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SHELF
N
,
* ADAMS
^^tC^yv.tZt^ </^^;'^-^'
PRIZE DISSERTATION,
-.vhicu
was honored with the magellanic gold midal, by the American Philosophical Society, Janx'ary, 1793.
CADMUS
O R, A
TREATISE
ON the
ELEMENTS
Written Language,
Illujlrating, by aphilofophical divifion of
SPEECH^
the
power
of each character,
Orthography and
Orthoepy,
CUil
With an essay on
the
mode of teaching
to
the
surd or deaf,
speak.
By
Member
WILLIAM THORNTON,
:
M. D.
of the Societies of Scots antiquaries of Edinburgh AND Perth; the Medical Society, and the Society of Natural Hist, o? Edin the American Philosoth ical Society, &c.
PHILADELPHIA:
PRINTED BY
R,
AltlCEN
^ SON,
N.
2%,
MARKET
STREET,
M.DCC.XClIIi
ADAMii|-?3./i
t/jg
ERRATA.
Addrcfs,
line 7.
In satlsfai.fan, trafe l and infcrt K. I. li.For OVIT, tead, OOVir* 18 /"or folio, readioXo. 1. %o For deendjras, r<'a^deendj3ras
1.
Page vMine
itifcrt
a hyphen.
for 'j,put E. p. 52. 1. 3. \^from bottom] in pinrf deU T. p. 56. 1. 18. Fcr 5 and (San.cch) D, put y^ and (Caph)^. l.az. ^.-/d therefore. In the tabic of Sounds, firft horiz line, flrike out all the examples but y, yi; for J can only be ufed before and has the fame relation to
14.
:
/",
it
that
-IV
has to u. Erafe
them
alfo
p. 55
I.
y^ufor
fQu,
1.
p. 66,
p.
I.
13.
1.
14. poth
67
pooth.
p. 75.
1.
1.
1.
14.
17. 18.
1.
kovart,
r^fai
Uavnrt.
/"or e-bl-nes,
r^a^ee-bl-neii
infert we Ihould. For Komma, r^^d' Komatfemikolon, r^-tfifemlkoolon; p. 91 tivolaf lines ^tfrji line For kolon, read koo\on. p. p. 95 line 14. /"^r when, r^a</by the. p. 96. 1. a /or have, rftf</lu. p. lOI 1. II. /"oris, rfcd' it would be. p. 104 1. 5. Z>^/^ which are. p. 106 1. l3/o>- in, readmtQ, 1. 3. [from bottom] p. 107 for will, r^a^ would. I, 8. /"trwas, rfa</werc. p. 109 N. B. There are feveral inaccuracies in the punduatlon, &c. not noticed bove, luice they do not materially affed the fenle.
laji
p. p. p. p.
78 82 83 90
1.
r-far/isthe
only mode,
1.14.
written,
///fr/ be.
The Specimen
J^nghfbf
how
by coaming the
iruch Ihortcr
jt ^a
than thi
Tu Da Sitiznz
Mai
diir
ov Nore AmarlKa,
Kuntrimen,
]&is
In prizentiD tu iu
smnnl uJrk
ai siik les
DJ
gratlfiKeef Jn
ov obteeniD
iur feevar,
if
Ban
bj
benifits
leebcrr,
Kontempleet r ud
bi diraivd
from mai
ai ral
tJrmineet*
Bai
so loD
distinguifd
in hav, in
meni
DJ
liid
ful
iz
bi direKtid
tu
B3
rftaindz
ov
iroonl:is
KJSt:iQi
ov djjst
prinsiplz.
men
riizn
oen
Iu hav KoreKtid
Ba
dcendjras doKtrinzov luropiian pnuarz, KorreKt nnu B a languid jiz iu hav importid, for Bi opresed ov varies
nccranznoK
at iur geets
and
To
the Citizens of
North America.
My
lefs
dear countrymen,
fmall work,
I
feek
and
if
the be-
my
labour,
By the
many
hope
fo
long
diftinguiflied you,
inftances,
infpired that
your exertions
will
(till
be
of juft
principles.
You have
the
fet
already taught
a race of
men
to rejel
impofition of ty-
a brilliant example,
which
follow,
when
reafon has
aflfumed her
fway.
the
dangerous
now
the
knock
at
vl
and dizair
admit
tii
bi rlsiivd az
iiir
brcDrin.
Az
iu
Dem
fasilkeet iur
imarKoors and
Di
iu uil
iniutu:ili en.^j^i
d3
benifits.
AmariKJn
laD-
guidj
fri
uil BHii bi
az distiDt az
foliz
DJ ^eavarm^nt,
onli regiuleetar.
from nnl D3
cv anfilosofiKal faran,
its
and
Ai pjrsiiv no
Bee aar not
liaz
difiKaltiz
if iu
faind eni
ai trast
n^BHiit remjdi.
