Slide 170 Chinese influences 1.

When was the beginning of the long contacts of

the Filipinos with the Chinese influences, inevitably led to Chinese cultural penetration of the Philippines? tenth century of the Christian era
2. What particular Chinese influences mainly established to our country Phils up to the present, that they are considered as successful investors to our country?

mainly economic- economic men or interest lay in profits

3. Give some of the influences we adopted from the Chinese? Phil languages, particularly Tagalog, reveals

hundreds of words directly appropriated from the Chinese /The words in Tagalog which have their origins in Chinese: Examples: Chinese Tagalog Chinese Tagalog bihun bihon bi-koe biko bi-wo bilao bi-thai bithay di-kiam dikyam gu -a guya ma-mi mami miki miki mi- soa miswa pan-sit pansit the use of umbrellas, gongs, lead, porcelain, the manufacture of gunpowder, mining methods, and metallurgy. Chinese ancient customs of arranging the marriages of children by the parents

Employment from Chinese, too Among ancient Visayans, mourning was shown by wearing white shirts or dress, a custom that is definitely Chinese. 4. How were the Filipinos imbibed some of the elements of Indian culture? through the Hinduized Malays who came to the Phils to settle permanently 5. According to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, in his study of Sanskrit-loan words in Tagalog, how did he classifies these loan-words? those which signify intellectual acts Moral conceptions, emotions, superstitions, names of deities( god or goddesses or divine persons), of planets, of numerals of high number ,of botany, of war, of titles, some animals, instruments of industry, and the names of money 6. What are some of the Words taken at random, represent the borrowings from Sanskrit the ancient language of India:
Examples Sanskrit kahama swamin vartta taruna Katha kotta lekha Tagalog Sanskrit Tagalog aksaya ahi ahas asawa bhara bahagi bahala bhattara balita bathala katha katalona katha koti(10,000,000 kati kuta dala(net) dala likha maha mahal

7.

What particular part in the regions of the Phils

Sanskrit words are also encountered? Visayan and Maguindanao 8. How the Sanskrit words are deal primarily?(conducted, amplied) with government, religion, and commerce.
9. Give examples of words associated with government?

guru (teacher), baginda (emperor), raja (king), laksamana (officer of state) religion-agama (religion) sumbahayang (prayer), surga (heaven), batara (god), dusa (sin), pandita (scholar or priest), -commerce-surat (book), sutra (silk), mutya (pearl), tumbaga (copper), bara (measure), kunsi (lock), and many others 10. What other Indian influence was also present in the ancient Filipinos? religious beliefs 10. Who was the most prominent mythological figure of the Muslim? Indra Batara 11. Who was Indra Batara of India? being the Indian king of heaven 12. What other gods which Muslims believed in? of Vedic or Indian origin

13. Where did the ancient paganism of the Filipinos came from which amounted to demon and spirit worship? from India through Old Malaysia. 14. What particular region of the Phils were Some ancient customs which have survived the inroads of Western imperialism find their counterparts in India, and inferred from Indian origin? Mountain Province the waist loom worked by the Igorot women is absolutely identical with the looms, cloth, color schemes and patterns woven by women in the hill tribes of Assam and northern India In south the filmy (thin)textiles of Iloilo closely resemble the silky gauze fabric woven in Benares, India, which is exceedingly ancient craft Farther south the check cottons and the brocades of Mindanao resemble handicrafts of Indonesia, Malaya and Bengal The modern Phil Barong Tagalog is the same cut and embroidery as the Kurta of Lucknow, India, except for different collar and cuffs.*** The veil, indeed, played another role and which few perhaps recognize as an unaltered relic of an Asian past. Wedding Ceremony of the Phils, the Cord and Veil ceremonies are the remains of ancient symbolism practiced.

Both Hindu and Muslim weddings to this day , the Cord and Veil Wedding Hindu bride and groom will exchange garlands of sampaguita and their shoulder and head scarves will be tied together during the ceremony Muslim wedding , an ornate silken cloth will be placed over the bridal couple and knotted garland of flowers placed over their heads. 15. What most significant wedding ceremonies are apparently not part of the Catholic rites of marriages observed in Rome or Spain, but one unique in the Phils? the Cord and Veil ceremonies 16. With regards to early customs and practices what particular aspects the Filipinos had before the coming of Spaniards? civilization of their own 17. Before the coming of the Spaniards to the Phils, Where do their own civilization came from? Partly came from the Malay and from the response to the new environment. 18. How will you describe the ancient clothing of the Filipinos? Male attire? was composed of the upper and lower parts. The upper called kanggan, was a black or blue collarless jacket with short sleeves. What was the indication of color of the jacket of the wearer?

