilled water pump; - condenser water pump; and - cooling tower fans VSD for a cooling tower fan not only reduces fan energy but also can improve energy efficiency of the chiller compressor. Tune control system to avoid simultaneous heating and cooling. Insulate ducts and chilled water pipes to prevent heat gain. Energy efficient comfort condition of HVAC system the comfort level of air conditioned spaces depends on the following variables: - gender; - activity; - relative humidity and dry bulb temperature; and - air movement. Refer to section 9.2.2 for more information on air conditioning comfort
Why cool high?

Adjust your cooling comfort zone to as high as possible. An increase of 1C in temperature will reduce your energy consumption by five to 10 per cent.
Why heat low?

Adjust your heating comfort zone to as low as possible. A decrease of 1C in room temperature will reduce your energy consumption by five to 10 per cent.
Glazing and shading glass windows are one of the major contributors to air conditioning load. Appropriate measures must be taken to ensure hotel windows are efficient. Some energy saving measures that can be implemented are: window glazing a double-glazed window will not only reduce the cooling and heating load of the building but also reduces noise levels in the building; use of energy efficient glass that allows less heat to transfer through the glass; use of tinted glass to reduce solar absorption this not only reduces energy consumption but also improves comfort conditions in the hotel. It is especially effective for windows facing north and west. Building insulation building insulation also helps reduce the heating and cooling load of a hotel. The following forms of insulation will be of assistance: roof and wall insulation; roof paint use light or white colour, or specialised solar coating to deflect solar radiation; building shading planting of trees around the sunny side of the building to provide shade for lower levels of the building.
6.2.2 Key card room control

Hotel key card control is one of the largest potential energy savings of all initiatives identified during this program. Guest rooms are the largest energy consumers in hotels due to air conditioning and lighting use by guests. Rooms are usually unoccupied for a substantial amount of time but the air conditioning and lights are normally left on by guests. Depending upon the policy of the hotel, the cleaners sometimes turn off the air conditioning, lights and television. Key card room control is a convenient way to turn off air conditioning and lighting when the rooms are not occupied. Some 41/2 to 5-star rated hotels are opposed to the concept of key card control as the room temperature is outside the comfort zone when guests return to the room (warm in summer and cold in winter). Introducing key card room control is recommended with either of the following two options: option 1 turn off air conditioning and lighting when room is unoccupied. option 2 turn off lighting only when room is unoccupied, and reset the room temperature to an acceptable temperature such as 26C in warmer months and 18C in cooler months.
6.2.3 Lighting systems

Lighting is one of the major energy consumers in hotels. However, lamp technology is continually evolving, resulting in increased energy efficiency. There are also many simple lighting control techniques that can be implemented to improve energy efficiency or reduce energy wastage. Major energy saving opportunities are: Use of energy efficient lamps: Incandescent lamps: change incandescent lamps to compact fluorescent lamps (CFL). This can provide energy savings of up to 80 per cent. The cost of CFL is continually dropping due to increased demand. The life of CFL is also much longer at around 6000 to 15,000 hours, compared to 1000 to 2000 hours for incandescent lamps.
Dichroic lamps: replace dichroic lamps either with compact fluorescent or LED lamps. A 50W dichroic lamp can be replaced by a 7W compact fluorescent or 2W LED. The same fittings can be used for the new lamps, decreasing the installation costs. A 2W LED lamp has a little less light output than a 50W dichroic lamp. Fluorescent lamps: replace 36 W standard fluorescent lamps with 36W energy efficient triphosphor tubes. The triphosphor tube provides around 30 per cent greater light output than the 36W tube. The most efficient fluorescent lamps are T5 lamps. These lamps require new electronic ballasts with a dimming option. They are economically viable when a complete lighting refurbishment is undertaken. High bay lamps: replace mercury vapour lamps by pulse-type metal halide or sodium lamps. Low pressure sodium lamps have an orange colour light output and may not be suitable for some applications. Lighting level: over lighting wastes energy. It is important to measure the lux level of areas and minimise these levels where necessary in order to meet Australian Standards for the activities undertaken. If an area is over lit, de-lamping or dimming may be considered to reduce lighting levels. Australian Standards for lighting levels for different areas are shown in Table 9.3. Lighting control - Use energy saving voltage control for fluorescent lamps. - Use timer control for areas which have set occupancy times. - Use of motion detectors when lighting is not required continuously in areas such as conference rooms. - Use lux controllers in areas that receive ambient daylight through windows. These controllers can turn lamps off and on, or dim them depending on the ambient daylight. This type of control is also called daylight compensation control. Refer to section 9.1 for more information about how much you can save with energy efficient lighting.
6.2.4 Hot water boiler

