Exp:

Measurement of density of an unknown liquid by mass / volume calculation.

Pre lab questions: 1. Define density of a substance? 2. What is the relationship between specific gravity and density? Aim: To determine the density of a liquid by mass volume calculation. Introduction The density of a sample of matter represents the mass contained within a unit volume of space in the sample. For most samples, a unit volume means 1.0 ml. The units of density, therefore, are quoted in terms of grams per millilitre (g/ml) or grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) for most solid and liquid samples of matter. Since we seldom deal with exactly 2.0 ml of substance in the chemistry lab, we usually say that the density of a sample represents the mass of the specific sample divided by its particular volume. Apparatus Required: 50 ml graduated cylinder, measuring cylinder, digital weighing balance A.Determination of the Density of Solids Obtain a regularly shaped solid and describe its appearance in the appropriate spot on the record sheet. Determine the mass of the solid by weighing it with a balance. Add about 50 ml of water to your graduated cylinder. Record the exact volume of water in the cylinder to the precision permitted by the calibration marks on the cylinder. Gently place the solid into the cylinder (do not drop the metal because it could break the graduated cylinder). Read the level of the water in the graduated cylinder, again making your determination to the precision permitted by the calibration marks on the cylinder. Assuming the sample does not dissolve in or react with water, the change in the water level represents the volume of the solid. Use the list of densities of various solids available to determine what solid you obtained. Look up the true density of the material in chemical handbook of data and use it to calculate the percent error in your measurement. After blotting the sample dry with a paper towel, return the sample to your instructor. Obtain an irregularly shaped solid and record the identity of the sample. Determine the density of the solid, using the method just described for the regularly shaped object. Compare the measured density of the object with the value listed in the handbook, and calculate the percent error in your measurement. B. Density of Pure Liquids Clean and dry a 50 ml graduated cylinder (a rolled up paper towel should be used). Weigh the dry graduated cylinder as accurately as you can with the balances you have available. Add water to the cylinder so that the water level is above the 45 ml mark but below the 50 ml mark. Determine the temperature of the water in the cylinder. Reweigh the cylinder as accurately as the balances available will allow. Record the exact volume of the water in the cylinder, to the level of precision permitted by the calibration marks on the barrel of the cylinder. Calculate the density of the water. Compare the measured density of the water with the value listed in the handbook for the temperature at which your experiment was performed. Calculate the percent error. Clean and dry the graduated cylinder. Obtain a different type of liquid and record identity. Determine the density of the liquid, using the method just described for water. Obtain another type of liquid and record identity. Determine the density of the liquid, using the method performed twice.

RESULTS/OBSERVATIONS A. Density of Solids Appearance of regular solid _____________________________________________________________________ Mass of solid ________________________________ ________________ Initial Water level ____________________________ Final Water Level ___________________________ Calculated Density ___________________________ _________________________ B. Density of Liquids Mass of empty graduated cylinder ______________ Mass of cylinder plus water ___________________ Volume of water ___________________________ Density __________________________________

Result: a. The density of the given solid was found to be : ------------------------b. The density of the given liquid

Post lab questions: 1. What is the application of density in food? 2. What is the relationship between density and viscosity of a liquid ? Exp Determination of molar mass of an acid component in commercial samples of vinegar Pre Lab Questions: 1. What do you think is present in vinegar? 2. Why is acetic acid a weak acid? Aim: To determine the amount of acetic acid in the commercial sample of acetic acid by acid base titration. Apparatus required: 50 ml burette , 20 ml pipette , 250 ml conical flask , 100 ml standard flask , burette stand and porcelain tile. Principle:

Vinegar can be found in almost any home. It can be used on salads and to season other dishes. Vinegar is made up of mostly water and acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and maybe some herbs and spices. It is the acetic acid that gives vinegar its characteristic taste and odor. The optimum amount of acetic acid in vinegar is between 4 and 5 percent by weight. Any percentage of acetic acid greater than 5 results in very bad tasting vinegar .In order to analyze vinegar bought at a local market, you will use a method called titration. Titration is a common analytical method used to measure the amounts of compounds in solution. The vinegar will be in the reaction vessel and follow the reaction given below: HC2H3O2 + NaOH NaC2H3O2 + H2O (1) The above equation is an acid-base reaction; also know as a neutralization reaction. The acetic acid (HC2H3O2) found in the vinegar will react with the NaOH until all of the acetic acid is neutralized. When an acid, such as acetic acid reacts with a base like NaOH, the products are a salt (NaC2H3O2, sodium acetate) and water (H2O). When the concentration of NaOH is known the percentage of acetic acid in vinegar can be determined. Model Calculation: If you look at equation 1, you will see that the acetic acid in vinegar combines with sodium hydroxide in a 1:1 ratio. This means that the number of moles of NaOH will be the same as the moles of acetic acid, which means that the number of moles of acetic acid in the 25.00 mL of vinegar is also 0.0189 moles. Since you are trying to calculate the percentage of acetic acid in vinegar by weight, you need to convert the moles of acetic acid to a mass of acetic acid. You will do this by multiplying the moles of acetic acid with the molecular weight of acetic acid which is 60.0 g of acetic acid in one mole of acetic acid. 0.0189 moles of acetic acid x 60.0 g of acetic acid ------------------------------ = 1.13 g of acetic acid 1 mole of acetic acid

To calculate the weight percentage of acetic acid in vinegar:

1.13 g of acetic acid x 100% ------------------------------------- = 25.00 g of vinegar Procedure:

4.52 % of acetic acid in vinegar

1. To properly clean your burette, first rinse the burette with distilled water. Then rinse the burette with 3 x 5 mL sample of the titrant (NaOH). Allow this solution to drain from the bottom by opening the stopcock. Make sure the whole interior of the burette has been sufficiently rinsed with distilled water and the titrant solution. Discard the titrant used to rinse the burette and close the stopcock. Fill the burette with titrant as close as you can to the top of the burette.

2. Now open the stopcock and allow some of the titrant to be released. The technique for reading the values from a burette are the same as those for the graduated cylinder, read the bottom of the meniscus. 3. Using the burette provided for you, carefully measure and pour 25.00 mL of vinegar into a 250.0 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Calculate the mass assuming the density is 1 g/mL. 4. Add 3-5 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the flask. After properly cleaning your burette, fill the burette with sodium hydroxide solution and record the initial volume. 5. Titrate your vinegar sample with the sodium hydroxide solution, making sure to gently swirl your flask as you are adding the sodium hydroxide. Add the sodium hydroxide until you have a very slight pink colour that remains for more than thirty seconds. You will see a pink colour as you add the sodium hydroxide to the flask but will notice when you swirl the flask it disappears. 6. Once the colour remains for more than thirty seconds, you can be confident that you have reached the equivalence point for your titration.

Results: Parameter Mass of vinegar (g) Trial Run Titration 1 Titration 2 Titration 3