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ACADEMICVOCABULARYINUSEKEYWORDS2337 PeterHofstee UNIT23:Sources areviewoftheliteratureon theliteraturesuggests thisessaydrawsitsdata valuable,primary&secondarysource thepresentstudy;makereference,cite consultsecondarysources anextensivebodyofliteratureexistson thissuccessisoftenattributedto thestudydrawsprimarilyon asnoted,... thefactorscataloguedinthereportreveal... aseminalwork ideasweresetoutinhisbook

UNIT24:Facts,evidenceanddata fact,bodyofevidence,(piece/itemof)data establishfacts distortthefacts(change) factswillbearout(conAirm) supportahypothesis factsareinteresting,relevant,undeniable, littleknown evidenceisXlimsy(notstrong),conXlicting, convincing,powerful toaccountforthefactthat(explainwhy) theproblemstemsfromthefactthat(has arisenbecause) UNIT25:Numbers aXigureisthesymbolusedforanumber calculate,estimate,roundup/down,total, deductanumber UNIT26:Statistics correlations(connections,oftenbycause& effect) UNIT27:Graphsanddiagrams piechart,barchart,histogram segments key/legend crosssection,layerswithlabels agraphpresentssomething randomsample xaxis,yaxis,peak,decline plotting,adjacentpoints cross,intersect,parallel increase,decrease,fall,drop,decline,rise, growth,followedbyinorof verbs:double,soar(),multiply,exceed. Aiguresarereliable,consistent(thesame) tally(match,agree) values,variables incidence(howfrequentlysomethingoccurs) hedrewattentiontothefactthat (emphasised) hardevidence(reliableandtobeproven) dataisreliable,comprehensive,accurate, empirical. youobtain,organise,analyse,interpret, recorddata. datasuggests,reXlects,indicates,shows, demonstratessomething. giveorprovideanexampletoillustratethe facts striking,clear,vivid,illuminating,telling

UNIT28:Moneyandeducation tuitionfees(collegegeld) areyoueligibleforascholarshiporaward? yearlyexpenditure(spending) accumulatedebts(buildup)

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UNIT29:Time aphaseisanystageinaseriesofevents: initial,intermediate,Xinal. concurrent(occurringatthesametime) subsequent,successive UNIT30:Causeandeffect inXluence,largelydetermine,motivate, facilitate,provoke,trigger,accountfor, springs/stemsfrom,giveriseto,contribute to,stimulate,generate,induce,inhibit, derive. UNIT31:Talkingaboutideas amovement,thought,academicdisciplines (subjects) generalise,interpret,emphasisethe essence UNIT32:Reportingwhatotherssay explains describes suggestssaysindirectlyortentatively statessaysdirectly claimssayssomethingistruedirectlyand Airmly,oftenusedwhenothersdisagree asserts contends maintains declares impliessuggestsindirectly arguesuseofthisverbsuggestshegives reasonsforhisview emphasisesgivesparticularimportanceto highlights stresses UNIT33:Analysisofresults cometo/reachaconclusion (dis)advantages courseofaction beneXitsoutweighthedrawbacks weighingupbothsidesofanargument takingintoaccounttherelevantaspects pointsraised,takeaccountofvariables deducing,drawingconclusionsthatare soundlybased weighingup,outweigh insightsinto,pointout,onthebasisof, predict constitute(accountfor) observesstates,butdoesnotdevelopat length notes comments pointsout demonstrates shows provesshowsthatsomethingmustbetrue mentionsreferstobrieAly pinpointsfocusesinon advancesusedwithidea,theory,hypothesis putsforward proposes castsdoubtsuggestsitisinaccurate questionsexpressesdoubtabout valid(appropriate)conclusions concept,framework,model,notion, perception,stance(wayofthinking), viewpoint achainreaction,majorconsequences, effect/impacton,theendjustiAies...(aim) origin/sourceof,outcometo thereareseveralprecedentsfordoingsth. priorto... coincidewith(happeningatthesametime) theemergence(appearance) evolving(graduallychanging)