Hot water boilers are generally used in domestic hot water generation and space heating. There are many energy saving opportunities in hot water systems. Some of these are: Fuel switching replace electric heating systems with natural gas systems. This not only has cost benefits but also provides a reduction in associated greenhouse gas emissions. Separate boilers keep the space heating hot water boiler separate from the domestic hot water boiler. Switch off space heating boiler during warm weather. Water temperature reduce the domestic hot water temperature setting to around 50-60C. Use an energy efficient hot water boiler some of the new generation boilers are designed with heat recovery from flue gases. This can improve energy efficiency by around 15 per cent but can only be used in space heating. The cost of such a system makes the conversion economically unattractive. Use a VSD in hot water recirculation pumps this can reduce energy consumption by around 40 per cent and is economically attractive.
6.2.5 Swimming pool

Hotel swimming pools use a substantial amount of energy through keeping the water temperature warm and circulating water through the filter. There are two forms of heat loss from a swimming pool and pool house: sensible and latent heat losses. Sensible heat loss is due to temperature difference, such as the temperature difference across the building envelope or the difference between make-up ventilation air and exhaust air. Latent heat loss is caused by exhausting moisture evaporating from the pool surface and/or by expending energy to dehumidify the air. Almost all the heat loss from the pool itself is due to surface evaporation. Hotels can reduce sensible heat loss by adjusting the indoor air temperature, insulating the building and using heat exchangers. To reduce latent heat loss for indoor pools, adjust temperatures and humidity, use a pool cover during unoccupied hours and install a heat pump dehumidifier. Installing an efficient water heater and adjusting the circulation pump's operating hours can also be effective measures. A few energy saving ideas for your swimming pool: As a no-cost step, investigate adjusting the pool temperature, indoor air temperature and indoor relative humidity. It is possible to reduce the evaporation from a pool surface to a low level or even nil via this strategy. Cover the pool consistently during unoccupied hours. A pool cover can result in energy savings of 50 to 70 per cent and also saves water. Liquid insulation is available on the market however its success is questionable. Install a solar pool heater; this will significantly reduce swimming pool heating costs. Install a heat pump water heater and dehumidifier with heat recovery. A heat pump water heater may also include heat pump dehumidification and heat recovery. The dehumidification process recovers latent heat from condensing moisture in the air and uses it to heat pool water. These heat pump dehumidifiers with heat recovery are commercially available from many companies. Reduce the circulation pump's operating hours when the pool is closed for the season, and filtration can be reduced by as much as 50 per cent. Use a properly-sized, energy-efficient circulation pump. The pump should not be over-sized.
6.2.6 Lifts and escalators

Lifts and escalators typically use around four to eight per cent of total energy in hotels. Although energy saving in lifts is not going to be as large as other areas of the hotel, there is still scope for improving energy efficiency. Some of these energy saving measures are: reduction of standby power use by developing sleep mode; no lifts on, or doors under power, when the lift is not in use; use of efficient drives; optimisation of counter weight; and use of a variable speed drive with sensors in escalators. This can reduce energy consumption by 20 per cent. However they are more economically viable when purchasing a new escalator.
6.2.7 Energy conservation through control

Automation, control and optimisation is one of the major energy saving opportunities in the hotel industry. Building management systems (BMS) are becoming more popular in medium to larger hotels.
Building management system (BMS)

BMS are conventionally used for: Time schedule allows for switching equipment such as lights, fans and chillers on and off at set times. Direct digital control (DDC) of cooling and heating. DDC is the regulatory digital control algorithm which provides more accurate control than analogue systems and hence opportunities to increase energy efficiency. A DDC control system has the potential to improve energy efficiency by up to 20 per cent from a conventional analogue system.
Energy management system (EMS)

The conventional BMS can be upgraded to EMS providing advance and optimal control for: chillers; HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems); pumps; cooling towers; boilers; and electricity demand. Typically EMS can save energy between 20 to 50 per cent for chillers and HVAC systems. Refer to section 9.4 for more information.
Involving staff and guests
Energy awareness program

This is a program to motivate staff and guests to conserve energy. The focus of the energy awareness program should be to reduce the impact of climate change rather than achieve cost savings. There are two major types of educational programs:
1. Energy awareness training

This is for key technical and operational personnel who are energy coordinators and energy champions. The duration of such a program is around four to six hours and deals with: basic understanding of energy; energy and our environment; how to improve the energy efficiency of hotels in general; basic understanding of energy efficient operation for HVAC, boiler and lighting systems; and energy efficient technology.
2. Energy awareness seminars

