Colegiul National Octav Onicescu - atestat engleza -

Profesor coordonator Dumitru Magda An scolar 2011-2012

Realizator: Dobra Cosmin Gabriel

Chapter I : influence of rock music

Chapter II: trash metal

Chapter III: best Romanian rock band

Chapter IV: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Chapter V: Gods of rock since 80s: Metallica AC/DC

FOREWORD

First of all I chose this theme because my life is influenced by the stories of many rock musicians whether these stories are true or not. I consider that they have an enormous impact on our societies and particularly youth and its a very important fact to have knowledges about rock culture. I love to believe that there is not one single history about rock music. I consider that there are several. In fact there is a different story to tell for everyone. Some people are having a national version and other are having an individual idea about histories of rock music. Each person grew up with a different set of idols, and tends to center the history of rock music around those idols, whether Led Zeppelin or Metallica. For me the history of rock music is simple. I dont have a national version about because I live in Romania and in my country this genre of music isnt in the top of preferences. Also it isnt an individual version because I grew up wish classical music. Ive listened many genres of music but I definitely love rock music more than any other kind of music because is centered around electric guitar which is my favourite instrument. Also with rock music we can express anger, sadness, hate, happiness, melancholy and many other feelings and moods. In rock music there are many sub-genres as: folk rock, country rock, heavy metal and many others but every period and a very genre has his own story: 1955, when Chuck Berry invented rock &roll as we know it; 1966, when Bob Dylan, Frank Zappa, the Doors and others caused a massive revolution within a slumbering music scene; 1976, when the new wave and punk-rock caused a similar revolution. Ive decided to discuss about 80s period when hard rock music was developed because I like more this sub-genre for being more noisy.

INFLUENCE OF ROCK MUSIC

By the early 1980s, it had changed rock music considerably as Black Flag, the Dead Kennedys, and other groups adopted political protest themes as the core of their music. During the 1980s music videos became a popular form of promotion and entertainment. In the late 1980s, however, several bands, including Nirvana and Pearl Jam, continued to follow the path of early punk rock by focusing on political themes and celebrating their own lack of technical virtuosity. Punk persisted into the 1990s with such bands as Green Day and the Offspring. Also in the 90s the continuing popularity of older bands, such as the Grateful Dead and the Rolling Stones, bore witness to the enduring appeal of this form among both the young and the increasingly middle-aged. The appeal of older and past rock bands was also evident in the fanfare surrounding the opening (1995) of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Meanwhile, a young audience made rap music , with its pounding rhythms and strong, sometimes shocking spoken lyrics, a popular phenomenon, and other young rockers, largely club-goers, made the dance-based, electronically sophisticated techno another, though less pervasive, popular form. As with much popular music, visual imagery plays a large role in heavy metal. In addition to its sound and lyrics, a heavy metal band's "image" is expressed in album sleeve art, logos, stage sets, clothing, and music videos. Some heavy metal acts such as Alice Cooper, Kiss, Lordi, Slipknot, and Gwar have become known as much for their outrageous performance personas and stage shows as for their music. Down-the-back long hair, according to Weinstein, is the "most crucial distinguishing feature of metal fashion." Originally adopted from the hippie subculture, by the 1980s and 1990s heavy metal hair "symbolised the hate, angst and disenchantment of a generation that seemingly never felt at home," according to journalist Nader Rahman. Long hair gave members of the metal community "the power they needed to rebel against nothing in general." The classic uniform of heavy metal fans consists of "blue jeans, black T-shirts, boots and black leather or jeans jackets.... T-shirts are generally emblazoned with the logos or other visual representations of favorite metal bands." Metal fans also "appropriated elements from the S&M community (chains, metal studs, skulls, leather and crosses)." In the 1980s, a range of sources, from punk and goth music to horror films, influenced metal fashion. Many metal performers of the 1970s and 1980s used radically shaped and brightly colored instruments to enhance their stage appearance. Fashion and personal style was especially important for glam metal bands of the era. Performers typically wore long, dyed, hairspray-teased hair (hence the nickname, "hair metal"); makeup such as lipstick and eyeliner; gaudy clothing, including leopard-skin-printed shirts or vests and tight denim, leather, or spandex pants; and accessories such as headbands and jewelry. Pioneered by the heavy metal act X Japan in the late 1980s, bands in the Japanese movement known as visual keiwhich includes many nonmetal groupsemphasize elaborate costumes, hair, and makeup. Many metal musicians when performing live engage in headbanging, which involves rhythmically beating time with the head, often emphasized by long hair. The corna, or devil horns, hand gesture, also widespread, was popularized by vocalist Ronnie James Dio while with Black Sabbath and Dio. Although Gene Simmons of Kiss claims to have been