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UNIT34:Talkingaboutmeaning transparent(clear) deXine,misinterpret,clarify,communicate ambiguous,coherent UNIT35:Researchandstudyaims adeliberatedecision,goal,intention, motive,objective,priority,purpose, strategy,target toestablishunderstandingsandtheir application tochallenge(question)hypothesisbased researchmethodologies UNIT36:Talkingaboutpointsofview objective/subjective,impartial (uninAluencedbybeliefsorattitudes),based infavourof,prejudicialagainst,rational, biased radical,standpoint reactionaryversusconservative UNIT37:Degreesofcertainty thereissomeevidencetosuggestthat... itcanbearguedthat... itmaynotbethecasethat... itwouldseem/appearthat... wecanpresumethat... thereappears/seemstobe... thereissomeevidencethat... wecandrawthetentativeconclusionthat... undoubtedly,ofcourse,apparently, presumably tendto,theresatendencyfor,theres everylikelihood thesituationisliabletochange allegedly(claimofwhichthewriterthinksits untrue) areconsideredtobe perception,reportedly intheabsenceofevidencetothecontrary ideology,philosophy toholdviews toadopt/takeastance(takeaposition) underlyingprinciples toencounterdeeprootedprejudices criticalmass(inAluentialnumber) instigate(initiate,causetostart),inform practiceled,criteria,deXinition,evaluation creativepracticeasresearch contributeto interface(placewheretwothingscome togetherandaffecteachother) expressideas,conveyamessage,evokean atmosphere,denote,infer(formanopinion)

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ACADEMICVOCABULARYINUSEKEYWORDS3850 UNIT38:Presentinganargument theessayisbasedon toputforward argumentsrelevantto Forthepurposesofthisessay theorieswillbescrutinised(...) Ishallreferto respectively onthesubjectof beyondthescopeofthisessay withreferenceto aswellas,ontopofwhich Inadditionto,Moreover/Furthermore forexample/forinstance Towhatextent prosandcons inthesensethat providedthat albeit(although) inf.:thatsallverywell,but... Havingsaidthat[spokencontexts] Apartfrom andsoon/andsoforth thedegree/extenttowhich butatthesametime despitethefact Nevertheless/Nonetheless[1stmorefreq.]

UNIT39:Organisingyourwriting theassignmentwilladdress isconcernedwith theaim,purposeofthispaper withafocuson thisthesisconsistsof thisassignmentisdividedinto3sections eachsectionisdevotedto First(ly),Next,Finally Wenowturnto,Atthispoint below,Later,thefollowingexample theaboveAigures,theprecedingsection, earlier,Aswesawinsection2 fortheresults,seetheappendix ConsiderAig.1 Take,forexample... ascanbeseeninAig.2 respectively theformer/latter

UNIT40:Makingapresentation(hencelessformalvocabulary) Letswelcome onthesubjectof Idliketocallonsb. tomake/giveherpresentation Idliketointroduce toaddressthetopicof[ratherformal] tofocuson toallowtimefor Feelfreeto tomakeacomment Illgiveabriefoverview,withregardto raiseafewissues leavetimeforquestions[lessformal] Idliketobeginby ahandoutgoinground sparecopies Illpresenttheresults trynottogoovertimeandkeepto20min. letsturnto Movingon lookinmoredetail Illcomebacktothatlater togobacktothepreviousgraph Anyway,gettingbackto/toreturnto Havingsaidthat, Illskipthenextslide,astimeis(running) short Tosumup ThatsallIhavetosay[inf.] Thankyouforlistening Iverunoutoftime takequestions[form.] Arethereanyquestionsorcomments?

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UNIT41:Describingresearchmethods carryoutaprocedure/experiment/pilot study(preliminarystudy) weuse/employamethod/technique/ approach/instrument/device researchmethod experimentalstudy what? manipulating,under controlledconditions determinetherelationship betweentwoormore variables,mathematical techniques use/employatypeofresearchmethodology (apieceof)apparatusisassembled& checked

limitations laboratory,artiXicial,maynot reXlectwhathappens, replicateexperiments showsrelatedinasystematic way,doesnt(dis)provea causeandeffectrelationship

correlationalstudy

naturalistic(empirical)/ observation(Xieldstudy)

observes&recordsa timeconsuming,difAicultto phenomenon,naturalsetting, observewithoutdisruptingit withoutinterferingwiththe subjectsorphenomena makesinferencesfrom (comestoconclusionsonthe basisof)collecteddata keepsindepthdescriptive records,outsideobserver inaccuraciesinthedata

survey

casestudy

ofteninvolvingasinglesubject, notrepresentativeofthe population

UNIT42:Classifying category,component,existence,feature, hierarchy,nature,structure,type variety/diversity,todevise(invent), accordingtosimilaritiesordifferences general,speciXic,tobelongto consistsof,ofthesametype distinctfrom,allocate(place,assign) Categorisingpeople: age,gender,socialclass,occupation, maritalstatus,ethnicbackground,urban UNIT43:Makingconnections tocomplement,reveallinksbetween, combinationsof,piecetogether,correlate with(connectedwith,oftenoneofthem inAluencingtheother) bringtogether,related synonymouswith,referredto,associated with,accompaniedby Takentogether,thedatasuggests relativeto,mutualinAluence
5