These are seminars designed to educate and motivate all staff. The seminars should be short, imparting a basic understanding of energy consumption and the associated environmental impacts with guidelines on how to improve energy efficiency through behavioural and operational practices. The recommended course outline is: a discussion about global Issues: energy and the environment; benefits to the company and staff; presentation about energy misuse based on historical analysis of users; brief discussion of recommended energy saving opportunities, mainly through operational change; personnel participation to develop methods of reducing energy consumption; achievements in energy conservation and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; and clear messages that everyone can help reduce energy and greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Guest motivation
Hotel guests can also be motivated to reduce energy use through displays and stickers on energy and climate change and the commitment of the hotel to be green.
Renewable energy
Renewable energy does not produce any greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable energy is energy produced from sources that are considered infinite (will not run out) and are essentially non-polluting. The common renewable energy sources are:
solar power using technologies that convert sunlight into electricity or mechanical power such as photovoltaic cells or solar hot water systems; wind power converting wind energy into more useful forms, such as electricity, using wind turbines; hydro power using the force or energy of moving water in such systems as hydroelectric schemes, tidal power, and wave power; geothermal power generating energy from the heat stored beneath the Earth's surface; and combined heat and power using an engine to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat. The Renewable Energy Act 2001 requires a minimum amount of renewable energy to be sold by each electricity retailer within Australia. There is a government rebate available on photovoltaic solar power generation.
8.1 Go carbon neutral

Many businesses are finding their corporate image benefits from pledging to be carbon neutral by a set date such as 2020. Being a carbon neutral business means any greenhouse gases emitted to meet energy needs are offset by absorbing greenhouse gas elsewhere. This is described in more detail below. The benefit of your hotel becoming carbon neutral is both in terms of improved corporate image as well as being able to service a growing number of business clients that have also pledged to become carbon neutral.
8.2 How does a hotel become carbon neutral?

Step 1: reducing energy and travel needs
The best way a hotel can reduce its impact on climate change is to save energy. This will make your hotel very efficient in delivering its services and reduce operating costs. Travel in cars and aeroplanes needs to be calculated and reduced where possible.
Step 2: sourcing renewable energy instead of traditional coal-fired energy

Businesses are able to source renewable energy for some or all of their energy needs from an accredited electricity supplier. GreenPowerTM is more expensive than traditional energy and hotels need to manage this expense. This may be managed by using the financials savings from energy efficiencies or by phasing in GreenPowerTM gradually over an agreed number of years. GreenPowerTM is energy produced from renewable sources which is bought by energy suppliers and provided to their customers. The purchase of GreenPower means the production of greenhouse gases due to electricity manufacture is non-existent, resulting in a decreased rate of global warming. Many energy suppliers now provide GreenPower. Most suppliers offer a renewable energy option, however it is important these are GreenPower approved products. These approved products ensure the supplier meets stringent government environmental and reporting standards, which ensures that you, the customer, can be confident your money is going directly to helping the environment. GreenPower is regulated by the GreenPower Auditor. Submission of regular reports ensures confidence in the GreenPower program and provides transparency for customers.
Step 3: Purchasing off-sets to absorb any remaining greenhouse gases

If there are remaining greenhouse gas emissions after undertaking the above first two steps these can be off-set by accredited programs that absorb carbon-dioxide such as tree-planting. For example, there are online systems enabling travel kilometres to be off-set by paying a small fee for trees to be planted locally to off-set the amount of emissions your travel generated.
Technology discussion
There are four primary energy technologies that hotels need to understand and manage efficiently. These are discussed in more detail in this section:
1. lighting; 2. heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems; 3. variable speed drives; and 4. energy management systems (EMS).
9.1 Lighting systems

Lights are a major energy consumer in hotels and accommodation services. The energy efficiency of lamps has significantly improved over the last few years and it is worth replacing older, inefficient lights with these better performing alternatives. Not only will this save on energy bills but it will also save on maintenance time in replacing bulbs. The main types of lamps being used in hotels are: dichroic lights; incandescent lamps; LED lamps; compact fluorescent lamps; and fluorescent tubes, mostly 36W.
9.1.1 Dichroic lamps

Dichroic lamps are extensively used as downlights in receptions, foyers and corridors. These are known as cool beam lights. They are high brightness lamps suitable for display and special effect lighting.
Advantages:
excellent colour rendering; instant start; lamp life 2000 to 5000 hours; higher lumens than incandescent type; excellent lumens maintenance; and can be dimmed.
Disadvantages:
power loss in transformers create heat loss (50W lamps require transformer of 12W loss). The 12W power used by transformers only transforms electricity to heat in the space; ultraviolet content of light can fade some surfaces; voltage fluctuation can reduce lamp life. A slight increase in main voltage supply can reduce lamp life by 50 per cent; lamp cost is greater than incandescent; and touching of the quartz lamp may lead to premature lamp failure.
9.1.2 Incandescent lamps

