WiMAx¿¡ LTE ÎÀÇ Å Â¿©Çà

Presented by:
Copyright 2009 Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Agenda
Introduction What is WiMAX and LTE Contrasting WiMAX and LTE
Physical layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE
Physical layer functions in WiMAX & LTE

Key Procedures in WiMAX & LTE MIMO & Diversity concepts MIMO & Diversity implementations in WiMAX & LTE Creating WiMAX and LTE signals Analyzing WiMAX and LTE signals Summary
Agilent MIMO solutions

Conclusion
Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010
Introduction - What is WiMAX and LTE
WiMAX
WiMAX is based upon the IEEE 802.16 standard enabling the delivery of wireless broadband services anytime, anywhere. WiMAX products can accommodate fixed and mobile usage models. Initiated in 2004, the Long Term Evolution (LTE) project focused on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPs radio access architecture. Targets were to have average user throughput of three- to four-times the Release 6 HSDPA levels in the Downlink (100Mbps), and two to three times the HSUPA levels in the Uplink (50Mbps).
Source: WiMAX Forum
Source: 3GPP org
Introduction - Contrasting WiMAX and LTE

Attribute
Core Network Access Technology:
Downlink (DL) Uplink (UL)
Mobile WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16Rev2) WiMAX Forum All-IP network OFDMA
3GPP-LTE (E-UTRAN)
UTRAN moving towards AllIP Evolved UTRA CN with IMS OFDMA
OFDMA
2.3-2.4GHz, 2.496-2.69GHz, 3.3-3.8GHz (700MHZ?)
SC-FDMA
Existing and new frequency bands (~2GHz)
Frequency Band Bit-rate/Site:

DL UL
Channel bandwidth (BW) MIMO:

DL UL
75 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx) 25 Mbps 5, 8.75, 10, 20 MHz
100 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx) 50 Mbps

1.4 - 20 MHz
2 Tx X 2Rx 1Tx X NRx -Collaborative SM 100 - 200 users 3.75[bits/sec/Hz]
Cell capacity Spectral efficiency
2 Tx X 2Rx 2 Tx X 2Rx >200 users @ 5MHz

>400 users for larger BW 5[bits/sec/Hz]*
based on trials
Agenda


Conclusion
PHY layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE
PHY layer concepts in WiMAX (TDD) & LTE (FDD)

WiMAX
Slot Zone/ Burst Pilot Reciprocity Layer Slot Resource Block Reference Signal Precoding
LTE
Codeword
Layer
Stream

WiMAX
Slot is smallest quantity of resource assignable to an user in time and frequency domain. Structure varies from DL to UL and the subcarrier permutation (PUSC,AMC,FUSC) In uplink the subcarriers in a subchannel are grouped to form tiles
LTE
The 10 ms LTE frame (Type 1) is divided into 20 slots and each slot occupies 7 symbols with normal cyclic prefix (CP) and 6 with extended CP. Minimum resource is 2 slots (1 subframe)
symbols
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
subchannels
Data Region in OFDMA
slot #0

WiMAX
A Zone defines the way physical OFDM carriers are allocated during specific periods of time according to the radio channel and quality of service needs. Bursts (representing users) have different modulation types to meet the MS data service requirements
LTE
A Resource Block is a basic scheduling unit. Minimum allocation is 1 ms (2 slots) and 180 kHz (12 subcarriers) that will mean 2 RB
One downlink slot, Tslot
DL N symb OFDM
symbols
Resource block x
DL N symb
RB Nsc
Resource element (k, l)

DL N RB
x Nsc subcarriers
RB Nsc
RB
Nsc
RB
:
l=0 l= 1
Zone
Resource Grid

WiMAX
Pilots are present on every symbol in DL (PUSC) and every other symbol in UL (PUSC) Pilot subcarriers do not overlap with data subcarriers
subchannels
LTE
Reference Signals (RS) are symbol #0, #04. Reference Signals (RS) overlap with data
symbols
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DL (PUSC)
RS SCH (payload data)

WiMAX
Uses channel reciprocity of TDD to estimate CSI (channel state information) UL Sounding channel is used in closed loop MIMO beamforming needs (Precoding allowed in FDD closed loop MIMO)
LTE
Uses precoding in closed loop MIMO to optimize the transmissions to the characteristics of the radio channel
eNB
UE
PMI, RI, CQI, HARQ

PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator RI Rank Indication CQI Channel Quality Indicator HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request indicator
UL Sounding in WiMAX TDD
Closed loop 2 x 2 MIMO in LTE DL (one user)
Agenda


