Name

Reg. No. : Group No. : Subject Date : Consolidation :

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Objective: To find the settlement of a fully saturated soil sample when subjected to different load increments.

General Discussion: When a saturated soil layer is subjected to stress increase the pore water pressure is increased suddenly. In sandy soils that are highly permeable the drainage caused by the increase in pore water pressure is completed immediately. Pore water drainage is accomplished by a reduction in the volume of the soil mass, which results in settlement. Because of rapid change of the pore water in sandy soils, elastic settlement and consolidation occur simultaneously. When a saturated compressible clay layer is subjected to a stress increase, elastic settlement occurs immediately. Because the coefficient of permeability of clay is significantly smaller than that of sand, the excess of pore water pressure generated by loading gradually dissipates over a long period. Thus, the associated volume change (that is, consolidation) in the clay may continue long after the elastic settlement. The settlement caused by consolidation in clay may be several times grater than the elastic settlement.

The consolidation properties determined from the consolidation that are used to estimate the magnitude and the rate of both primary and secondary consolidation settlement of a structure or an earthfill. Estimates of this type are of key importance in the design of engineering structures and the elevation of their performance.

The coefficient of consolidation (Cv): (rate of consolidation) Cv = Where, Ti : the time factor (equals 0.197 for 50% consolidation). H : avg of the longest drainage path. T50: time corresponding to 50% consolidation. www. Civil08.tk The Download Monster

The compression Index (Cc): Cc = Where, e : the difference of voids ratio P : the final pressure. P : the initial pressure.

Sample Identification: Fully saturated clay.

Equipments: 1. Consolidometer (odometer). 2. Dial indicator. 3. Timer.

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Weigh the empty consolidation ring together with glass plate. Measure the height (h) of the ring and its inside diameter (d). Determine the initial water content of the soils sample. Fill the ring, place two porous stones on the top and the bottom of the ring (place a filter paper between the porous stone and the ring). Fill the water reservoir with water to ensure that the sample will be always fully saturated. Adjust the loading. Take the initial dial reading. For each load increment take dial reading at the standard times.

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Calculations:

Area =

d2 =

752 = 44.18 cm2 X 100% = X 100% = 9.79% X 100% = 23.18%

Initial water content = Final water content =

Initial dial reading = 9.2 div = 9.2 X 100 X 0.002 = 1.84 mm Final deal reading = 23.9 div = 23.9 X 100 X 0.002 = 4.78 mm H = 4.78 1.84 = 2.94 mm Hight of solids = Hi - H Hvf = 1.9 0.294 0.293 = 1.313 cm Hvi = Hi Hs = 1.9 1.313 = 0.587 cm e0 = ef = = = = 0.44 = 0.223

for 1 kg load: (25 kPa) initial height = 19 mm final hieght = Hi - Hf = 19 (13.67 9.2) X 100 X 0.002 = 18.11 mm Havg = Cv = = = 18.55 mm = 0.0218 cm2/min = 0.374 = 0.0471

e = e0 - e = 0.447 (strain) = =

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for 2 kg load: (50 kPa) initial height = 18.11 mm final hieght = Hi - Hf = 18.11 (15.61 13.67) X 100 X 0.002 = 18.11 0.39 = 17.72 mm Havg = Cv = = = 17.92 mm = 0.0203 cm2/min = 0.349 = 0.067

e = e0 - e = 0.374 = =

for 4 kg load: (100 kPa) initial height = 17.72 mm final hieght = Hi - Hf = 17.23 (18.05 15.61) X 100 X 0.002 = 17.23 mm Havg = Cv = = = 17.49 mm = 0.0251 cm2/min = 0.312 = 0.093

e = e0 - e = 0.349 = =

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for 8 kg load: (200 kPa) initial height = 17.23 mm final hieght = Hi - Hf = 16.66 mm Havg = 16.95 mm Cv = 0.0301 e = 0.269 = 0.123

for 16 kg load: (400 kPa) initial height = 16.66 mm final hieght = 16.06 mm Havg = 16.36 mm Cv = 0.0264 e = 0.223 = 0.155

for Cc: from the graph: e = 0.075 P1 = 120 kPa P2 = 240 kPa

Cc =

= 0.249

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Discussion and Conclusion: Initial height and voids ratio are going down with each load increment which make sense. t50 for each load increment must be less in each time, but thats not the case; because of error in the graphs. Sorts of Error: 1. The sample is not fully saturated. 2. Errors in reading the dial. 3. Inacurracy in the graphs.

This Set of Reports is Made By: 1. Rakan Hindawi 2. Zeid Omari 3. Qais abu el Haija 4. Omar Radi 5. Al Baraa Mousa www. Civil08.tk The Download Monster

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