Color of the jacket--indicated in the rank of the wearer, for the chief wore a red jacket Womans attire- upper, called baro o camisa, was a jacket with sleeves lower part, called saya by the Tagalogs and patadyong by the Visayans, was a loose skirt piece of red or white cloth, called tapis, was usually wrapped about by waist 19. Men, women and children walked about barefooted, What Spanish innovations were introduced to ancients Filipinos in walking barefooted? Wearing of sandals and shoes 20. Male had a head gear consisting of a piece of cloth, called putong ,which was wrapped around his head, What symbolizes the wearing of putong? showed the manliness of a man 21. What signifies the wearing of red putong? signified that the wearer had killed a man in war 22. Who was privileged to wear an embroidered putong.? He who had killed at least seven 23. How ancient Fil. woman designed their hair? hair gracefully knotted at the back of hair head

Ornaments

24. Give some reasons why Early Filipinos had a weakness for personal adornment, for women, as well as men? Burdened themselves with such trappings as armlets called kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, gold earrings, and even leglets 25. How were the ancient ornaments were made? Ancient ornaments were made of gold, which was abundant in the mines and rivers, and precious stones Gold was a common commodity, the ancients made good use of it not only by turning it into rings, armlets and bracelets, but also into fillings between the teet 26. What various design use by early Filipinos for the adornment of their body? Tattooing 27. What reason denoted for using the tattooing ornament of their body? to enhance the beauty of the man or woman It function, namely , to exhibit a mans war record The more tattoos a man had the more he looked up in society, for his numerous tattoos were, in manner of speaking, his war medals. 28. Who were known ancient Filipinos the most tattooed people ? the Visayans- Spanish writers call them the Pintados or painted ones and their islands Islas del Pintados or Island of the Painted people

Houses 29. What century the beginnings , that The ancient houses was made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm, as Antonio de Morga, a Spanish jurist and chronicle, described the average house as he saw it? the 17th century 30. Among the descendants of the Indonesians, such as the Ilongots and the Kalingas of northern Luzon and the Mandayas and the Bagobos of Mindanao, how they built their houses? the houses were built on tree tops, presumably to prevent their enemies from surprising them in a raid 31. Who among the ancient Filipinos made their houses in their boats, for they were a sea-roving people whose life depended upon the wealth of the seas? The Bajaos , or Sea Gypsies of Sulu Social classes: 32. What were three Social classes? What social class consisting of the chiefs and their families, wielded tremendous influence in the barangay and enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by other members of society? The nobles What Region, usually carried the title of Gat or Lakan as in Lakan Dula or Gat Maitan Tagalog Region

 What social class called mahadlika by the

Tagalogs. Composed of men who had earned their freedom The freemen What social class Occupying the lowest stratum known as alipin among the Tagalogs. Acquired his low status in society by; The dependents 33. What makes the dependent acquired his low status in society? Inheritance, by captivity in war, by failing to pay his debts, by purchase, or by committing a crime for which he was duly sentenced 34. Who Among the Tagalogs, were the dependents? -had its own family and house and served his master during planting and harvest seasons, rowed for him, helped in the construction of his house, and served his visitors. The namamahay - had no property of his own, lived with master, and could marry without the latters consent The sagigilid 35. Who Among the Visayans dependents were? - worked for his master when summoned to do so The tumataban - worked one day for his master; The tumarampuk - worked for three days for his lord. The ayuey

36. What were the description made the degradations among dependents ? -The full dependent was the son or daughter of dependent parent - The half-dependent was the son or daughter of parents, one whom was a full dependent and the other a freeman - The quarter-dependent was the son or daughter of parents, one whom was a half dependent and the other a freeman The Position of Women 37. What period Filipino women enjoyed a unique position in society that their descendants during the Spanish occupation did not enjoy? before the coming of the Spaniards 38. What customary laws enjoy by women before the coming of the Spaniards? -gave them the right to be equal of men, - they could own and inherit property - engage in trade and industry. - Other position of women succeeded to the chieftainship of a barangay in the absence of a male hei - They had the exclusive right to give names to their children. Had a sign of deep respect, the men, when accompanying women, walked behind them.

