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Automobiles are synonyms for mobility and freedom. An amazing increase in the growth of population in this world leads to the rapid increase in the number of vehicle being used. With the growing number of vehicles and the consequent shortage of parking space, there is haphazard and totally unregulated parking of vehicles all over. In densely populated areas they are real challenge for city planners, architects and developers. The need to offer sufficient parking spaces is a task for specialists. This situation calls for the need for an automated parking system that not only regulates parking in a given area but also keeps the manual control to a minimum. Automatic car parking systems is the sole solution to park as many cars as possible in as little space as possible. Automatic car parking systems are based on the most modern technology of storage systems. Our demonstration facility presents a miniature model of an automated car parking system that regulates the number of cars that can be parked in a given space at any given time based on the parking space availability. Automated parking is a method of parking and exiting cars using sequence detecting and sensing devices. The entry and exit of vehicles are facilitated using a totally automated gate. Status signals indicate whether a car is currently in the process of entering or leaving the parking space. After the initial installation, the system requires no manual control. It requires no attendants, is more cost-effective than conventional garages, and allows more cars to be parked in less space. The automation technology is used to typically double to triple the capacity of conventional parking garages.
SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A gate has been provided at the entry of the parking space, which opens on the arrival or departure of a car. A display section has been provided, which consists of status signals and a display showing the number of cars present in the parking space at any point of time. After the maximum number or cars have entered the parking space, the gate is automatically disabled for vehicles seeking entry into the parking lot. A logic circuit distinguishes between the cars and persons or two wheelers, so that persons and two wheelers are not included in the count for cars.
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SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMED FAISAL T RAKESH KP SARATH T S SHAUN S SEKHAR S6, Applied Electronics And Instumentation
BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram presented earlier consists of transmitter, receiver, de-multiplexer, up-counter, down-counter and display sections. The transmitter section comprises of two light emitting diodes which transmit high power light beams. These light beams are incident on the receivers, which produce an output of zero volt if the beam received is uninterrupted and +5V if the beam is interrupted by a car. These receivers are the Light Detecting Resistors which are arranged in such a manner so as to detect the light even after the obstacle between the sensor and receiver passes through. The working of the sensors is based on the voltages across collector, emitter, and base respectively. Whenever a car enters the parking area, it interrupts the light beams in a definite sequence. This sequence is given to the up-count sequence detector, which generates a high output only if the correct sequence has been detected. Similarly, when the car leaves the parking area, it generates a fixed sequence, which is given to the down- count sequence detector. The down count sequence detector generates a high output only if the correct sequence is produced by the exiting car. The outputs of the up count and down count blocks are given to the display section. The display section has a counter and a 7segment display along with its driver IC to display the count. Depending on the sequence detector that generates an actuating signal, the count is either incremented or decremented.
The outputs shown in the display section are based on the increment and decrement of the counters. Based on these outputs the actuating signals are used to enable the different status signal.
The display section also consists of certain status signals. The different status signals include:
1. A yellow signal to indicate that a car is currently in the process of entering or leaving the parking space.
2. A green signal to indicate that the parking lot has not reached its maximum capacity and that space is available for the parking of a car in the parking area.
3. A red signal to indicate that the parking space is full. The activation of this signal coincides with the disabling of the green signal and consequently closing of the gate for vehicles trying to enter the parking lot.
Thus the circuit functions regulating the number of cars that can be parked in a given parking lot at any given time based on the parking space availability. And also indicates the current status of the parking lot, be it full, half -filled or vacant .
LED
INDICATION
RED
No vacancy
GREEN
THE CIRCUIT
The automated car parking circuit primarily uses two LDRs, two transmitters which are high power LEDs, 74LS74 D flip-flops, 74155 2:4 decoder, up/down counter 74193, seven segment display driver CD4511, miniature motor driver L293D, NAND gate IC 7400 and NOT gate IC 7404. In addition to these, it has got green, yellow and red LEDs and also a 6V, 500 mA dc motor.
For easy understanding of the circuit, it has been divided into the following four basic sections.
SENSOR SECTION
In this section, we use two transmitters(LEDs) which generates high power light beams . The signals of which are received by the receivers of the sensor section. The receiver section consists of two identical light detecting resistors. When the signal from the transmitters are received ; a low dc level (logic low) is obtained at the output. But once the signal is cut ,the output obtained is at logic high. The +5V dc level occasionally drops to zero, even when the signal strength is quite low, due to very high sensitivity of the receiver. This may lead to the false triggering of the circuit, which must be eliminated. For this we provide an electrolytic capacitor that is connected between the output of receiver and ground. The output of the receiver is obtained due to the fact that when light falls on this circuit (Fig:-) the resistance value is reduced, which results in the passage of current through the base turning the transistor ON. Thus the collector voltage is low and the output obtained is low. But once the signal is cut the collector voltage level increases ,resulting a high output.
these are active low, while the 74LS74 D flip-flops are triggered by the rising edge of the clock signals. Only the proper sequence of logic states will cause logic high at the output of the third flip-flop. Any other sequence will not allow the transfer of high signal through the series of flip-flops. The output of the third flip-flop is given to the counter and display section, which increments the court. Thus when the vehicle enters the parking area, the Y0 signal clears all the flip-flops, and at this very instant, the count is incremented. An identical circuit is used for detecting a vehicle leaving the parking area. In this case however states generated by the vehicle are 01, 11 and 10, necessarily in that order. Hence the clock signals for the three successive flip-flops are derived from Y2, Y3 and Y1 lines respectively. The working of this circuit is identical to the one for detecting a vehicle entering the parking area. In this case, the final D flip-flop output is given to the counter and display section for decrementing the count. This occurs at the instant when the outputs of the flip-flops are cleared by the low going Y0 signal [The details of which has been explained in the counter and display section].
the green LED. The green LED is activated when the count is less than nine, indicating the availability of space for at least one vehicle in the parking area. The yellow LED indicates that the vehicle is entering or leaving the parking area. Hence, this LED must be ON when at least one of the sensors is being cut. For this reason, the Y0 line of the decoder is given at the anode of the LED. When no signal is being cut, the Y0 line is low, keeping the LED off. But as soon as any of the signals is cut, the Y0 line goes high, turning the yellow LED ON. The LED indication for various situations is depicted in table.
COMPONENT LIST
SEMICONDUCTORS
IC1 IC2 IC3 IC4 IC5-IC8 IC9 IC10 IC11 - 74LS155 DUAL 2:4 DECODER - 7404 HEX INVERTER - 7400 NAND GATE - 7432 OR GATE - 74LS74 DUAL D FLIP FLOP - 4511 SEVEN SEGMENT DRIVER - 74193 4-BIT UP/DOWN COUNTER - L293D PUSH PULL FOUR CHANNEL
MOTOR DRIVER
IC12 D1-D2 DIS1 R3-R4 - NE 555 TIMER - IN4148 DIODE - LTS-543 COMMON CATHODE 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY - 1.8 KILO OHM
RESISTORS(1/4 WATT)
R1-R2 R3-R4 - 3.3 KILO OHM - 1.8 KILO OHM
MISCELLANEOUS
- 5V, 1A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY - FLEXIBLE WIRE MOTOR UPTO 600mA OUTPUT CONVERT CAPABILITY
CONCLUSION
This project in which we have involved ourselves for the first time features a lot of facilities, which we are glad to bring out. This circuit is useful for underground parking, company parking etc. Modifications can be done to work on payandpark scheme. The counter part and display part of the circuit can be modified to count more than 9. Also it reduces the unregulated parking with this has encouraged us to try out new circuit ideas and implement them.
(A)
(B)
E1
E2
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3