the first to make the gesture on the 1977 Love Gun album cover, there is speculation as to who started the phenomenon. Attendees of metal concerts do not dance in the usual sense; Deena Weinstein has argued that this is due to the music's largely male audience and "extreme heterosexualist ideology." She identifies two primary body movements that substitute for dancing: headbanging and an arm thrust that is both a sign of appreciation and a rhythmic gesture. The performance of air guitar is popular among metal fans both at concerts and listening to records at home.Other concert audience activities include stage diving, crowd surfing, pushing and shoving in a chaotic mle called moshing, and displaying the corna hand symbol.

TRASH METAL
Thrash metal emerged in the early 1980s under the influence of hardcore punk and the New Wave of British Heavy Metal, particularly songs in the revved-up style known as speed metal. The movement began in the United States and the sound developed by thrash groups was faster and more aggressive than that of the original metal bands and their glam metal successors. Lyrics often express nihilistic views or deal with social issues using visceral, gory language. Thrash has been described as a form of "urban blight music" and "a palefaced cousin of rap. The subgenre was popularized by the "Big Four of Thrash": Megadeth, Anthrax, Slayer and Metallica. While thrash began as an underground scene, and remained largely that for almost a decade, the leading bands in the movement began to reach a wider audience. Metallica brought the sound into the top 40 of the Billboard album chart in 1986 with Master of Puppets ; two years later, the band's And Justice For All hit number 6, while Megadeth and Anthrax had top 40 records. Rock music has also led the way for other music forms, such as heavy metal, which features extreme guitar sound and heavy distortion. Some of the earliest bands that could be classified as heavy metal are Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. Both bands started out in the mid-1970s. Their heavy form of rock music has paved the way for other heavy metal bands, including Metallica and Megadeth.

You can see that the guitar above is made up from rock bands logos and names. Some of the best international rock bands which are named in the picture are : Metallica, Megadeth, Motorhead, Anthrax, AC/DC, Judas Priest, Red Hot Chili Pepers and many others.

