After getting paging request from SGSN,MS shall move from standby state to ready state NMOs are

related to the concept of PAGING COORDINATION means how network provide s circuit-switched and packet-switched services depending on the presence or abs ence of PCCCH paging channels. 3 modes for NMO. NMO-1 Gs interface is present.The network sends the paging messages on the same logica l channels for circuit-switched and packet-switched services on PCCCH (or CCCH i f PCCCH is absent).PPCH or PCH channel is used NMO-2 Gs interface is not present.PPCHs are not present.network sends paging messages for circuit-switched and packet-switched services on CCCH paging channels. NMO-3 The network MSC sends a CS paging message for a GPRS-attached MS on the CCCH pag ing channel, and sends a GPRS paging message from SGSN on either the packet pagi ng channel (if allocated in the cell) or on the CCCH paging channel. RR operation Modes:Packet Idle Mode and Packet Transfer Mode Three medium access modes are supported fixed, dynamic or extended dynamic. TBF-A TBF is a physical connection used by the two RR entities to support the un idirectional transfer of LLC PDUs on packet data physical channels Once the data transfer is finished , the TBF is released. Each TBF is assigned a TFI (Temporary Flow Identity) by the network Session Management means Sessions are managed through Activation, Deactivation a nd Modification of PDP Context. PDP Context includes PDP Type,PDP Address,Qos,APN and TEID(Tunnel Endpoint Ident ifier) Gb interface relies on the allocation of PVCs means One virtual connection per c ell BSSGP layer ensures the transmission of upper-layer data (LLC PDUs) from the BSC to the SGSN or from the SGSN to the BSS. SNS sub layer manages the frame relay protocol and consequently the PVCs.The NSC sub layer is responsible for the management of the NS-VCs between the BSC and t he SGSN. SNS Functionality-Handles signaling procedures to manage the PVCs between the SG SN and the BSS. Notification of the addition of a PVC 2. Detection of the deletion of a PVC 3. Notification of the availability or unavailability state of a config ured PVC 4. Link integrity verification 5. Performs periodic polling NSC Functionality-Responsible for the management of the NS-VCs between the BSS a nd the SGSN and the transfer of upper-layer packets.Performs NS-VC management. NS-VC can be in one of the following 3 states1.DEAD No end-to-end communication between peer NS entities 2.BLOCKED & ALIVE NS-UNITDATA not allowed to transit across NS-VC 3.UNBLOCKED NS-UNITDATA are accepted and can be sent GMM procedures:Paging 2. Radio Access Capability Update 3. Radio Status NM procedures: 1. Flush 2. LLC discard

3. Flow Control 4. BVC management

Polling is a mechanism in which the packet control unit (PCU) asks the mobile st ation to send information about the DL conditions and about the successfully received RLC blocks. Polling is part of the (E)GPRS selective request ARQ mechanism, where no ncorrectly received RLC blocks are retransmitted. The PCU polls the mobile station by transmitting an RLC data block with a polling bit set to 1. Link adaptation (LA) algorithms are used to select the optimum (M)CS as a functi on of the radio link conditions. The selection of the coding scheme is based on channe l quality estimates. In DL, the PCU polls the mobile, which responds by sending the GPRS or EGPRS packet DL ACK/NACK message. These messages contain measurements with information about the link quality. GPRS represents an evolution of GSM standard Complements existing CS cellular phone connection and SMS, i.e. Support flexible co-existence with GSM voice Packet Switching GPRS standard allows data transmission in packet mode. Support for bursty traffic GPRS network architecture re-uses the GSM nodes (HLR) Internet Aware GPRS supports packet-based Internet communication protocols, IP and X.25 Spectrum efficiency Network resources and bandwidth are only used when data is actually transferred. Speed Theoretical max speed is 171.2 kbps using all 8 time slots at the same time (CS4 rate is 21.4kbps, so 8*21.4 = 171.2). GPRS data speeds are likely to average about 56kbps. Immediacy No dial up modem connection is necessary. GPRS users are always connected. New applications, Better applications The higher data rates allow users to take part in videoconferences and interact with multimedia websites. Charging Charging is flexible and charging is done according to the amount of data transf erred, Quality of Service (QoS) supported. General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) is an extension of the mobile telephony stand ard GSM, emerged as a Packet Switched data bearer service for wireless communica tion, to allow mobile subscribers to benefit from high-speed transmission rates and run data application from mobile terminals . Air Interface: Idea is to suggest minimal changes in BTS HW/SW. There are large number of BTS in the field. HW/SW modifications would be a major blow for GPRS deployment. Thus, BTS functionality largely remains untouched.

