KOREK TELECOM

Korek Telecom is a shared limited company registered in Iraq to operate and provide GSM service in the capital of .Kurdistan-Erbil and province of Duhok On November 2000, the ministry of telecommunications has granted KOREK telecom 5 years exclusive GSM mobile license for operating a mobile network in the region covered by the capital of Iraqi Kurdistan (Erbil) and the .province Duhok Korek Telecom has attracted hundreds of employees and experts in the fields of engineering and cellular communications. With 350 employees, almost 100% Kurds, Korek Telecom is committed to drawing from local human resources as an engine for continued progress and .expansion Main Office Head quarter Korek Telecom .Kurdistan St . Pirmam , Erbil , Iraq HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
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The origins of mobile communications followed quickly behind the invention of radio in the late 1800s. The first applications of mobile radio were related to the navigation and safety of ships at sea. As radio concepts developed, so did its use as a communications tool. The major milestones in the development of wireless communications are summarized bellow: 1906 Reginald Fesseden successfully transmits human voice over radio. Up until that time, radio communications consisted of transmissions of Morse Code. 1915 J. A. Fleming invents the vacuum tube making it possible to build mobile radios. 1921 The Detroit police department used a 2 MHz frequency in the department's first vehicular mobile radio. The system was only one way and police had to find a wireline phone to respond to radio messages. 1930s Amplitude Modulation (AM) two-way mobile systems were in place in the U.S. that took advantage of newly developed mobile transmitters and utilized a "push-to-talk" or half-duplex transmission. By the end of the decade channel allocation grew from 11 to 40. 1935 Invention of Frequency Modulation (FM) improved audio quality. FM eliminated the need for large AM transmitters and resulted in radio equipment which required less power to operate. This made the use of transmitters in vehicles more practical. 1940s The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) recognized a communication service it classified as Domestic Public Land Mobile (DPLM) radio service. The first DPLM system was established in St. Louis in 1946 and it utilized the 150 MHz band. The following year, a "highway" system was developed along the New York - Boston corridor using the 35-40 MHz band. 1947: D.H. Ring, working at Bell Laboratories, envisions the cellular concept.

1948 Shockley, Bardeen and Brittain, at Bell Laboratories, invent the transistor which enables electronic equipment, including the radio to be miniaturized. 1949 Radio Common Carriers (RCCs) were recognized. 1949,1958 Bell Systems made broadband proposals. 1964 AT&T introduces Improved Mobile Telephone System (IMTS). 1968 The FCC began to address issue of new US spectrum requirements. 1969 Nordic countries of Denmark, Finland, Iceland,Norway and Sweden agree to form a group to study and recommend areas of cooperation in telecommunication. This led to the standardization of telecommunications for all members of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) group, the first comprehensive international standardization group. 1973 The NMT group specifies a feature allowing mobile telephones to be located within and across networks. This feature would become the basis for roaming. 1979 The FCC authorized the installation and testing of the first developmental cellular system in the US (Illinois Bell Telephone Company). 1981 Ericsson launches the worlds first cellular system in Saudi Arabia based on the analog NMT 450 standard. 1991 The first digital cellular standard (GSM) is launched. 1998 The number of mobile subscribers world-wide has grown to over 200 million.

What is GSM?
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM differs from first generation wireless systems in that it uses digital technology and time division multiple access transmission methods. GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight 25kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands.

GSM 900:
Up link frequency is ( 890 - 915 ) Down link frequency (935 - 960 )

890 In band 900

915

935

960

Mhz

no. of radio channel is 175 channel

GSM 1800:
Up link frequency (1710 - 1785 ) Down link frequency (1805 - 1880 ) 1710 1785 1805 1880 Mhz

In band 900

no. of radio channel is 375 channel

:Entities of the GSM system

:There're three types of generation

1G The first generation of analogue mobile phone technologies including AMPS, TACS and NMT 2G The second generation of digital mobile phone technologies including GSM, CDMA IS-95 and D-AMPS IS-136 2.5G The enhancement of GSM which includes technologies such as GPRS 3G The third generation of mobile phone technologies covered by the ITU IMT-2000 family

GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS

The GSM network is divided into two systems. Each of these systems are comprised of a number of functional units which are individual components of the mobile network. The two systems are: * Switching System (SS) * Base Station System (BSS) In addition, as with all telecommunications networks, GSM networks are operated, maintained and managed from computerized centers.