BEST ROMANIAN ROCK BAND: IRIS

For me Iris is the most beloved rock group from Romania, e legend in music, with 34 years of musical career. This great band supported more than 5000 performances in front of a number of people equivalent to at least one third of the Romanian population. Theire entrance on the scene was after a long period of practice ( 8 to 10 hours a day) in the club named Clubul de la ora 7 . The story of Iris began in 1977 with Nuu Olteanu, Emil Lechiteanu, Nelu Dumitrescu. They play for the first time on a big stage at Sala Polivalenta in Bucharest, in front of 6000 people. After that the band started to play in clubs weekly. In 33 years of activity, Iris became one the best names in Romanian music history. At the beginning of the 1980s, the pair Cristi Minculescu - Nelu Dumitrescu, who are still present in the current line-up, played with Nutu Olteanu (guitar), Florin Ochescu (guitar) and Marty Popescu (bass guitar). Together they released a debut-album (Iris I), which included songs that became some of the most popular Romanian rock songs: Doar Pentru Voi (Only for You), Trenul Fr Na (The Train without a Ticket-collector), Pe Ape (On Water), Cei Ce Vor Fi (The Ones to Come). In 1987 Iris II was released with an extravagant cover for those times during the communist regime, a cover who represented one of Cristi's idols, Angus Young, "in action". The band's line-up was Cristian Minculescu (vocal), Nelu Dumitrescu (drums), Valter Popa (guitar), Mihai Alexandru (guitar, vocal) and Doru "Boro" Borobeica (bass guitar). On this album, notable songs included: Strada Ta (Your Street), n Parc (In the Park), Zi Si Noapte (Day and Night). One year later, Iris released its third album, called Nu Te Opri (Don't Stop), recorded with the same line-up as Iris II. The Disc contained 8 tracks, but the most important are Floare De Iris (Iris Flower), Uit Tot Ce-a Fost (Forget all that was), Eu i Cu Tine (Me and You), Ploaia De Vise (The Rain of Dreams). In December 1989, when the downfall of the Romanian communist regime began, Iris recorded the album Iris IV in Tomis Studio, without Mihai Alexandru, but with Cristi, Nutu, Boro and Valter. The hits from this album include: De Ce Oare Ai Plecat? (Why Did You Leave Me?), Vino Iar (Come Again), Rock And Roll, Cine M Strig n Noapte? (Who Is Calling Me in the Night?).
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In 1992, Iris held an anniversary concert, called Iris 15 ANI (Iris 15 years), at Sala Polivalenta in Bucharest in front of 10,000 people. This was a record audience for a Romanian band, unequalled since that time. That same year, at the Cannes Festival, Iris won second place in the rock section and they appeared on MTV. The 5th Iris album was named 1993 and was recorded with the same line-up as Iris IV, but with one more guitarist, Dan Alex Srbu. This disc contains 3 dedications: Harley Davidson (for Marco), Valuri (for Adrian Ilie), Iris Nu Pleca (for Roberta). Iris played in Italy and on the Malboro Tour, in the big cities of Romania. In July 1996, following Dorian Ciubuc's idea, Iris signed a contract with Polygram for 6 years. In this time, Iris recorded 6 albums. In October 1998 they released Mirage, an album with a union of tracks and orchestration. The album was co-authored with Mihai Godoroja. In 1997 on October 17 Iris celebrated 20 years of existence with a live performance in Bucharest. At the anniversary concert, active members of Iris and former members delighted the audience. For over 2 hours and 30 minutes in front of 5,000 people they played band hits like: "Corabia cu pnze", "Floare de Iris", "Cltorul", "Trenul fr nas", "Sperana", "De ce oare ai plecat?", "Sa nu crezi nimic", "Baby, Baby". Three weeks late after the show Iris released a celebrating album entitled "20 DE ANI" (20 years). The album has 13 tracks from the live concert, like "Pamntul l cuprind", "Cltorul", "Trenul fr nas", "Speranta", "Iris, nu pleca", "Pe ape", "Mirage", "Cine ma striga n noapte", "Valuri", "Floare de iris", "Tot zbor", "Baby", "Somn bizar". In 2000 the band took the largest tour ever undertaken by a Romanian band. The "mega-tour", as it was known, was named ATHENAEUM. The band also released an album of the same name. Two years later, the first DVD of a Romanian band, DIGITAL ATHENAEUM, which has recordings from concerts during the history, was released. In 2002, the "Iris 25 Years" concert gathered thousands in the biggest concert hall in the country. The next album, "Matase Alba" (White Silk) featured ballads, such as "Iubire fara de sfarsit" (Endless Love) and a cover version of "Lady in Black" by Uriah Heep, sang with them, which won an MTV Music Award. This album was followed by "4Motion" and, in 2005, "Iris Maxima". The most notable ballad on "Iris Maxima" is "Vino pentru totdeauna" (Come back for always). In 2007 on October 5, the band has been decorated by the romanian president Traian Bsescu, for 30 years of cultural activity. In the same day the band performed in a live show in the front of over 15,000 fans. In 2009 the romanian legendary frontman Cristi Minculescu has suffered a surgical intervention consisting in a liver transplant. His wife, Rodica Minculescu has donated him a portion of her own liver. The costs of the surgical intervention has been supported by the Romanian Ministry of Health (Romania). The minister of health at the time, Ion Bazac, stated: "It is a sign of respect and gratitude for an artist who has delighted our souls". In 2009 on October 8 the band performed in the first big concert after the liver transplant surgical intervention suffered by the frontman Cristi Minculescu in the same year. Tickets have been exhausted well before the date of the concert, at the time of the show being present over 7,000 fans. On the occasion of this live performance it was released "Integral Iris", basically a boxset comprising the entire discography of the band, new packaged and remasterized.
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ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME

More than 25 years ago, leaders in the music industry joined together to establish the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation in New York City to celebrate the music and musicians that changed the world. With that, one of the Foundations many functions is to recognize the contributions of those who have had a significant impact on the evolution, development and perpetuation of rock and roll by inducting them into the Hall of Fame. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum opened its doors in 1995 on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. Its mission is to educate visitors, fans and scholars from around the world about the history and continuing significance of rock and roll music. It carries out this mission through its operation of a world-class museum that collects, preserves, exhibits and interprets this art form and through its library and archives as well as its educational programs.