No new structure is defined. The basic modulation scheme (GMSK) and multiplexing scheme (FDMA/TDMA) is retain ed . The basic units Burst (Access/Normal) retained. New Logical Channels Introduced over the basic GSM PHY. Dynamic Radio Resource Allocation a key challenge. BSC impacted by the introduction of Packet Control Unit (PCU) as additional unit . Core Network: The circuit switching equipment cannot be reused. Thus, IP based GSNs introduced in the Core Network. Tunneling used to route IP packets. The registers like AuC and HLR largely remains untouched. Only SW enhancements for support of GPRS Others Addressing a key issue to provide IP addressing support (preferably dynamically) . MSISDN replaced by PDP address. Mobility Management/Security more or less same. Call Control replaced by Session Management. ----------------------------------------------SGSN and GGSN. Introduces two new network nodes in GSM PLMN HLR is enhanced with the GPRS subscriber information. SMS-GMSCs and SMS-IWMSCs are upgraded to support SMS transmission via the SGSN BSS is upgraded with Packet Control Unit (PCU) to communicate with SGSN. New GPRS radio channels are defined, and the allocation of these channels is fle xible: 1 to 8 timeslots can be allocated in uplink or downlink direction dependi ng on the MS multi-slot class. 4 coding schemes (CS1-CS4) supported providing flexibility of 184 bits to 431 bi ts per 20-ms radio block to achieve data rates from 9.2 kbps to 172.4 kbps. One timeslot can be shared by up to 8 active users in uplink and downlink direct ions separately Optionally, the MSC/VLR can be enhanced for more-efficient co-ordination of GPRS and non-GPRS services and functionality Three GPRS MS modes of operation are supported Class A, B and C. Three network operation modes are supported according to paging co-ordination le vel supported Mode I, II and III. Mobile Station Mobile Equipment (ME), identified IMEI Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC) Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS) Home Location Register (HLR) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Authentication Center (AuC) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Mobile Switching Center/Visitor Location Register (MSC/VLR) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) ------------------------------------------

Comprises of two separate units, viz. SIM and ME. The Structure provides terminal mobility. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM): Belongs to the operator (e.g. Bharti, Hutch). Contains the permanent data of subscriber (e.g. IMSI). Mobile Equipment (ME) : developed by equipment manufacturers (e.g. Nokia, Samsun g, etc). Contains Mobile Termination and User Interface functions. Communicates with SIM A totally new subscriber terminal is required to access GPRS services. These new terminals will be backward compatible with GSM for voice calls. Depending upon the capabilities of an MS, there are various MS classes. Class A MS can be attached to both GPRS and other GSM services Supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and GSM services Makes MS very expensive Class B MS can be Attached to both GPRS and other GSM services However, at a time, either GPRS or GSM services can be availed. Class C At a given time, the MS is attached to either GPRS or other GSM services. User can manually select the desired service when both GPRS and Circuit Switched services are supported The capability for GPRS-attached class-C MS to receive and transmit SMS messages is kept optional. -----------------------------------------The BSS consists of three components: Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC) Packet Control Unit (PCU) VNL has provided PCU as a software solution where the functionalities are divide d between BTS and BSC Interfaces with BSC on Abis interface and with MS on Um Interface Takes care of air interface signalling to ensure error free data transfer betwee n MS and BTS It consists of radio transmitter & receiver, antennas and signal processing spec ific to radio interface Main Functions: Modulation/De-modulation Channel coding and decoding RF transmit and receive circuits (Power control, Frequency Hopping, Antenna Dive rsity) Interfaces with SGSN through Gb interface. Interfaces with BTS through Abis interface. Main responsibilities are : Connection establishment between MS and NSS Manages radio resources for one or more BTS Allocation and release of radio channels Frequency hopping Power control algorithm PCU provides a physical and logical interface for packet data traffic. PCU is responsible for Segmentation and reassembly of LLC frame