If mai ignjrjnsf
led
mi intu
:irarz, ai fal
Konsidjr Bccr
;
for a: f ud
ai
aecrs
rud
bi uzzKiiD in
darKnJs maiself.
iur prinsiplz
Uie
ov
self-ga[Y3:rm2:nt
and
iKunl^ti
famili
ov
an, and
lSad
iur
ioj,
and
iiarnal saivccf::n,
ai
sabskraib maiself
alcKianat
felo-sitizn
BI
zzezi^o
vii
dcfirc to be received
as
your brethren.
As
facilitate
your intercourfc,
the benefits.
vv-Ill
thus be as
all
from
the
follies
upon
no
led
truth as
only regulator.
perceive
difficulties:
it
you
find any, I
If
my
me
into errors,
1 fhall
re(3:ion as
fnould
I
lament,
if,
With
ciples
the
fincerefl:
wiflies
that
your prin-
of felf-government and
equality m.ay
you thereby a
clofely
allied
part of the
falvation,
I
fubfcrlbe myfelf
AuTiion.
D
OR,
M U
A
c^uam discerf.
malo?
v.
Hor: ArsPoet:
88.
ERHAPS
there
is
no fubjed of which
ignorant^ as the
:
the generality of
men
are fo
indeed there
is
but,
it
not
deem
worthy of
fome of the
it
greateft philofophers
have confidered
of fuch
The
a philofophical language,
befides the
far,
who
both wrote
upon
Prifcian bellowed
the alphabet:
fmce
lo
fince
fius,
CAD
alfo Sir
M U
Bernardus
S.
ScallgerSj Lip-
A-
dolphus Metkerchus,
Malinchot,
&c.
ander Gill,
whom Wilkins
thinks,
phy of articulate
tor
founds.
He alfo acknowledgDoc-
We
work
and on
this fub-
many
excellent obfervations.
Since
him
feveral
remarks.
have publifh-
ed
I will
Thomas
reafons
Dodor
may
ah Webfler.
An
attentive confideration
of
this
theme has
many and
I
1
important objcds.
We
am
forry that
my
my perufmg
v-'ritc this
in Tortola,
my
CADMUS.
ir
We fee hundreds of nations whofe languages are not yet written. We fee millions of children born to labour for years to acquire imperfedly, what children of good capacity would
acquire perfectly in a few weeks.
We
fee
mode of
fpelling.
To
to writing,
would be neceffary
to invent
an
only here
the
An
fingle
a,
mark
which
it is
the
human
No
12
C A
M U
S.
No mark
tinft founds*;
by founds uttered
in different v^ays.
either
are produced
breath.
Every modification
called a
letter,
known by the
by the marks
as intelligibly
conveyed
by
the founds.
How much
to
lament the
imperfedi: ftate in
left
the alphabet
It
has
an
art
bordering fo
much on
divine, as almoft to
furpafs
human
invention.
If
we examine
the
ignorance
*
As a in
c,
ca//,
calm, tame,
t As
9,
^"^
CADMUS.
ignorance,
in
this
13
refpect,
learned men, we
to the fubjed
may with fome propriety afcrlbe much difficulty, but, when the firft:
am
confident the
not
Hebrew
are
have
fo
many
flexions,
one hundred
human
genius.
It is
ly
and
of chance,
alphabet, and
more
efpecially as
it is
formed by
dif-
three characters in
all cafes,
beth^
3 g^^^h
of BT'^
GJ and dj;
capable of forming by
permutation
*
;i is
H.
14
A D
l/
S.
letters,
if thefe characters
as
not
increafe; for, to
letters in
form a language
of exactly three
tind
fet
letters
it
by
more genius
to efFedt
withit
by an alphabet
is
of
language.
All the world have to lament that not only
the circumnavigators of different nations, but
fo little
acquainted
CADMUS.
15
with difEcuhy, what he wrote in the preceding one, with a pronunciation intelligible to
a native
:
yet
mod people
not fuf-
the effort
made by
;
the fpeaker
when he
utters
fuch founds
as
we may
of the
Englifh [b e, &c.]
Shew
a fentence in the
Roman
alphabet to
found
to read
it
who
one
in
Mofl:
i6
CAD
or
lefs,
M U
S.
receivedj
is
more
the
Roman alphabet,
it is
yet there
perfedly a-
dapted;
often
by two or
three charaders,
we
find in
befo
es
all
difficult as if we
from the
character.
But
this will
we
Roman
and
produce as
ting
:
little
were we
dire^^,
is
go
as far as
would
bet,
which
we muft
the
founds,
by making
much
as poffible,
CADMUS.
fible,
17
to the
ferent languages.
The moft
is
certahi
mode of
by adopting
in each table
ufed.