These are the original filament type lamp. They consist of a glass enclosure with inert gas. Here most of the power consumed dissipates as heat and does not transform to light.
Advantages:
they are cheapest of all lamps; and dimmable.
Disadvantages:
they are the most inefficient lamps; and the life of the lamps is very short between 1000 to 2000 hours. The efficiency of these lamps varies from eight to 17 lm/W compared to 85 lm/W for fluorescent lamps with a lifespan of 10,000 hours. Due to its inefficiency these lamps are in the process of being phased out of the market by government regulation. It is worthwhile reorganising your lighting to provide for this inevitable regulatory requirement.
9.1.3 LED lamps

LED (light emitting diode) lamps are a new technology which fit all twist and lock fittings and can replace the 50W halogen twist and lock lamp.
Advantages:
the anticipated life is 30,000 to 50,000 hours; and a 2W LED lamp can be considered to replace 50W dichroic lamps without change of light fittings.
Disadvantages:
energy efficient LEDs are expensive; and require constant voltage transformer. This technology is expected to increase in popularity and usage in the near future.
9.1.4: Compact fluorescent lamps

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also known as a compact fluorescent light bulb or an energy saving light bulb, is a type of lamp designed to fit into roughly the same space as an incandescent lamp, but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs can directly replace an existing incandescent lamp. Compared to incandescent lamps of the same luminous flux, CFLs have a longer-rated life and use less energy. The initial purchase price of a CFL is higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, although this cost may be quickly recouped in energy savings assuming average bulb use. Although CFLs do radiate a different spectrum of light than incandescent lamps, recent technological advances have reduced that difference dramatically. The light emitted by the best soft white CFLs available today is similar in quality to standard bulbs. The life of CFL is around 6000 to 15,000 hours compared to the 1000 to 2000 hours of an incandescent lamp. An 11W CFL provides almost the same lumens (light) as a 60W incandescent lamp. Normally they are 75 to 80 per cent more energy efficient than incandescent lamps. However they are around six to 10 times more expensive than incandescent lamps. Recently CFL technology has improved and the lamps are now available as dimmable. Dimmable CFL are much more expensive than non-dimmable. CFL are also available as a down-light to replace dichroic lamps which are being used extensively in hotel foyers and corridors. A 9W CFL can replace a 50W dichroic lamp using the same fittings.
9.1.5 Standard fluorescent lamps

This is a glass tube lamp that is conventionally used in offices. The length of tube varies with power. More information about standard fluorescent lamps is set out in Appendix D.
9.1.6 Maintaining lamps

Maintaining lamps is very important for energy efficiency. The light output decreases with the operation hours of the lamp and dirt builds up in the shield Light depreciation with lamp life. As the lamp gets older it reduces output. Therefore it is important to replace lamps as they get older. Loss of light resulting from build up of dirt. Lamps should be maintained and cleaned regularly. Figure 9.1 shows light reduction against clean lamp.
Figure 9.1 - Loss of light from dirt built up
Expected loss of light resulting from dirt build-up

100 95 90 % Maintained Light 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time between cleaning (years)
9.1.7 Lighting level standard

In all spaces including hotels, actual lighting requirements depend on the activity of an area. The Australian Standard AS 1680-2006 is as follows for various activities.
Table 9.1 - Recommended lighting level
Area Office work Store rooms and stock rooms Kitchen Entrance areas and waiting rooms Corridors Toilets
Light level (Lux) 320 320 240 160 40 80
9.2 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems

As the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system is the major energy user in a hotel, it is important to understand. The HVAC system delivers: heating; cooling; and air circulation.
9.2.1 Heating
Heating can be provided by three different means: Hot water (or steam) system the lowest energy cost system if natural gas is available and the most common heating system in older hotels. Electric heating elements the most energy inefficient and high energy cost system. Many hotels use electric heating systems which were historically installed as a convenient low capital cost system. Heat pumps relatively new technology that is energy efficient. The energy cost is similar to or slightly higher than gas-heated hot water systems. Considering maintenance and auxiliary equipment, heat pumps are one of the most overall cost-effective systems.
9.2.2 Cooling
There are different types of air conditioning systems. Each type of system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore they are selected based on their application, capital cost and energy performance. However, in the past very little consideration was given to energy efficiency. Capital cost is normally the dominant factor in selecting and designing air conditioning systems. The most common types of air conditioning systems are: single zone systems; reheat systems; multi-zone systems; dual duct systems; induction systems; variable air volume systems; water source heat pump systems; and air cooled heat pumps. The cooling can be provided by: Refrigeration system: this is the cooling media and requires a compressor for mechanical compression or an absorber for an absorption-type cooling system. Electrical energy is being used for a compression-type system and thermal energy as heat is required for an absorption system. Evaporative cooling: this is a low energy intensive cooling system ideally suitable in dry weather condition. It cools air by humidifying air and does not need any refrigerant. Although it is around 80 per cent more energy efficient than a refrigerated cooling system, it does not provide comfort levels as easily as a refrigeration system and can be noisy and inconvenient. Some HVAC systems do not have cooling towers. The condenser cooling is done by blowing air over the condenser tubes. These are called air-cooled systems.
Basics of an air conditioning system

Figure 9.2 - The schematic of a basic air conditioning system
COULD B E AIR COOLED COOLING W ATER PIPING
COOLING TO W ER COOLING W ATER P U MP
CONDENSER
COMPR E SSOR
CHIL LED W ATER P U MP CHIL LER CHIL LED W ATER PIPING
AIR HANDLING UNI T
AIR F ILTERS
INSUL A TED SUPP LY AI R DUC TING
CHIL LED W ATER COOLING CO IL
SUPP LY AIR FAN
INSUL A TED RE TURN A IR DUC TING AIR OUTLETS CONDI TONED SPACE
Figure 9.2 is a typical guest room air conditioning system. This is a four pipe system, with two pipes for chilled water and two pipes for hot water (the hot water piping is not shown). Chilled water is circulated by chilled water pumps and hot water is circulated by hot water pumps. In some hotels the guests rooms are heated by electric heating elements replacing the hot water coils in the fan cool unit. Economy cycle Economy cycle reduces energy costs. The energy saving can be in the order of 25 to 30 per cent in Melbournes climate. Since an economy cycle brings in more fresh air, the system may require slightly more cleaning of air filters. The cost of an economy cycle can be as low as $3000 plus additional costs for duct modification, if required. For more information about an economy cycle refer to Appendix E.
Economiser It is possible to cool the fresh air by exhaust air with an air-to-air heat exchanger. Types of heat exchangers are: rotary heat exchange wheel; plate heat exchanger; and heat pipe system. Expected energy savings from this system are between three and 15 per cent. The higher the amount of fresh air used in the HVAC system, and the more extreme the weather conditions, the higher the energy savings will be.
Figure 9.3 - Typical economiser Return Air 22 C
Fresh Air 30 C
Spill Air 27 C
Fresh Air 25 C
9.2.3 Heat pump technology

Heat flows naturally from higher to lower temperature. However heat pumps use external energy to force heat flow in the opposite direction. All heat pumps require a vapour compression cycle which is a mechanical refrigeration system. There are two types of heat pumps, described below. COP is the coefficient of performance which is the ratio of energy output/energy input.
1. Conventional air-cooled heat pump

A conventional heat pump is commonly known as a reverse air conditioner which can cool and heat. The COP of conventional air-cooled heat pumps for space heating is shown in the table below.
Table 9.2 - COP of conventional air condenser heat pumps
Size (kWr) 7 26 32
COP heating 3.28 3.63 3.67
COP cooling 2.78 2.94 2.95
COP is the ratio of power output to input and is the efficiency of the refrigeration cycle. Higher the COP more energy efficient it is.
2. Water source heat pump

This is a very energy efficient way to heat and cool hotel rooms. There is no central compressor and instead there are central water heaters and a heat rejection (cooling tower) system. Each room has a fan coil unit refrigerant compressor. During the heating cycle the hot gas is used to heat the room (utilising condensing heat). The hot water from the boiler is used to cool water from the evaporator. Heat recovery: it is possible to recover some heat during cooling time to produce hot water that can be used as domestic hot water.
Energy efficient comfort condition of HVAC system

The comfort level of an air conditioned space varies with the following variables: gender of occupants as females generally feel colder than males; activity within the building; relative humidity and dry bulb temperature; and air movement. The comfort condition is not a single temperature level but a zone, which is shown in the shaded area of Figure 9.4 below. It is recommended that HVAC systems should be operated at a higher temperature in this zone when cooling and a lower temperature in this zone when heating. During the cooling cycle, every 1oC temperature rise will reduce energy consumption by five to 10 per cent. Similarly during the heating cycle, every 1oC temperature decrease will reduce energy consumption by five to 10 per cent.
Figure 9.4 - Psychrometric chart of comfort zone
Data based on ISO 7730 and ASHRAE STD 55
0.018 0.016 0.014