ruraldimension,generations, characteristics,bluecollar(i.e.working class),whitecollar(i.e.middleclass), denotes(means) homemaker,seniorcitizen,employment, subsumed(includedaspartofalargergroup) heading(titlesummingupagroup) occupationalbackground/status

evidenceof,reXlecting bond(closeconnection)betweensth. therelationshipbetween,correspondsto thereverse,inthat(beforegivingexpl.), equivalentto,interaction,interrelated (connectedsoeachaffects/dependsonthe other),interplay(theeffectthingshaveon eachother)

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UNIT44:Comparingandcontrasting acomparisonbetween...and...(two differentthings,comparisonof(onething) incomparisonwith,comparedwith(AmE), comparedto ascomparedto(afAirmingthedifference) analogiesbetween(comparisonsbetween thingswhichhavesimilarfeatures) differencesandsimilaritiesbetween (differentthingsarecompared),differences UNIT45:Describingproblems theproblemofAloodingarose peopleexperienceddifXicultieswith controversysurroundingatopic acontradictioninterms errorsareapparent(canbeseen) posesachallenge theresearchraisestheissueof thepatienthaddifXicultyinremembering... mosttheoriescontaininconsistencies theresultsrevealedshortcomingsin in(differentaspectsofonething) thedistinctionbetween(differencebetween twosimilarthings) differentfrom Similarly,acontrastbetween Conversely(inanoppositeway),Unlike, whereas,ratherthan ontheonehand,ontheotherhand thereverseistrue

toreactreact/reaction torespondresponse todealwith(takeactiontosolvesth.),to tackle(trytodealwith),toaddress sb.solvedtheproblem cameupwith/foundasolutiontotheprobl. UNIT46:Describingsituations existence;absence;infrastructure; circumstancessurrounding;conditions; constrain(v),constraint(n) restrain(v),restraint(n) minimum(n/adj)<>maximum,minimal(adj) conXine(v) restrict(v),restriction(n)

tomediatemediation(talkingtothetwo groupsinvolved)

resolvedtheproblem,aresolutionto theanswertotheproblemlayin...

context;environment;status intrinsic(adj)<>extrinsic integral(adj) Xinite(adj)<>inXinite stable(adj)<>unstable stability(n)<>instability

UNIT47:Processesandprocedures thenextstage/stepin;theprocedurefor, theapplicationfor,thebehaviourof,a simulationof,selectedfrom, shedesigned...toutilise... theemergenceofemerged theconsumptionconsumed theratiXicationofratiXied(makingan agreementofAicial) tounify,tosupplement,toverify toautomate,todisplay,toexport,toinput, toinsert,theoutput(n) thesecurityofsecured theadventofdeveloped/invented

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UNIT48:Describingchange transitionfrom...to;statusquo; abandoned;shiftawayfrom;adaptto (changetosuitdifferentconditions),adjustto (becomemorefamiliarwithnewsituation); movetowards;fundamental Maintaining;increasingly;eliminationof; transformed;expansionof;enhanced; impactof;altered;sustainable UNIT49:Evaluationandemphasis comprehensivesurvey;fundamental; groundbreaking;important;intense; crucial;misguided;unique;signiXicant; inadequate criticism;notablelackofkeyreferences; givecreditto;validity,invalid; signiXicantly;compatible;Itsnot surprisingthat;couldbeviewedas contradictory;solid,hardevidence; mistaken;limited. UNIT50:Summaryandconclusion summarising;concluding;recapitulating; aswehaveseen;toconclude/in conclusion;torecapitulate;drawthe followingconclusions;tosumup/to summarise/insummary;inshort;tobring toaclose;Isummarisethemainpoints inafewwords;theXinalpoint toputitbrieXly/StatedbrieXly;sb. provides/givesa(brief)summary theabstractofthearticle,aprcis toattempttoreviewconcisely Onbalance;theoveral... IntheXinal/lastanalysis... Itisnoteworthythat Itisworthrecallingthat Weshouldrecognise/acknowledge... Theseresultsareborneoutby(conAirmed) seminalwork(inAluential);challenge; revealingXlaws Theresearchunderlined,highlighted Under/Innocircumstances/Onnoaccount Seldom/Never(before)/Rarely Innoway/Bynomeans development Xluctuated;modiXied;amended(changing words);convertedfrom...to;transferred; recovered;diminishing;acquiring;reXine; relax;restore gradual,sudden,marked,perceptible change