Abbreviations:
AUC AUthentication Center

BSC BTS EIR HLR MS MSC NMC OMC VLR

Base Station Controller Base Transceiver Station Equipment Identity Register Home Location Register Mobile Station Mobile services Switching Center Network Management Center Operation and Maintenance Center Visitor Location Register

The SS is responsible for performing call processing and subscriber related functions. It includes the following functional units: * Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) * Home Location Register (HLR) * Visitor Location Register (VLR) * AUthentication Center (AUC) * Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The BSS performs all the radio-related functions. The BSS is comprised of the following functional units:
* Base Station Controller (BSC) * Base Transceiver Station (BTS) The OMC performs all the operation and maintenance tasks for the network such as monitoring network traffic and network alarms. The OMC has access to both the SS and the BSS. MSs do not belong to any of these systems.

SWITCHING SYSTEM (SS) COMPONENTS

Mobile Switching Centre

The Mobile Switching Centre is a normal ISDN-switch with extended functionality to handle mobile subscribers. The basic function of the MSC is to switch speech and data connections between BSCs, other MSCs, other GSM-networks and external non-mobile-networks. The MSC also handles a number of functions assosiated with mobile subscribers, among others registration, location updating and handover. There will normally exist only a few BSCs per MSC, due to the large number of BTSs connected to the BSC.

The Location Registers: (VLR),(HLR):

With each MSC, there is associated a Visitors Location Register (VLR). The VLR can be associated with one or several MSCs. The VLR stores data about all customers who are roaming withing the location area of that MSC. This data is updated with the location update procedure initiated from the MS through the MSC, or directly from the subscriber Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR is the home register of the subscriber. Subscribtion information, allowed services, authentication information and localization of the subscriber are at all times stored in the HLR. This information may be obtained by the VLR/MSC when necessary. When the subscriber roams into the location area of another VLR/MSC, the HLR is updated. At mobile terminated calls, the HLR is interrogated to find which MSC the MS is registered with. Because the HLR is a centralized database that need to be accessed during every call setup and data transmission in the GSM network, this entity need to have a very large data transmission capacity.

AUthentication Center (AUC)

The main function of the AUC is to authenticate the subscribers attempting to use a network. In this way, it is used to protect network operators against fraud. The AUC is a database connected to the HLR which provides it with the authentication parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network security.

The Equipment Identity Register (EIR:

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The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is an optional register. Its purpose is to register IMEIs of mobile stations in use. By implementing the EIR the network provider can blacklist malfunctioning MSs or even receive reports to the operations centre when stolen mobile stations are used to make calls.

BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS) COMPONENTS

Is the section of traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching system. The BSS carries out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, paging ,quality management of transmission and reception over the air interface and many other tasks related to the .radio network
A typical GSM Base Station

The Base Transciever Station(BTS)or(RBS): The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the entity corresponding to one site communicating with the Mobile Stations. Usually, the BTS will have an antenna with several TRXs (radio transceivers) that each communicate on one radio frequency. The link-level signaling on the radio-channels is interpreted in the BTS, whereas most of the higher-level signaling is forwarded to the BSC and MSC.

:Types of BTS
1. Indoor

2. 3.

Outdoor

Indoor BTS: 2202 2208 utdoor BTS: 2106 2111 12 TRX 6 TRX 6 TRX 12 TRX O

Indoor BTS consist of:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. cabinet RBS (radio base station) BBS(battery backup station) Link Mdb (main distribution bord) split

Outdoor BTS consist:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. tower antenna dish + radio feeder cable lightning rode Earthing

Note: RBS

2106 is a outdoor RBS with stand every condition (snow, rain).

Differences between RBS:

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CDU: combine and distribution unit. BBS: battery backup station. 2202 TRU 6 CDU 3 BBS no Cooling system no link external

2206 12 3 no no external

2106 12 3 yes yes internal

Channel:
We can determine the no. of channel. For example every BTS need (12) frequency 12 * 8 (Ts) =94 1 in 94 is BCCH (brod cast channel) 1 in 94 is SDCCH (massage)

Types of antenna:
Korek telecom company use these type of antenna: 1. sector antenna x-pol v-pol

2. Omni antenna

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Difference between ( pol and omni antenna):

Pol it covers (120) degree maximum angle. Omni covers (360) degree maximum angle. Pol use for long distance. Omni use fore short distance.

Link:
It is data transfer from a point (control) to another point.

Outdoor:
1. 2. 3. Dish. Radio. Cable.

Indoor:
1. Rack.

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2. 3. 4. 5.

AMM. MMU. DDF. DDU.

Dish:
Use dish with diameter (0.3, 0.6) m for short distance. Use dish with diameter (1.2, 1.8) m for long distance.

Radio:
city. Use (28, 25, 23, 21)Ghz for inside the city. Use (18)Ghz for short distance outside the Use (7.5)Ghz for long distance.