Officials from Cleveland and the state of Ohio approached the Foundation in 1985 and suggested the construction of a major museum. We originally planned to purchase a brownstone in New York City in which to house the Hall of Fame, as well as an archive, library and museum, said Suzan Evans. In November, the city sent a delegation to New York As the Foundation considered the offer, several other cities, including New York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, San Francisco, Memphis and Chicago, also made offers. The board members visited each city and were greeted with police escorts, public rallies and marching bands. The first induction dinner was held at New Yorks Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in January 1986. Inductees include Chuck Berry, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Fats Domino, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley and Little Richard. Robert Johnson, Jimmie Rodgers and Jimmy Yancey were honored as early influences. The first non-performers honored were producer Sam Phillips and disc jockey Alan Freed. Talent scout/producer John Hammond was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement award. Meanwhile, Cleveland ranked first in a public poll conducted by USA Today asking where the Hall of Fame should be located. After much competition and many visits to potential sites by Foundation members, Cleveland is chosen as the permanent home for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in May of 1986.

Since the Museums opening, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum has welcomed nearly eight million visitors from around the world and reaches more than 50,000 students and educators each year through its education programs on site and at great distances. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll" is an unordered list of 500 songs that they believe have been most influential in shaping the course of rock and roll, though some of them belong to different styles even after the consolidation of rock music (like some 1980s and 1990s rap songs). It was organized by Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke who, according to the hall, "compiled the list with input from the museums curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts." The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum, and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995. The list contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s. The Beatles and The Rolling Stones are the most represented on the list, with eight songs each. Elvis Presley has seven songs, while The Beach Boys, Bob Dylan, Led Zeppelin, Bruce Springsteen and Chuck Berry each have five. This are the tracks listed in top 20 rock song from 1980s : 1. Billie Jean Michael Jackson 2. Every Breath You Take The Police 3. When Doves Cry Prince 4. Sexual Healing Marvin Gaye 5. I Love RockNRoll Joan Jett & The Blackhearts 6. Dont You Want Me The Human League 7. Tainted Love Soft Cell 8. Like a Virgin Madonna 9. The Message Grandmaster Flash & Furious Five 10. Beat It Michale Jackson 11. Sweet Dreams Eurythmics 12. Sweet Child OMine Guns NRoses 13. Call Me Blondie 14. Celebration Kool & The Gang 15. Super Freak Part I Rick James 16. Another One Bites The Dust queen 17. You Shook Me All Night Long AC/DC 18. Walk This Way Run-D.M.C. 19. Whip It Devo 20. Girls Just Want To Have Fun Cyndi Lauper

GODS OF ROCK SINCE 80s :

A Dane settled in USA, an American with german origins, the son of an Irishman plus an Mexican are forming te most united and strong heavy metal band. The most important fact is that they got over many things but they remain together over 30 years and at the highest level. and the New Wave of British Heavy Metal. At the end of the year 1981, Metallica was formed by Lars Ulrich, James Hetfield and Dave Mustaine, theyre first song being Hit the lights, recorded for a compilation named Metal Massacre. At 14 march 1982 Metallica has the first concert, with Lars, James, Dave and Ron McGovney playing at bass. Together they record the first demo entitled Power of Metal. In the same year, dissatisfied because of McGovney, Ulrich and Hetfield decided to replace him with Cliff Burton. He firstly declined their offer but then he accepted with one condition: to move tha band residence from Los Angeles to San Francisco. The first consistent demo contains the tracks: Hit The Lights, Mechanix, Phantom Lord, Jump in The Fire, Motorbreath, Seek And Destroy, and Metal Militia, recorded in Tustin, a little town from California. Kenny Kane was not interested in their demo because they didnt promote punk music so they decided to buy a page in BAM (Bay Arena Music) to make known their songs. The advertising appeared in the magazine determined many concert organizers to claim for Metallica, firstly in clubs. Even he was a member of Metallica less than one year, Ron McGoven is responsible for their success because he paid the advertising which costs 600 dolars, amount that Lars and Hetfield didnt had.