Marriage Customs 39. What marriage customs was not strictly followed? - a man belonging to one class married a woman of the same class - a chief married a woman of his rank - a noble that of his class - the dependent that of his status. - This marriage custom , nevertheless, was possible for a noble to marry a dependent or a woman of chieftain class, and a dependent to marry a woman outside his rank. 40. What was the term called for his legitimate wife? asawa, while the other women euphemistically called friends. (mistress)-a woman with whom a man has an unlawful but usually a long-lasting sexual relationship) 40. What customary laws /privileges enjoyed by the children of the legitimate wife on which still adopted at present? - regarded legitimate and legal heirs, inheriting any property from his legitimate father. 41. What was the customary of ancient Filipino man to win the hand of his fair lady.? - It took patience and spirit of dedication on the part of a man to win the hand of his fair lady. 42. How and where the custom of ancient Filipino man to win the hand of his fair lady.?

- in some remote areas, required that he serve the girls parents for months and even years - He chopped wood, fetched water, and did some chores required of him - No chance for them to meet clandestinely, ( keep secret)for the girl was zealously guarded by the parents or by the grandparents - The man was to give dowry, called bigay-kayaconsisting of land, gold, or dependents. - In absence of these, any valuable article would do. - The poor man must also give the bride-to-bes parents a certain amount of money, known as panghimuyat, as payment for the mothers nocturnal efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood. - Another form of bribe called bigay-suso, was given to the girls wet-nurse who fed the bride during her infancy with milk from her own breast. - The man must give the girls parents another sum of money, called himaraw- as reimbursement for the amount spent in feeding the girl during her infancy - Among the Zambals, there was another bribe that man must give to the girls relatives, it was called sambon - Usually happened that the suitors financial status was such, and duty of his parents to haggle (argue,

discuss) and to make the final arrangements for the marriage ceremony - State of courtship immediately before the marriage was and still called pamumulungan or pamamalae 43. What marriage custom 0f Muslim is similar to those inhabitants of Luzon? - First stage of courtship known as panalanguni, or betrothal, a group of tribesmen of the groom paid the girl a visit. - Second stage, called pedsungud or settlement of the dowry 44. What were the seven kinds of dowry?
- (1) the kawasateg, consisting of a rather big

amount to be given to the close relatives of the bride;

(2)the siwaka, consisting of brassware or a few

hundred pesos to be given to those who had helped in arranging the wedding;
(3)the enduatuan, consisting of brassware or money

or animals to be given to the village chief; (4)the pangatulian, consisting of jewelry to be given to the girls mother and aunts (5)the tatas, consisting of a blade to be given to the girls uncle
(6)the langkad, consisting of a special sum of money

to be given to the girls parents as a sort of fine

having by-passed the elder sister of the bride, if she had any; and
(7)the lekat, consisting of an amount equivalent to

ten or more pesos to be given to the girls attendant. 45. What was the wedding festival consisted?
This consisted with wedding festival known as

pegkawing. The hadji or judge read the so-called instruction to the couple Mixed Marriages 46. What agreement and conditions were followed by ancient Filipinos in terms of Mixed Marriages?
To married couples belonged to different Classes,

say ,a freeman and a dependent - their children were equally divided among parents in so far as social status was concerned Thus, if the father was a freeman - the eldest, the third, the fifth, the seventh, and so, on, whether male or female , belonged to the father. -The second, the fourth, the sixth, and so, on, whether male or female, belonged to the mother

mother the father. Mixed marriages case the father was a freeman and the mother a dependent - all children belonging to the father became freemen and -those belonging to the mother became dependents. In case there was only one child -the latter became half-free and half-dependent If there were an odd number of children - nine, the ninth child became half-free and halfdependent

Inheritance and Successions 47. What privileges the ancient Filipino legitimate children inherit? - automatically inherited the property of their parents, even without a written will - Equally divided among the children - In cases where there were children by a free unmarried woman, aside from the legitimate children, the former were considered natural children if begotten after the fathers first marriage.

- The natural children did not share the fathers property equally with the legitimate children - In the absence of legitimate children, the natural children inherited all the property of the father. - If a man had legitimate children as well as children by a dependent, the latter did not inherit anything, but it was the duty of the legitimate to free the dependent woman and to give something to her children. -In the absence of heirs, however, the property of the couple went to their nearest relatives Succession 48. What customary agreement observed In matters of succession by ancient Filipinos? In matters of succession, the first son of the barangay chieftain succeeded his father; if the first died without leaving an heir, the second son succeeded as chieftain. In absence of male heir, the eldest daughter became chieftain Government 49. What was the unit of government observed in pre colonial Phils - the barangay was the unit of government consisted of form 30 to 100 families. 50. To where the Tagalog word barangay was derived?