Conclusion
PHY layer functions in WiMAX and LTE
Key functions between the mobile (UE) and base station (eNB)
o Synchronizing with the base station o UE/MS Control o Channel estimation and training o Transferring Payload data
Synchronizing with the Base Station

In LTE downlink, time and frequency synchronization is accomplished by P-SS (subframe) and S-SS (frame) in the last two symbols of slot #0 and #10. Aligns OFDM symbols to timing reference in eNB using timing advance (TA) slot #19 slot #0 slot #10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
S-SS
S-SS
P-SS
P-SS
In WiMAX downlink, time and frequency synchronization is accomplished by the DL preamble located at the start of the time frame.
Preamble
WiMAX DL
UE/MS Control
In LTE downlink PDCCH, PDBCH, PMCH, PCFICH provide cell identification, control information (RB, power control etc) slot #0 slot #1 PDCCH (on resources not used by PCFICH/PHICH/RS), PCFICH PHICH,PMCH variable resource mapping PDBCH In WiMAX on the downlink - FCH, DL-MAP/UL-MAP, DCD & UCD provide user related information such as allocation of symbols, subchannels, burst profiles consisting of modulation, transmit power, code rate, error correction
FC H
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
DL-MAP
WiMAX DL
UL-MAP
Channel estimation and training

In LTE downlink, channel estimation and channel equalization is done by RS (reference signals) slot #0 slot #19
RS every 6th subcarrier of OFDMA symbols #0 & #4 of every slot, position varies with antenna port, length of CP
In WiMAX downlink, initial channel estimation is done by the preamble at the start of the frame and subsequent estimation and training is done by the pilots that occur in the subsequent symbols
FCH
UL-MAP
DL burst #3 DL burst #4 DL burst #5 DL burst #2 DL burst #6
Preamble
DL-MAP
WiMAX DL
Transferring Payload data

In LTE downlink PDSCH carries payload data. slot #0 slot #19
PDSCH - Physical DL Shared Channel [Available Slots]
In WiMAX downlink - MAC PDU in the bursts carry payload data.

DL burst #3 DL burst #4 DL burst #5 DL burst #2 DL burst #6
WiMAX DL
Agenda


Conclusion
Key procedures in WiMAX & LTE
Key procedures in Mobile WiMAX & LTE

Procedure WiMAX
Full Duplex FDD provisioned in the standard, opportunity to deploy in countries with paired spectrum. Hybrid FDD (H-FDD) is in development. Mobiles are organized into two groups. Each mobile operates in a half duplex mode.
LTE
The initial goal. Normal operation is full duplex, like HSPA. There are a variety of modes to help the MS receiver only switch on when needed. Half duplex mode also available.
DL radio frame # i
FDD
UL radio frame # i
( NTA NTA offset ) Ts time units
Has been added to the spec. Of special interest in China, but more generally where there are TDD band allocations.
TDD Coexistence
This is the initial release.
D S U U U D D D D D D S U U D D D D D D D S U D D D D D D D
TDD frame structure allows for backward compatibility to TD SCDMA (LCR TDLTE)
This is the initial release.

Procedure Multi-antenna Diversity WiMAX
DL STBC (space time block coding) Alamouti applied across pairs of symbols in time. Symbol Time
LTE
DL SFBC (space frequency block coding) Alamouti applied with one symbol, across different subcarriers. CDD (cyclic delay diversity) available as another form of diversity.
Matrix A =
S1 S2
- S2* S1*
Rel 1.5 included Cyclic shift transmit diversity (CSTD)
MIMO
DL 2*2 MIMO Open Loop (use reciprocity in TDD to estimate channel) Closed loop in development. WiMAX FDD allows precoding using 3 bit feedback for 2 Tx and 6 bit for 4 Tx at the BS
Antenna
DL 2*2 MIMO (Single User) with closed loop using a very limited set of precoding codes
Beamforming
Several companies already supporting phased array beam forming and 2*2 MIMO
Precoding matrices support both MIMO and beamforming

Procedure HARQ operation ACK response Channel feedback WiMAX
Chase combining and incremental redundancy. ACK channel is allocated within the fast feedback region.
LTE
Chase combining and incremental redundancy. (H)ARQ terminates in eNB
The ACK gets sent within the same 5ms frame (TDD)
The SAE architecture aims to reduce round trip time (RTT) significantly from HSPA to enable low latency applications such as VoIP SRS (form of Zadoff-Chu) when there is no transport channel (PBCH) on UL
CQICH sent as CDMA signals in first few symbols of Uplink (or in DL)