Mini link (E1):

Micro wave 2*2 2*4 2*8 ( 7 Ghz - 38 Ghz). 2 E1 4 E1 8 E1

it means

Note: The temperature of BTS must be between ( -5 - 55 ).

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The radio interface

The radio interface in GSM uses a combination between frequency (FDMA) and time (TDMA) multiplexing. The frequency division in GSM 900 allocates 125 frequencies in each direction for GSM. The uplink (MS to BTS) frequency is in the area 890 - 915 MHz and the downlink (BTS to MS) frequencies in the are 935-960 MHz. The carrier frequencies are separated with 200 kHz on each side. The frequencies are allocated in pair, so that each uplink/downlink pair is separated with exactly 45 MHz

Each of the carrier frequencies are divided into 8 logical channels, using TDMA. A TDMA frame contains one time-frame from each of the eight channels, and lasts 4.615 ms. The time-frames from each channel lasts 0.577 ms. The total bitrate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, whereas the bitrate for each channel is 22.8 kbit/s.

Liecining & sliping:

When the signal is logic (1) the mobile hand received the signal .but if the signal is logic (0) i.e.(sliping).it is usueful for battery mobile.

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The Base Station Controller:

Each Base Station Controller (BSC) control the magnitude of several hundred BTSs. The BSC takes care of a number of different procedures regarding call setup, location update and handover for each MS. The handover control procedures will come especially into focus in this thesis. It is the BSC that decides when handover is necessary. This is accomplished by analyzing the measurement results that are sent from the MS during a call and ordering the MS to perform handover if this is necessary. The continous analyzing of measurements from many MSs requires considerable computational power. This put strong constraints on the design of the BSC

Cells and location areas:

In GSM it is distinguished between cells and location areas. A cell is defined as the area in which one can communicate with a certain base station. In other words, the cell is related to the BTS. When not communicating, the MS does not need to actively announce a shift from one cell to another. If the MS is enganged in communication, a handover must be performed in order to change from one cell to another. A location area is the area assosiated with one VLR. On networks where there is a one-one mapping between MSCs and VLRS, the location area corresponds to the area controlled by one MSC. On a change of location area, the MS need to perform a location update in order to register its presence in the new VLR and erase its presence in the old VLR. In this case, the HLR also needs to be updated. If the MS is engaged in communication, a handover must be performed between the different MSCs. Note that handover between MSCs belonging to different network-providers is impossible.

A possible cell configuration

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Handover :
Handover procedures are defined for each of the following cases: Intra-cell handover. The connections is transferred to another channel on the same BTS. Intern inter-cell handover. The connection is transferred to another BTS on the same BSC. MSC intern handover. The connection is transferred between BTSs belonging to two different BSCs within one MSC. MSC extern handover. The connection is transferred to a BTS within another MSC.

FREQUENCY CONCEPTS:
The following table summarizes the frequency-related specifications of each of the GSM systems. The terms used in the table are explained in the remainder of this section.

System

P-GSM 900

E-GSM 900

GSM 1800

GSM 1900

Frequencies: Uplink Downlink Wavelength Bandwidth Duplex Distance Carrier Separation Radio Channels1 Transmission Rate

890-915 MHz 935-960 MHz ~ 33 cm 25 MHz ` 45 MHz 200 kHz 125 270 kbits/s

880-915MHz 925-960MHz ~ 33 cm 35 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 175 270 kbits/s

1710-1785MHz 1805-1880 MHz ~ 17 cm 75 MHz 95 MHz 200 kHz 375 270 kbits/s

1850-1910 MHz 1930-1990 MHz ~ 16 cm 60 MHz 80 MHz 200 kHz 300 270 kbits/s

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NETWORK MONITORING CENTERS

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC): An OMC is a computerized monitoring center which is connected to other network components such as MSCs and BSCs via X.25 data network links. In the OMC, staff are presented with information about the status of the network and can monitor and control a variety of system parameters. There may be one or several OMCs within a network depending on the network size.

Network Management Center (NMC:

Centralized control of a network is done at a Network Management Center (NMC). Only one NMC is required for a network and this controls the subordinate OMCs. The advantage of this hierarchical approach is that staff at the NMC can concentrate on long term system-wide issues, whereas local personnel at each OMC can concentrate on short term, regional issues. OMC and NMC functionality can be combined in the same physical network node or implemented at different locations.

MOBILE STATION (MS):

An MS is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the mobile network. Several types of MSs exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and receive calls. Manufacturers of MSs offer a variety of designs and features to meet the needs of different markets. The range or coverage area of an MS depends on the output power of the MS. Different types of MSs have different output power capabilities and consequently different ranges. For example, hand-held MSs have a lower output power and shorter range than car-installed MSs with a roof mounted antenna. Figure 1-4 Ranges for different types of MSs

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