Upper Recommended Humidity Limit, 0.012 humidity ratio
20
Dew Point Temperature,C
0.012
Humidity Ratio
0.010 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002

10
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10% RH 1.0 Clo 0.5 Clo
15
10 5 0 -5 -10
38
0.5 PMV Limits
13
16
18
21
24
27
29
32
35
Operative Temperature,C
9.3 Variable speed drive

Air conditioning motors run at a fixed speed although the demand for air flow or water reduces in lesser cooling load conditions. As the air or water flow demand reduces the damper or valve throttles to restrict flow. Throttling is an irreversible process (that is, wastes energy which can never be recovered). It is possible to vary the speed of the motors through change of frequency of electricity supply. To deal with the problem of throttling, a variable speed drive (VSD) can be installed. This allows the controller to change the speed of the drive instead of throttling and avoids the loss of energy.
Figure 9.5 - Power requirement for throttling with fixed speed and VSD drive with no throttling
Comparative power requirements. Speed and Damper control of fan duty
120 100
Damper control
Fan Power %
80 60
Speed control
40 20 0
0 20 40 60
Volume flow rate %
80
100
120
Variable speed drives are one of the biggest and most economically viable energy saving opportunities in HVAC systems for supply and return air fans, chilled and condenser water pumps and chiller compressors.
Figure 9.6 - Power VS fan speed of a typical AHU fan
8 7 6
Power (kw)
0.8 0.7 0.6

Power Factor
5 4
Power Factor
0.5 0.4 0.3

Power
3 2 1 0
50 45 40 35 30
Speed (Hz)
0.2 0.1 0
25 20 15
Figure 9.7 - Power VS fan speed of a typical cooling tower fan
14 12 10 08
Power (kw)
06 04 02 0
50 45 40 35
Speed (Hz)
30
25
20
Figure 9.8 - Power VS pump speed of a typical water circulation pump
70 60 50 40
Power (kw)
30 20 10 0
50 45 40 35
Speed (Hz)
30
25
20
9.4 Energy management system (EMS)

An energy management system (EMS) is a computer-based energy monitoring and optimal control system for building services. Normally the system is based on conventional BMS (building management systems). The functionality of a building EMS is as follows: Economy cycle control. An economy cycle is illustrated in Section 9. Although there are stand alone economy cycle controllers available, they do not operate to optimal efficiency. An energy management control system provides superior control such as enthalpy-based control, which provides additional energy and cost savings. Refer to Appendix E for more information. Optimal start of HVAC. Space heating and cooling always requires time to preheat or cool the space before it reaches comfort conditions. Normally such pre-cooling or heating time is preset however this can be changed to be a function of ambient temperature. On a hot day, the hotel requires more pre-cooling time than on a more temperate day. Optimum start time resets pre-cooling time to avoid keeping the space cooled longer than required and hence reducing waste of energy. Night purge. This involves pre-cooling a building at night especially during hotter months when the outside air temperature is low, thus reducing the energy required for building pre-cooling. Feed forward variable speed drive control is intelligent speed control of supply and return air fans. The conventional speed control of a fan is based on a preset supply pressure. When the HVAC system is not designed as a variable air volume (VAV) system, the conventional feedback control is not viable. The speed set point is determined by a function of area cooling load. Chiller and cooling tower optimal control. The chiller is used to provide building cooling and is one of the major energy consumers in a hotel. Larger to medium size hotels typically have a centralised chiller system to provide chilled water for cooling. The chiller plant may consist of multiple chillers, which depend on the intelligence of the supervisory control for energy efficiency. The energy efficient functions of these controllers are as follows: - chiller optimal selection selects the combination of chillers to run at any given time to meet the cooling load with minimum energy consumption. At low load condition it also cycles the operation of chillers; - chiller loading and control ensures the optimum loading of each chiller to reduce energy consumption; - chilled water temperature reset. Conventionally the chilled water temperature is set to a low temperature of 6C to 7C. When the cooling load is low, the set point of the chilled water system can be increased. Every 1C increase in chilled water temperature reduces energy consumption by around 2.5 per cent. - cooling/condenser water temperature reset. Similar to chilled water temperature reset, the condenser water temperature increases the energy efficiency of both the chiller and cooling tower. The decrease of condenser water temperature reduces energy consumption by around 2.5 per cent per degree water temperature reduction.
Optimal pump control. Optimal pump control is useful when multiple pumps are used for chilled water, hot water or domestic water supply to the hotel. It involves installing a VSD on one of the pumps and selecting the number of pumps to operate, therefore controlling the supply pressure. Energy savings of 20 to 40 per cent are achievable through this technique. Hot water boiler - optimal start/stop of boiler. Demand management system - demand and energy monitoring; - demand control; and - energy sub-metering.
How much can you save with an EMS?