Procedure Power Control Mobile joining the network Broadcast / Multicast services WiMAX
Initial and Periodic Ranging (RNGREQ) and Ranging Response (RNG-RSP) messages
LTE
Includes the uplink power control and downlink power allocation. UL SRS, PUCCH, PUSCH, DL- RS Cell search procedure UE acquires time and frequency sync with eNB, call setup with PRACH (random access preamble) and eNB transmits RS, S-SS,P-SS.
Cell search procedure MS acquires time and frequency sync with BS on the DL preamble
Rel 1.5 supports MCBCS with MBS Zone and MBS MAP
Enhanced MBMS (from 2G/3G) with Single Frequency Network and cell-specific content
Agenda


Conclusion
MIMO & Diversity concepts
MIMO and Diversity Both Important, Different Objectives

Multiple Antennas can be used in a variety of ways:
Transmit Diversity
Receive Diversity
Spatial Multiplexing
Diversity techniques protect against fading, and improve coverage
MIMO Spatial Multiplexing

MIMO Spatial Multiplexing is the simultaneous use of the same frequencies to transmit different signals
MIMO
Tx0
Tx1
Rx0 Rx1
Spatial multiplexing increases the spectral efficiency of the transmission, increasing capacity MIMO and diversity can be combined
Feedback systems in MIMO

Open loop MIMO
Selection combining
Maximal ratio combining (MRC) Space time/ Space frequency block coding
(as the name implies channel state/quality has to be estimated without feedback from BS to MS)
Closed loop MIMO
(UE tells the BS to choose which Resource Blocks to transmit on, what modulation etc)
Precoding
Factors that affect MIMO performance

Extent of Correlation among the channel paths
SNR of the channel path at the receiver

Spatial Correlation coefficient at transmitter - Spatial Correlation coefficient at receiver
=0=0 4.4 bits/Hz
=1=1
Better SNR offers improvement in bits/Hz compared to SISO
On Phase Coherency
For directly mapped open loop MIMO testing, the phase relationship between test signals does not affect the performance of the receiver (because orthogonal signals have to be coupled twice for vector addition to take place)
For closed loop MIMO, the phase between test signals needs to be constant during the period when the channel is sample, allowing coupling coefficients to be calculated and applied. This requires the system to be stable rather than phase coherent
Agenda


Conclusion
MIMO & Diversity implementations in WiMAX & LTE
MIMO & Diversity in WiMAX & LTE

WiMAX
MISO (STC / Matrix A - Tx Diversity) - DL MIMO (Matrix B) - DL Collaborative MIMO UL -------------------------Closed Loop MIMO (precoding) Cyclic Delay Diversity aka Cyclic Shift Transmit Diversity (CSTD)
LTE
SIMO (Rx Diversity) UE
MISO (Tx Diversity) eNB SU MIMO (Single User) - DL MU MIMO (Multi User) - UE CO-MIMO (Cooperative) - UE -------------------------Closed Loop MIMO (precoding) Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)
MIMO/STC in WiMAX
MISO channel
Concept
Same data stream sent on each antenna space time coded (STBC), for improved robustness More efficient modulation formats for any given SNR.
DL
Matrix A
(2x1 STC)
2 TX 1 RX
MIMO channel
DL
Matrix B
(2x2 MIMO)
2 TX 2 RX
Two separate data streams sent simultaneously on same channel (2 Tx) Matrix decoder separates them in the receiver, doubles the throughput in the ideal situation of uncorrelated streams
Two separate data streams sent simultaneously on same channel, as above, but theyre from two separate transmitters in two separate handsets.
UL
Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing
(2x2 MIMO)
1 TX 1 TX 2 RX
MIMO in LTE
Transmit Antennas The Radio Channel Receive Antennas
Concept
Single User: Conventional MIMO One user gets the full benefit of the increased capacity Example: Downlink in LTE
SU-MIMO
eNB 1 UE 1
MU-MIMO
UE 1 UE 2 eNB 1
Multi-User: The Base Station schedules two mobiles to transmit their own data streams, but as a MIMO signal.
Example: Uplink in LTE Cooperative MIMO: Co-MIMO involves two separate entities at the transmission end. The example here is a downlink case in which two eNB collaborate by sharing data streams to precode the spatially separate antennas for optimal communication with at least one UE. Example: Part of Advanced LTE
Co-MIMO
eNB 1 eNB 2 UE 1
Multi antenna techniques in LTE - DL

