I. A/B General A. Definitions 1. Arrhenius 2. B-L 3. Lewis *H+=H3O+ B. Properties 1. Acid 2. Base II. ACIDS A. Types 1. Binary 2.

Ternary 3. Acid Anhydride B. Protic 1. mono 2. di 3. tri C. Strengths 1. Determining Factors a. Degree of Dissociation b.Molecular Shape and composition 2. Strong Acids 3. Weak Acids 4. Ka, Kb, Kw D. Calculation of Hydronium from Ka 1. Strong Acids 2. Weak acids a. < 5% b. > 5% 1. Method of successive approximations 2. Quadratic Formula III. Bases A. Types of bases 1. hydroxy bases (-OH) 2. carbonates (-CO3) 3. molecular bases (NH3) 4. Strong Bases IV. Amphoterism V. Acid Base Reactions A. Arrhenius (Neutralization) STRONG + STRONG B. B-L (Conjugates) STRONG + Weak C. B-L Incomplete Neutralization

D. Carbonates + Acid E. Basic and Acid Anhydrides VI. pH and pOH A. Definition, Kw B. Formula C. pH + pOH = 14 D. calculating [H3O+] and [OH-] from pH or pOH VII. Titrations A. 1:1 B. Unbalanced VIII. EXTRA MATERIAL A. pH of salts B. buffers

Resources: http://www.files.chem.vt.edu/RVGS/ACT/notes/Notes_on_acids_and_bases.html http://www.doctortang.com/Honour%20Chemistry%20(Old)/Unit%208%20Acids%20and%20Bases %20Notes%20(answers).pdf http://replay.web.archive.org/20061202235618/http:/millard.esu3.org/mnhs/apchem/assignments/Notes/PDF %20Notes/notes14.PDF http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/ph-scale http://www.shodor.org/unchem/basic/ab/ -Henderson Hesselbach Equation

Acids, Bases and Salts

I. Definitions A. Definitions: 1. Arrhenius Acid A substance which increases [H+] 2. Bronsted-Lowry A substance that donates [H+] 3. Lewis An e- pair acceptor Base A substance which increases [OH-] A substance that accepts [H+] An e- pair donor

***** H+(aq) = H3O+

hydrogen ion = a proton = hydronium ion

B. Properties 1. Acids A. dilute acids taste sour B. acids react with most metals to liberate H2 gas (S.R.rxn) C. are neutralized by strong bases to form: Acid + Base(-OH) a salt + HOH Acid + Base(-CO3) a salt + HOH + CO2 D. cause color changes in indicators Table M E. are electrolytes in proportion to their [ ] (keep in mind [ ], solubility (Ksp) and degree of dissociation (Ka) 2. Bases

A. bases taste bitter B. bases feel slippery C. are neutralized by strong acids. D. cause color changes in indicators Table M E. are electrolytes in proportion to their [ ] (keep in mind [ ], solubility (Ksp) and degree of dissociation (Kb)

II. ACIDS A. Types 1. Binary two element acid, (H + nm)

A. Naming Rule: hydro_____ic acid B. Examples: 1. HCl hydrochloric acid 2. HBr hydrobromic acid 3. H2S hydrosulfuric acid

2. Ternary three or more element acid, (H + PAI) A. Naming Rule: ate - ic acid ite ous acid B. Examples: 1. H2SO3 sulfurous acid

TABLE E!!!!!

2. H2SO4 sulfuric acid 3. HNO3 nitric acid 4. H3PO4 phosphoric acid

C. Acid Anhydride Definition: any nonmetallic substance that becomes acidic when mixed with water. Examples: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 SO3 + H2O H2SO4

B. Protic- indicates the # of protons which can potentially be donated 1. monoprotic 1 H+ examples: HCl, HNO3 2. diprotic - 2 H+ examples: H2S, H2SO4 3. triprotic - 3 H+ examples: H3PO4

C. Strengths 1. Determining Factors a. Degree of Dissociation 1. The more and acid dissociates the stronger it is. This is determined through Ka values. 2. Acids that dissociate less are weaker.

b. Molecular Shape and composition 1. The more oxygenated an ion is, the larger the oxidation number of the central atom and thus the less weakly held the H+ ion is (stronger). HNO2 v HNO3 HClO vs. HClO4

2. Inorganic acids are typically stronger than organic ones (carbonbased)

2. STRONG acids. 1. The following acids are considered strong because they have a large degree of dissociation:

3. WEAK Acids 1. Acids that do not dissociate readily are considered weak. 2. Examples: HF, HC2H3O2 aka CH3COOH (vinegar), HC6H7O7 (citric)