Chiller system: reduce energy consumption by 20 to 40 per cent; and reduce run hours by up to 30 per cent. HVAC: reduce fan energy cost by 40 to 50 per cent. DDC control: reduce cooling and heating load by up to 20 per cent. House-keeping: This is to monitor and track energy use and key performance indicators as well as various energy efficiency parameters. As a rule of thumb, the saving is expected to be around one to five per cent of the overall energy consumption.
Appendix A: Example of corporate policy
A corporate policy should be set to meet corporate goals and standards. An example of a corporate policy is set out below.
Energy is one of our organisations major ongoing costs. Its impact on climate change is a great concern to us. As a good corporate citizen we as a company set the following policies: 1. Reduce energy consumption of each hotel by 10 per cent per year for the next three years. 2. Energy efficiency should be considered in purchasing and maintaining all equipment. It is the responsibility of each individual employee to use energy wisely and efficiently.
Appendix B: Energy and our environment
1. Energy and our environment

Greenhouse gas emissions cause global warming which is detrimental to our environment. The earth is covered by a blanket of gases in the atmosphere which allows light energy from the sun to reach the earths surface. This light energy is converted to heat energy. These gases are called greenhouse gases. Most of the heat is re-radiated towards space but some is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This is a natural effect, which keeps the earths temperature at levels necessary to support life. The problem we face is that human actions particularly burning fossil fuels and land clearing are generating more greenhouse gases. These additional gases trap more heat and raise the earths surface temperature. This is known as the enhanced greenhouse effect it causes global warming and is changing our environment. Reducing the use of energy reduces the power generation where the majority of greenhouse gases are generated.
Figure B.1: Heat balance
Convection to atmosphere (31%)
Incoming solar radiation (100%)
Atmosphere emits long wave radiation (60%)
Earths surface reflects solar radiation (6%)
Transfer of heat between Earths surface and Atmosphere (zet zero)
Earths surface emits long wave radiation (9%)
Increased used of fossil fuels The increase in greenhouse gases within the atmosphere traps more heat, and raises the Earths surface temperature.
2. Global warming
Some of the effects of global warming are: a rise in sea level causing coastal damage; an increase in the likelihood of extreme weather conditions such as droughts, floods and cyclones; health impacts because of the spread of tropical-borne diseases, the increase of flooding and other such climate changes; damage to ecosystems and species diversity; and damage to agricultural output and food supply, and an increase in the earths surface temperature causing heat stress and other damage.
3. Saving our environment

It is essential that all efforts are made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hotels can help by: reducing energy use; and using environmentally friendly refrigerants. The two most common environmentally friendly refrigerants are: - CFC 123: Environmentally friendly but not accepted by energy and atmospheric credit #4, which is regarded as the current standard for environmentally friendly refrigerant. This gas has low global warming potential and high energy efficiency. - HFC 134A: Environmentally friendly.
4. Measurement of greenhouse gas

Greenhouse gas is measured in carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2 e) which takes into account the global warming potential of each of the greenhouse gases. Energy related: - Stationary: this is the source of greenhouse gas emission from energy used by stationary equipment such as a boiler, generator or power station. - Transport: greenhouse gas emission from cars, trucks and other vehicles, which Is used for the transport industry. Non-energy related: - Waste: this is the source of greenhouse gas emission from all types of wastes, such as paper, textile, wood and other sources.
Appendix B: Energy and our environment
Figure B.2: Greehouse gas emissions for stationary energy
400 300 200 100 0

Coke Briquettes (brown) Coal (brown) Coal (black) Fuel Oil Diesel LPG Natural Gas Electricity
kg CO2-e/GJ kg CO2-e/GJ
Figure B.3: Greenhouse gas emissions for transport energy
100 80 60 40 20 0
Petrol Diesel Fuel Oil LPG
Figure B.4: Municipal solid waste
3.0 2.5 2.0

kg CO2-e/GJ
1.5 1.0 0.5 0

Paper Textiles Wood Food Garden
For more information about the measurement of greenhouse gases refer to the AGO Factors and Methods Workbook. Global warming potential (GWP) 1. Carbon dioxide CO2 2. Methane CH4 3. Nitrous oxide N2O 4. Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) 5. Per fluorocarbons (PFCs) 6. Sulphur hexafluoride GWP = 1 GWP = 21 GWP = 310 GWP = 140 - 11,700 GWP = 65,000 9,200 GWP = 23,900
Appendix C: Power factor correction equipment
What is power factor?