-the Malay balangay, a boat which transported them to these shores - Each barangay was independent and ruled by a Chieftain - No king in those days, although some chieftains were more powerful than others and consequently respected by the other chief's - Multiplicity of barangays implies that there was no national or central government 50. What were the primary duties of the chieftain? - to rule and govern his subjects and to promote their welfare and interests

-What he received from them must be kept well and

venerated . 51. In return , what were the duties of the subjects? - Subjects served their chieftains during wars and voyages and helped him in the tilling and sowing of the land and in the construction of his house - Paid tributes, called buwis, to their chieftain in the form of crops - Chiefs descendants and other relatives were highly regarded in the barangay and were considered nobles who were exempted from tributes and services 52. What particular powers the chieftain enjoyed?

- wide powers, for he exercised all the functions of government - He was the executive, the legislator, and the judge. He was, naturally, the supreme commander in time of war 53. State the reason of why The inter-baranganic relations consisted? - in carrying on commerce between barangays and in agreements concerning friendship and alliance 54. How was A treaty of friendship and alliance was concluded? - by means of blood compact or sangduguan.55. How blood compact or sangduguan were done? -the contracting parties drew blood from their arms and mixed the blood thus drawn with the wine in a cup - Contracting parties then drank from the same cup, thereby making blood brothers. 56. What was the conflict between barangay wars? - occurred when man from one barangay went to another and was murdered without any obvious cause. Kidnapping the wives of men belonging to one barangay. - Maltreatment of men of one barangay by men of another barangay Laws 57. How was the laws, were either customary or written established in Pre colonial Phils?

- Customary laws were handed down orally from generation to generation and constituted the bulk of the laws of the barangay. - Written laws were those that the chieftain and his elders promulgated from time to time as necessity arose - Few written laws, among the so- called Code of Kalantiyaw and the Muslim laws Crimes 58. How Minor crimes, on the other hand, consisted? - such misdemeanors( low in reputation, degrade) as adultery, -cheating, -petty(less importance, low in rank) ruler -theft, -perjury(willfull giving of false testimony while under lawfully administered oath) ( the breaking of any oath, vow, or promise) , -disturbance of the peace of the night by singing, and destroying documents owned by a chief 59. How these misdemeanors were punished by? - exposure to the ants, by a small fine, by flogging, by cutting the fingers of the hand, or by swimming for a certain number of hours

60. Who were the three known ancient civilization whose laws were as barbarous as, if not more so, than the ancient Filipinos.? - Ancient Babylon, Egypt, and Greece 61. How a Law was Made before? - Chieftain of barangay wanted a law enacted to prevent, say, the commission of serious or minor crimes, he called in the elders of the community and told them what he had in mind - Elders approved his plan, for it was meant to protect society from the incursions of the bad elements - Chieftain made the necessary regulations and rules , which the elders immediately approved 62. How was the law implemented before? - Public announcer, called umalohokan, was summoned and ordered to go around the barangay to announce the promulgation of the new rules and regulations. - With a bell in one hand, umalohokan called the attention of the subjects by ringing the bell furiously - Anybody violating the law was promptly arrested and brought before the chieftain to be judged according to the merits of the case Judicial process 63. How was Judicial process established? The reasons why it was established?

- Disputes ( to argue about; discuss, question the validity, genuineness) are inevitable ( that cannot be Prevented)in any society - and Filipino society before the arrival of Spaniards was not an exception - Disputes in latter case were usually, though probably not always, decided peacefully through a court ( a placed to convened- to assemble and summon to appear) composed of the chieftain as judge and the barangay elders as jury. 64. How Conflicts arising between subjects of different barangays were resolved? - arbitration ( to submit (a dispute) to have a dispute settled by an arbiter- a person chosen to settle a dispute, authorized to judge or decide or whose decisions are considered final) in which a board composed of elders from neutral barangay acted as arbiter - Trials (an examination in a court of law ) were held publicly and decisions were rendered promptly, thereby avoiding what is now known as justice delayed. - No lawyers at the time, all trials were conducted efficiently and without any delay. 65. How the ancient Filipinos witnessed and conducted the trial? - the latter to show their honesty and sincerity, took an oath to this effect; May the crocodile devour (to eat up

greedily, to destroy)me if I tell any falsehood, May the lightning strike me if I dont tell the truth and nothing but the truth, May I die here and now if I tell a lie, -