4. Ka , Kb, Kw values 1. Ka dissociation constant for acids *For strong acids, Ka = extremely large therefore we assume roughly 100% dissociation. **For weak acids Ka is a more useful value that will allow us to determine pH later on. a. General format: HA(aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq) Ka = [H+] [A-] [HA]

b. Specific Examples: 1. HC2H3O2(aq) H+(aq) + C2H3O2-(aq) Ka = [H+] [C2H3O2-] [HC2H3O2] 2. HC5H3N4O3 (aq) H+(aq) + C5H3N4O2-(aq) Ka = [H+] [C5H3N4O2-] [HC5H3N4O2-]

2. Kb - dissociation constant for bases *For strong bases, Kb = extremely large therefore we assume roughly 100% dissociation. **For weak bases Kb is a more useful value that will allow us to determine pH later on. a. General format: A- (aq) + H2O (l) HA(aq) + OH-(aq) Kb = [HA] [OH-] [A-] b. Specific Examples: 1. NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Kb = [NH4+] [OH-] [NH3]

3. Kw = dissociation constant for water = 1 x 10-14 H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

D. Calculation of [H3O+] from Ka 1. 0.1M HCl = 0.1M [H3O+] 2. 0.033M HBr = 0.033M [H3O+] 3. 0.2 M HC2H3O2 = X [H3O+] [H3O+] = square root (Ka x [HA]) [H3O+] = 0.0019M 5% rule check = 0.0019M/0.2M x100 = ASSUMPTION VALID 4. 0.05M HClO = X [H3O+] [H3O+] = sq. rt (Ka x [HA]) [H3O+] = 3.875 x 10-5M
5% Rule = 0.08%

Ka = 1.8x10-5

Ka = 3.0x10-8

ASSUMPTION VALID

5. 0.05 M HF = X [H3O+] [H3O+] = .0057M 5% Rule = 11.4%

Ka = 6.5x10-4

THEREFORE ASSUMPTION INVALID

We need to use 1. Method of Successive Approximations or 2. Quadratic Formula

6. 0.10M HClO2 = X [H3O+] [H3O+] = 0.033M 5% Rule = 33%

Ka = 1.1x10-2

THEREFORE ASSUMPTION INVALID New [H3O+] = .027M

III. Bases A. Types 1. hydroxy bases (m-OH) 2. carbonates (m-CO3) 3. molecular (NH3) covalently bonded. Typically have unused electron pairs.

4. Strong Bases - these are the hydroxide family and will fully neutralize strong ac

IV. Amphoteric Substances !!!!!!!!!!!!! 1. Definition: Substances that can act as either an acid or a base!!! 2. Examples: H2O, HSO4-, H2PO4-2 (any partially neutralized acid)

V. Acid/Base Reactions A. Complete Neutralization 1. HCl + NaOH --> 2. H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 --> 3. H2SO4 + KOH --> 4. HClO4 + Ca(OH)2 --> (a salt + H2O)

B. Incomplete Neutralization 1. H2SO4 + (1 mole)NaOH --> 2. H3PO4 + (1 mole) KOH -->

C. B-L Conjugate Acid/Base Pairs 1. HNO3 + H2O --> 2. HC2H3O2 + H2O --> 3. HC2H3O2 + NH3 --> 4. HClO2 + H2O
Important Information: 1. only 1 H+ is transferred in these reactions. 2. A STRONG ACID/BASE will become a weak conjugate base/acid. A weak acid/base will become a STRONG CONJUGATE BASE/ACID

D. Carbonates

(a salt, H2O, CO2)

1. HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3 --> 2. HCl + CaCO3 -->

E. Acid/Basic Anhydrides + Base/Acid (a salt + H2O) 1. MgO + H2SO4 --> 2. CO2 + Ca(OH)2 -->

VI. Kw, H+, OH-, pH, pOH - CLICK HERE for a cool animation A. Kw = [H+] [OH-]

1. Kw = 1x10-14 = [H+] [OH-] acidic basic [H+] > [OH-] [H+] < [OH-]

neutral [H+] = [OH-]

Therefore in a neutral solution 1x10-14 = (1x10-7)(1x10-7)

2. Calculating [H+] or [OH-] [H+] = Kw / [OH-]

[OH-] = Kw / [H+]

example: 1. Determine the hydronium ion concentration if the hydroxide concentration = .0001M [H+] = Kw / [OH-] [H+] = 1x10-14 / [1x10-4] [H+] = 1x10-10