Transfer of RLC block PCU can be located at BTS or BSC or SGSN PCU located at BSC or SGSN site is called Remote PCU. ----------------------------------------------------------PCU communicates with the Channel Codec Unit (CCU) at BTS. PCU at BTS side Advantages: Internal interface between PCU and CCU Low round trip delay No wastage of Abis bandwidth due to re-transmission of blocks Drawbacks BTS HW needs considerable change Think of number of BTS existing in the field PCU at BSC side Advantages: Internal interface between PCU and BSC Drawbacks HW impact in BSC Greater round trip delay Synchronous protocol is needed between PCU and CCU Abis bandwidth wasted in case RLC block retransmission PCU at SGSN side Advantages No HW impact on current BSS Smooth introduction of GPRS in the network Disadvantages Greater round trip time (longer TBF establishment) Synchronous protocol is needed between PCU and CCU Abis bandwidth is wasted in case RLC block retransmission A protocol is needed between BSC and PCU NSS consists of Home Location Register (HLR) Authentication Register (AuC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) Others, viz. Mobile Switching Center (MSC)/Visitor Location Register (VLR) ------------------------------------------------------------------HLR is a database within the Home PLMN network. Contains subscriber GPRS subscription information HLR provides routing information for Mobile Terminated sessions and Short Messag e Service. AuC holds authentication information. This information is used for authentication and other security-related functions . At the center of all AuC functions is a secret key that is shared between the Au C and the USIM of the UE. This secret key facilitates roaming of a subscriber because even in a visited ne twork, the SGSN can authenticate the user by obtaining security information from AuC. The AuC itself does not take part in the authentication. Role of the AuC is to provide SGSN with the necessary information that can be us

ed by SGSN for authentication. EIR monitor the legitimacy of a User Equipment (UE) used in the PLMN. EIR holds the list of IMEI used in the PLMN. A UE is classified in one of the three categories. These categories are as follo ws: White list: This includes all the number series of IMEI that are permitted for u se. Black list: This includes all the number series of IMEI that are barred from use . Grey list: These are tracked by the network for various reasons (e.g. for evalua tion). SGSN ---------------Interfaces with BSS (Gb) and with GGSN through (Gn/Gp) Responsible for the delivery of data packets from and to the mobile stations wit hin its service area. Communicates to HLR for getting GPRS subscriber data Functions of SGSN include Packet routing and transfer, Mobility management (attach/detach and location management), Authentication Logical Link management Charging functions The database of the SGSN stores Location information (e.g., current cell, curren t VLR), Registered GPRS subscriber profiles (e.g., IMSI, PDP address(es), etc.). GGSN ----------GGSN is an interface between the GPRS backbone network and the external packet d ata networks. GGSN forwards outgoing packets to the external PDN Converts the GPRS packets coming from the SGSN into the appropriate packet data protocol (PDP) format (e.g., IP or X.25) GGSN forwards incoming packet from external PDN to SGSN of the addressed MS PDP addresses of incoming data packets are used to determine the destination. The packets are then tunneled to the responsible SGSN. GGSN stores the current SGSN address of the user and subscriber profile in its l ocation register. GGSN also performs charging functions.