Five multi-antenna techniques have been defined for LTE to improve the downlink performance
Receive diversity (UE) Transmit diversity using SFBC (eNB) MIMO spatial multiplexing (eNB) for one or two users Cyclic Delay Diversity (eNB) Beamforming (eNB) user specific
Use of diversity and SM on LTE - DL
Precoding in LTE
Purpose
of the pre-coding is to optimize the transmissions (streams) to the characteristics of the radio channel so that when the signals are received, they can be more easily separated back into the original data streams.
It consists of set of weights (vectors) to be mapped on to resources on each of the antenna ports, known as Codeword (CW) The inputs to the precoder come from layer mapping Enables closed loop MIMO
In LTE, the UE selects the codeword from the codebook and tells the eNB to use that particular codeword
Precoding is bandwidth resource intensive
CODEWORDS
Scrambling Modulation mapper Modulation mapper
Precoding
LAYERS
Layer mapper
Scrambling
LTE Physical channel processing

Agenda


Conclusion
Creating WiMAX and LTE signals
Signal Studio software for WiMAX and LTE

N7615B Signal Studio for 802.16 WiMAX software N7624B Signal Studio for LTE FDD software N7625B Signal Studio for TD LTE software
WiMAX waveform
LTE waveform
LTE waveform
LAN or GPIB
N5182A MXGs
N5106A PXB
N5102A
Signal Studio User Interface: WiMAX FDD/H-FDD
FDD/H-FDD Downlink only signal Downlink subframe 1 Downlink subframe 2
WiMAX TDD - Mixed Matrix A and Matrix B Bursts

Default STC/MIMO type for zone Choose how to describe bursts in the DL-MAP Choose STC type for each burst
WiMAX - User-defined Channel Correlation Matrix
user-defined channel correlation matrix
Signal Studio User Interface: LTE FDD (DL MIMO)
Signal Studio User Interface: TD LTE
Page 47
Creating Faded Signals For MIMO Receiver Test

Tx0
Two solutions available: 1. Add fading effects to the waveform data files created by Signal Studio
Length of fading simulation limited by maximum waveform length (64 Msamples)
Data Tx Tx1
Rx0
Chan H 00 Chan H 10 01 Chan H 01 10 Chan H 11
S Rx1 S Rx
Inexpensive solution, suitable for basic MIMO receiver verification or troubleshooting
N7615B / N7624B
Create waveform files with or without fading
Unfaded waveforms
N5182A MXGs
Faded RF
2. Generate/playback waveform and add real-time fading with the N5106A PXB MIMO Receiver Tester
N5106A PXB
OR OR Faded analog I/Q

Faded Digital I/Q
N5102A Digital signal interface module
PXB MIMO Channel Model Setup

Choose default model (user-defined) or standards-based models for WiMAX or LTE Choose how to define correlation between fading channels: from standardsbased model, custom antenna setup, or custom correlation matrix
Custom antenna setup Custom Correlation Matrix
PXB Fading Setup
Path Delay Profile (PDP) in PXB
Per Path correlation in WiMAX versus Channel Correlation in LTE

While setting correlation properties for the channel, it can be per-path or per-channel Per-path spatial correlation can closely model a real wireless channel but has a high level of computational capacity MIMO channel models in WiMAX use correlation factors for per-path, depending on Angle of Departure (AoD) and Angle of Arrival (AoA) parameters. LTE requirements recommend the per-channel correlation model, in an effort to reduce MIMO complexity
Agenda


Conclusion
Analyzing WiMAX and LTE signals
Analyzing STC/MIMO Signals -- WiMAX DL

What to measure and where?
Matrix A (STC) Transmitter
MISO channel RF metrics of indiv. TX Validate PHY format of indiv. TX MISO channel matrix
RF metrics of indiv. or both TXs Validate combined PHY format Cross-TX metrics (time, power, etc.)
Matrix B (MIMO) Transmitter
MIMO channel
RF metrics of indiv. TX Validate PHY format of indiv. TX
MIMO channel matrix (1 or 2 chan)
RF metrics of indiv. or both TXs Validate combined PHY format Cross-TX metrics (time, power, etc.)
WiMAX: Matrix B Signal With Pedestrian A Fading and High Correlation

No matrix decoder
Channel responses much more similar
WiMAX: Matrix B Signal With Crosstalk Removed By Matrix Decoder

Normal constellation result MIMO Info still shows crosstalk
Channel Condition number measurements (WiMAX Ped A)
LTE: DL 2 x 2 MIMO Signal
LTE: Tx (2 x 1) Diversity signal
Agenda


Conclusion
Products and Solutions
Comprehensive MIMO Test Solutions

Leading the Evolution in Wireless Comms
Leader in MIMO Signal Creation
Best ACPR performance for amplifier test Synchronized & phase coherent signals for MIMO receiver test
Superior Signal Analysis Capabilities