2. Determine [OH-] if [H3O+] = 4.8x10-11? [OH-] = Kw / [H+] [OH-] = 1x10-14 / [4.8x10-11] [OH-] = 2.08x10-4 3. pH = -log [H3O+]

Example: a. What is the pH of a .00000001M HCl sln? pH = -log (1x10-8) pH = 8 b. What is the pH of a .000482M H2SO4 sln? pH = -log (4.82 x 10-4) pH = 3.32 c. What is the pH of a .00078M NaOH sln? We need to first determine the [H3O+] from [OH-] [H3O+] = Kw / [OH-] [H3O+] = 1x10-14 / [7.8x10-4] [H3O+] = 1.28x10-11 pH = -log [H3O+] pH = -log 1.28x10-11 pH = 10.89

4. pOH calcs

pOH = - log [OH-] or

14 = pH + pOH

COMPLETING THE CALCULATION CIRCUIT!!!!!!!!!!

5. [H3O+] = inv log -pH [OH-] = inv log -pOH

VII. Titrations A. Definition: The laboratory procedure where a known concentration of an acid or base is used to neutralize the other to and end point in order to determine the unknown's [ ]. Typically NaOH is added to the acid and an indicator like phth is used. B. In a titration;

moles acid = moles base

Assuming that the # H+ = #OH-

available then you can use the following formula:

Ma x Va = Mb x Vb

Ma = molarity of acid Va = volume of acid Mb = molarity of base Vb = volume of base

1. Examples a. 40 mls. of a 0.50M HCl are titrated with 20 mls of NaOH. What is the [NaOH]?

MaVa=MbVb directly. Mb = MaVa / Vb

HCl and NaOH are 1:1 so use formula

Mb = (0.50M x 40mls) / 20 mls Mb = 1.0M NaOH

b. 60 mls of HNO3 are neutralized by 20 mls of 0.1M NaOH. What is the [HNO3]? MaVa = MbVb Ma = MbVb / Va Ma = (0.1M x 20 mls) / 60 mls Ma = 0.033M HNO3 H+:OH- = 1:1 ratio

c. 10 mls H2SO4 are neutralized by 25 mls of 0.04M Ca(OH)2. What is the [H2SO4]? MaVa = MbVb Ma = MbVb / Va Ma = (0.04M x 25mls) / 10mls Ma = 0.1M H2SO4 2. If the H+:OH- is not 1:1 you need to introduce the equivalents factor into the equation and then solve!!!! H+:OH- = 2:2 or 1:1 ratio

a. 10 mls of 0.1M H2SO4 are neutralized by 20 mls of NaOH. What is the [NaOH]? MaVa = MbVb H+:OH- = 2:1 So we need to

introduce those #'s to the equation 2 MaVa = MbVb Mb = 2 MaVa / Vb Mb = (2 x 0.1M x 10 mls) / 20 mls Mb = 0.1M NaOH

b. 10 mls of 0.1M H3PO4 are neutralized by 40 mls of Ca(OH)2. What is the [Ca(OH)2]? MaVa = MbVb H+:OH- = 3:2 So we need to

introduce those #'s to the equation 3MaVa = 2MbVb Mb = 3MaVa / 2Vb Mb = (3 x 0.1M x 10 mls) / (2 x 40 mls) Mb = 0.0375M Ca(OH)2

VIII. Additional Information

A. pH of Salts

The pH of a salt depends on the types of acids and bases that were used to make it. The quick way of determining the pH of a salt is:

1. If the cation comes from a strong base and the anion from a weak acid the salt will be basic. Examples: NaC2H3O2 strong base / weak acid = basic

KClO2 strong base / weak acid = basic

2. If the cation comes from a weak base and the anion from a strong acid the salt will be acidic. Examples: NH4SO4 weak base / strong acid = acidic

NH4Cl weak base / strong acid = acidic

3. If the cation comes from a strong base and the anion from a strong acid the salt will be neutral. Examples: NaBr strong base / strong acid = neutral

K2SO4 strong base / strong acid = neutral

B. Buffers A buffer solution is one in which the pH of the solution is "resistant" to small additions of either a strong acid or strong base. Buffers usually consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base, in relatively equal and "large" quantities.

Example: acetic acid + sodium acetate

HC2H3O2 + H2O <--> C2H3O2-(aq) + H3O+

According to LeChatelier's Principle if you add acid, the excess acetate ion will absorb it and shift to the left. If you add a base the OH- will be neutralized by the H3O+ and shift the reaction to the right.