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Metallica is influenced by early heavy metal and hard rock bands such as Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin, Aerosmith, and Scorpions, New Wave of British Heavy Metal bands such as Venom, Motrhead, Diamond Head, Judas Priest, and Iron Maiden, as well as early punk rock bands such as the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, and the Misfits. Early Metallica releases contained fast tempos, harmonized leads, and nine-minute instrumentals. Steve Huey of All music said that Ride the Lightning featured "extended, progressive epics; tight, concise groove-rockers". Huey felt Metallica expanded its compositional technique and range of expression to take on a more aggressive approach in following releases, and lyrics dealt with more personal and socially conscious issues. Lyrical themes explored on Master of Puppets included religious and military leaders, rage, insanity, monsters, and drugs. In 1991, with new producer Bob Rock, Huey felt Metallica simplified and streamlined its music for a more commercial approach to appeal to the mainstream audience. The band abandoned its aggressive, fast tempos to expand its music and expressive range, said Robert Palmer of Rolling Stone. The change in direction proved commercially successful as Metallica was the band's first album to peak at number one on the Billboard 200. Metallica noticed changes to the rock scene created by the grunge movement of the early 1990s. In Load (an album that has been described as "an almost alternative rock" approach), the band focused on non-metal influences and changed musical direction. Moving away from lyrical themes dealing with drugs and monsters, Metallica's new lyrical approach focused on anger, loss, and retribution. Some fans and critics were not pleased with this change, which included haircuts, the cover of Load, and headlining the alternative rock concert Lollapalooza. David Fricke of Rolling Stone described the move as "goodbye to the moldy stricture and dead-end Puritanism of no-frills thrash" and called Load the heaviest record of 1996. With the release of ReLoad in 1997, the band displayed more blues and early hard rock influences, incorporating more rhythm and harmony in song structures. St. Anger marked another large change in the band's sound. Guitar solos were excluded from the album, leaving a "raw and unpolished sound". The band used drop C tuning, and Ulrich's snare drum received particular criticism. New York Magazine's Ethan Brown noted it "reverberates with a thwong". Lyrics on the album dealt with Hetfield's stint in rehab, including references to the devil, anti-drug themes, claustrophobia, impending doom, and religious hypocrisy. At the advice of producer Rick Rubin, for its ninth studio album, Death Magnetic, the band returned to E tuning (though all songs were tuned half step down live) and guitar solos, and adapted Middle Eastern influences.

Albums of the 80s

Kill 'Em All (1983) Ride the Lightning (1984) Master of Puppets (1986) ...And Justice for All (1988)

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AC/DC is an Australian rock band and considered pioneers of hard rock and heavy metal music. The group was formed in Sydney, Australia in December, 1973. Their albums have sold in colossal numbers the total is now estimated to be around 100 million copies worldwide. AC/DC is generally divided into 'Bon Scott era (1974-80)' and 'Brian Johnson era (1980present)'. Some fans have a preference, others point to the merits of both singers and appreciate them equally.