Single and multi-channel measurements
Accelerate Protocol Development & Conformance

Real-time LTE and WiMAX base station emulation for mobile development
N5182A MXG
Infiniium
Tx0 Tx1
E6620A
89600 VSA software
E6651A
N5106A PXB MIMO Receiver Tester
N9020A MXA
Maximize the Value of Your Investment

through higher instrument utilization and easy upgrades
Multi-purpose diagnostic toolset across R&D lifecycle
Signal Inputs
Signal Creation Tools
Signal Outputs
Analog I/Q
Direct from PXB Connect to any DUT or RF vector signal generator with analog I/Q inputs
Digital I/Q RF
N5102A MXA 8960 PXB
N5102A
RF
Digital I/Q
MXG ESG
New E6651A Wave 2 MIMO features (WiMAX)

MIMO: New features to support testing of MIMO mobile
station MIMO hardware : additional RF source for 2 Downlink Channels to test MIMO MS receivers Analog IF/IQ Connectivity for external fading and baseband DUT testing Protocol to support MIMO modes Downlink Space Time Coding (Matrix A) Downlink 2x2 MIMO (Matrix B) Uplink Collaborative spatial multiplexing (coming soon) Other Wave 2 features Effective CINR measurements AMC 2x3 slot structure
Agilent N6430A WiMAX PCT System is being used by all WFDCLs

AT4Wireless Spain Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification CATR China Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification
TTA Korea AT4Wireless US Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification ADT Taiwan MIMOS Malaysia Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification
TTC/CCS Taiwan Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification
Agilent PCT for WiMAX Certification
WFDCL = WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Lab

Page 65 Agilent Confidential
Page 66
Summary
WiMAX and LTE target high data rate applications, make better use of available spectrum OFDMA and MIMO principles apply to both the competing wireless formats Knowledge of WiMAX provides a head start to those expanding their development work to LTE Agilent solutions such as Signal Studio and vector signal analysis software shorten the learning cycle when moving from WiMAX to LTE
Additional Resources
www.agilent.com/find/wimax
www.agilent.com/find/lte
www.agilent.com/find/mimo

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Presented by:

Copyright 2009 Agilent Technologies, Inc.

Physical layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE

Physical layer functions in WiMAX & LTE

Agilent MIMO solutions

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

Introduction - What is WiMAX and LTE

Source: WiMAX Forum

Source: 3GPP org

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

Introduction - Contrasting WiMAX and LTE

Frequency Band Bit-rate/Site:

Channel bandwidth (BW) MIMO:

75 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx) 25 Mbps 5, 8.75, 10, 20 MHz

100 Mbps (MIMO 2Tx 2Rx) 50 Mbps

2 Tx X 2Rx 1Tx X NRx -Collaborative SM 100 - 200 users 3.75[bits/sec/Hz]

Cell capacity Spectral efficiency

2 Tx X 2Rx 2 Tx X 2Rx >200 users @ 5MHz

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

Physical layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE

Physical layer functions in WiMAX & LTE

Agilent MIMO solutions

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

PHY layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE

PHY layer concepts in WiMAX (TDD) & LTE (FDD)

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

PHY layer concepts in WiMAX (TDD) & LTE (FDD)

Data Region in OFDMA

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

PHY layer concepts in WiMAX (TDD) & LTE (FDD)

Resource element (k, l)

PHY layer concepts in WiMAX (TDD) & LTE (FDD)

RS SCH (payload data)

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

PHY layer concepts in WiMAX (TDD) & LTE (FDD)

PMI, RI, CQI, HARQ

UL Sounding in WiMAX TDD

Closed loop 2 x 2 MIMO in LTE DL (one user)

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

Physical layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE

Physical layer functions in WiMAX & LTE

Agilent MIMO solutions

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

PHY layer functions in WiMAX and LTE

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

Synchronizing with the Base Station

Channel estimation and training

DL burst #3 DL burst #4 DL burst #5 DL burst #2 DL burst #6

Transferring Payload data

PDSCH - Physical DL Shared Channel [Available Slots]

In WiMAX downlink - MAC PDU in the bursts carry payload data.

Physical layer concepts in WiMAX & LTE

Physical layer functions in WiMAX & LTE

Agilent MIMO solutions

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

Key procedures in WiMAX & LTE

Key procedures in Mobile WiMAX & LTE

( NTA NTA offset ) Ts time units

This is the initial release.

This is the initial release.

Taking the journey from WiMAX to LTE January 2010

Key procedures in Mobile WiMAX & LTE