The power factor is the ratio of true or active power (kW) over the apparent power (kVA).
Figure C.1- Diagrammatic representation of power factor
kW 2 1 kVA 2 kVAR
1
kVAR
kVA 1
The causes of reactive power are inductive devices such as AC motors, induction furnaces, arc welders, fluorescent and mercury vapour lighting. These cause a time lag between current and voltage cycles which causes large reactive currents.
How to correct power factor

Use of synchronous motor; or Use of capacitor bank. The required sizing of a power factor controller is calculated as follows: Cos1 Cos2 kVAR required = Current power factor = Desired power factor = kW x (tan-11 - tan-12)
Appendix D: Detail of a fluorescent lamp
A typical luminaries or fixture for fluorescent lamps is shown in the figure below. This consists of:
housing; reflector; lamps; ballast; and shielding.
Figure D.1 - Typical luminare of a fluorescent lamp
The type of reflector, lamps and shielding can all contribute to light efficiency. In a fluorescent lamp there is no filament as in incandescent lamps. Instead, cathodes at each end send currents through mercury vapour sealed in the tube. Ultraviolet radiation is produced as electrons from the cathodes knock mercury electrons. The tubes are lined with phosphor to turn the radiation to visible light. This requires ballasts which are in every fixture and regulate the voltage during start up. The light output of these lamps varies from 69 to 104 Lumens/W. TL5 is the latest fluorescent lamp technology and with electronic ballasts produces 3300 lumens with 33W. There are two types of ballasts: electromechanical the standard ballast loss is around 10W; and electronic which can be fixed or dimmable ballasts. The electronic ballasts losses are generally less than 2W.
Appendix E: Air conditioning economy cycle
When the ambient air enthalpy is less than that for return air it is economical to introduce as much fresh air as possible to cool the building. However, this is restricted by the return air duct filter.
Therefore a motorised damper is required to regulate the fresh air make-up. An increased supply of fresh air is more hygienic and comfortable. The economy cycle of an air conditioner reduces energy costs. The energy saving can be in the order of 25 to 30 per cent in the Melbourne climate. Since the economy cycle brings in more fresh air, the system may require slightly more cleaning of air filters. The cost of an economy cycle can be as low as $3000 plus additional costs for duct modification, if required.
Figure E.1: Economy cycle
There are two types of economy cycle which are: temperature-based; and enthalpy-based. The enthalpy-based economy cycle provides better control with higher precision and provide more energy saving. This requires an energy management system.

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Energy Wise Hotels

TOOLKIT DECEMBER 2007

02 Energy Wise Hotel TOOLKIT

The Energy Wise Hotels Toolkit

Who is this Toolkit for?

Energy Wise Hotel TOOLKIT 03

Using this Toolkit

Section 1: Why be energy efficient?

Section 2: Energy use and performance indicators

Section 3: Energy monitoring and tracking

Section 4: Taking action

Section 5: Understanding energy

Section 6: Energy saving initiatives

Section 7: Involving staff and guests

Section 8: Renewable energy

Section 9: Technology discussion

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The Energy Wise Hotels Toolkit

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Why be energy efficient?

Why save energy?

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Energy use and performance indicators

2.1 Energy balance

Figure 2.3: Typical thermal (gas) consumption

32% domestic & pool water heating

30% Space heating

2.2 How much energy can you save?

Performance indicators and benchmarking

Rating Very Good Good Satisfactory Poor Very Poor

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Energy monitoring and tracking

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Figure 3.3: Actual electricity consumption versus target consumption

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4.1 Following an energy management framework

Adopt a Corporate energy policy

Develop an energy management plan

Adopt a Energy management coordinator

Identify and train energy champions

Non-capital intensive Energy Management Initiative

Capital intensive Energy Management Initiative

4.1.1 Corporate energy policy

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4.1.2 Developing an energy management plan

4.1.3 Energy management coordinators

4.1.4 Energy champions

4.1.5 Introduce energy awareness program

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It is important to understand the basics of energy to monitor and control it.

A guide to understanding energy units

What does the term energy mean?

How do energy and power link together?

1 Btu = 1.05506 kJ or 2519 kcal 1 calorie = 4.187 joules

What are the main types of electric power transmission?

5.1 Greenhouse gas emission factors

5.2 Energy prices

5.3 Calculating the cost of electricity.

Energy saving initiative

6.1 Energy management initiatives the first steps

6.1.1 Change of operational practice