History
Born in Scotland, the brothers Angus and Malcolm Young moved with their family to Australia as children. Malcolm began playing guitar first, soon followed by Angus. Malcolm first played with a Newcastle, NSW band called The Velvet Underground (not the Lou Reed group). Their older brother George Young had been a member of Australia's most successful Sixties band The Easybeats, who were the first local pop act to score an overseas hit ('Friday On My Mind') in 1967. After Young and his Easybeats partner Harry Vanda returned to Australia in late 1973, they became the house producers for the newly-formed Albert Productions record label whose owner, Ted Albert (a scion of the venerable Albert & Sons music publishing family), had been the Easybeats' producer between 1965 and 1967. Young asked the boys to do some session work for a project he was doing. Angus then formed a band called Tantrum. After The Velvet Underground, Malcolm decided to form a more pure rock and roll band, and enlisted Angus and they were soon signed to the new Albert label, and Vanda & Young produced their first seven LPs. The early lineups changed often, but the 1974 enlistment of charismatic singer Ronald 'Bon' Scott as their driving frontman signified the beginning of real success. Another vital innovation was Angus Young's adoption of his now-famous school uniform as a regular stage outfit; the original was reputedly Angus' real uniform from his secondary school, Ashfield Boys' High, in Sydney. Between 1974 and 1978, aided by regular appearances on the nationallybroadcast TV pop show Countdown, AC/DC became one of the most popular and successful acts in Australia, scoring a string of hits albums and singles including their perennial 1975 rock anthem 'It's A Long Way To The Top (If You Wanna Rock and Roll)'. Rhythm Guitarist Malcolm Young once recalled in AC/DC's VH1 Behind the Music Series an incident from an England tour with Black Sabbath. Geezer Butler (Black Sabbath's Bassist), in a drunken rage, pulled a knife on Malcolm. The incident was quickly resolved without conflict, and the conjoined tour promptly ended. Ozzy and Bon stayed in contact however.

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They survived the punk rock upheavals of 1976-78, partly because they were (erroneously) tagged as a punk band by the British music press. They gained a solid cult following in the UK with their powerful performances and outrageous stage antics; Angus Young quickly became notorious for mooning (i.e. showing his buttocks) to the audience and the group was banned from several British venues because of this. Their meaty hard-rock sound and Bon Scott's provocative, leering stage persona are also reputed to have been significant influences on Johnny Rotten and The Sex Pistols. The band were also a pivotal influence to the then emerging New Wave of British Heavy Metal scene, with artists such as Def Leppard and Saxon clearly displaying simililarities to the trademark sound of AC/DC. In 1980, Angus and Malcolm had begun working on the music and guitar riffs for their forthcoming new album when after a night of hard drinking, Bon Scott was found in the back seat of his friend's car. He died from both choking on his own vomit and hypothermia (Ozzy Osbourne would later write and record a song about Scott's death, the widely misinterpreted 'Suicide Solution'). Shortly after, the band brought in a new lead singerBria Johnson, formerly of the band Geordiecompleted the song-writing and began recording Back_in_Black. This became their biggest-selling album to date, a hard-rock landmark that would ultimately be named in tribute to Bon.

Name
The name 'AC/DC' (alternating current/direct current) was suggested by their sister Margaret after she read it on a sewing machine label. The term has a bisexual connotation that they were supposedly unaware of at the time, and they often had to deny they were a gay band, a perception that was exacerbated by their 'glam rock' image at the time. Some have suggested that the name stood for 'Anti-Christ/ Devil Children'; though this is certainly not the case, the rumour has long persisted both among conservatives who, already disliking the band's image, use it to paint the band as Satanists, and among some fans who, especially in the 1980s, enjoyed the counter-cultural offense such a meaning would cause.

Current Members

Angus Young (Lead Guitar) 1973-2012 Malcolm Young (Rhythm Guitar) 1973-2012 Brian Johnson (Vocals) 1980-2012 Phil Rudd (Drums) 1973-1983, 1994-2012 Cliff Williams (Bass Guitar) 1978-2012

Former Members

Bon Scott (Vocals) 1974-1980 Mark Evans (Bass Guitar) 1973-1977 Simon Wright (Drums) 1984-1989 Chris Slade (Drums) 1989-1994

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Albums of the 80s

1980 - Back in Black 1981 - For Those About to Rock (We Salute Yo) 1983 - Flick of the Switch 1984 - '74 Jailbreak (EP of old cuts) 1985 - Fly on the Wall 1986 - Who Made Who (soundtrack to the Stephen King movie Maximum Overdrive) 1988 - Blow Up Your Video

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Bibliography
A-Z of 80s Rock (Rockdetector) by Garry Sharpe-Young , Dave Reynolds The Making of Metallicas Metallica by Mick Wal.., Malcom Dome Enter Night: A Biography of Metallica by Mick Wall Jurnalul National editie speciala, 22 iunie 2010 And Then There Was Rock by Andy Cleland, Rob Johnstone
Maximum Rock & Roll by Christie Eliezer http://www.trupairis.ro/ http://www.metallica.com/ http://www.metalhead.ro/ http://ro.wikipedia.org/ http://www.youtube.com/

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