The fame
line
thus repre-
If the fame
in the
on any account,
;
for
it
makes
Such
ufe,
part
alphabet.
characters
by adopting, with
Any
would
arts
one
i8
CADMUS.
will enjoy this benefit
it,
:
one
but were
more
affi-
nations to do
more
difFufed
by
would
be more
eafily traced,
allied.
and
all
more nearly
more
merely
make its
how many
EnI
glifh,
Germans and
At
the neceility of
and has
little
more
different languages
two
diflind languages
for they
are in
gen-
eral written
it is
remember
that
remember
that the
fame word
then
We 'cannot
many
CADMUS.
which
is inflicted.;
19
the ig-
minds with
f^lfe
who never
injured
folid
what may be
obfcure Pere
attributed to the
much
and
Adam,
or the celebrated
iu favor
Durey de
of a refor-
they
Ihould not
know
the
as
derivatbns of words
folely
which
are, indeed,
the province of
and
though
CO
difficulty
CADMUS.
of obtaining the meaning
?
for
ia
fpe^king
we
and
find none,
upon
alfo
fedly the
ceived,
diftinftion.
inftances
may
be pointed out
to adhere, not
where
it
ing
ye
If you fpeak
like
moderns^
ivhywould
not ant/, otherwife there would be no difference between, before Chrift, and againji Chrift,
the
laft
argu-
ment
that
to their
own
for
perhaps
CADMUS.
perhaps, James Robertfon,^
21
cleared
away
all
the ob-
James Robertfon,
(the
firft
in
his
edition of
indeed, could
much
lefs
learning and
;
John
Home
Tooke
but I
would by no means
confident, would
any hints
I
am
Some of
learning,
men
are
men
all
take
As
they,
to
quaintance
no
doubt, would
leiTen
You muft
we cannot
afterv/ard derive
the words,
then
* ProfefTor of the Oriental larguages in the Univcrf:*:)? of Edlnb'..r^!-u
23
then
all
C A
the learning
will
D
be
M U
uielefs.'
S.
we have
taken fo
much
muft
pains to acqnu'e
We
dead lan-
guages ufeful
in its
derivation,
and we muft
When
the mofl:
words
are derived
He
in tw^o languages to
know
meaning of the
in
word, and
ilie
has
fpent
two minutes
?
one
A child
many years in learning dead languages, that he may kno-v more perfectly his ow-n. Few acquire more than one language with its elegancies. I have known good latin
fcholars,
in
England,
incapable
of w^rltin^
rational
Englifh tolerably.
would
it
than to
Englifh! There
fcarcely
one
man
in
fiftya
everV
erroneoujly^ called a
among
well edu-
Thefe
dilncultics
depend greatly
upon
CADMUS.
upon
faife fpelling,
23
pronounce
;
becaufe they
all
much more
upon
a
alike
and that
depended as much
as
upon
of eu-
the only
that the
firft
everybody
is
elfe.
grammar which
prefays
letter Z,)
" For pronunciation the bejl rule is^ to conftder " thoje as the mojl elegantfpeakers iju ho deviate
^^
leaf,from
all
the
ijuritt en
Dodor^
with
his
his learning,
own works
to conftrue
at a lofs
it,
and would
than foreigners
I
when
am
forry
that the
vague opinion of an
eftablifhed
cha-
and
^4
and
I
CAD
lament
M U
fooner
S.
tiie
how much
errors
of
to be Jormed by chance^
" and
yet fufficiently
irregidar.^^
cannot
determined, but by
fpeech,
its
non-conformity
his
to the
previ-
ous
alTertion.
Some
to
re former s'^^
he adds,
accommodate orthogra-
" phy
"
ajhadoiv^
"
If
language
change;
alfo to
but
if
modated
liable to
even
this
would not be
:
and
it
butjohnfoni-
now
to
^'
pronounce
lefs
it
properly,
"
Others^'* he fays
abfurdly indeed^
but
en--
deavoured
to
to
CADMUS.
^'
25
to
its
have
"
^^
he formed by
afnodofGramBut nvho
chaw^e their
principles 0) fcience.
iiations to
to
prevail on
p)rG5iice^
and make
"
what
is
ih'j iije
of writing?
to exhibit to
the eye
car:
tlie
fame words
that are
fpoken to the
this
and
it is
impofhble to do
without
:
from
this rule
is
to
A
it
fynod of grammarians would not require a new language to accommodate true fpeliino- to,
may
men
in
be fo eafily accommodated to
vifited the
^'
all
lan;
guages
*
many
\7ho neither Ipolce a word of Englifli, nor could they read a any language; thefe men repeated many of the poems allribed to Offian, and oth-r ancient bards. One of thefe Poems I wrote with fuch orthography and charadlcrs, a? thought might anfwer to the fouucs which were rcp.-ated by an old man. I afterwards read it flow]y to a fenfible old
old
word
v/ell enough to give me a any I have le n tranflared, pofr much genius, but (he often lamented the poverty of the Enghfn
it,
and the
Enolifii,
as
was
as regular a
poem
language,
svhich (he
fuid
was incapable of
cxpreffin-j
the fublin^-iry of
many
26
guages
;
G A
and
if
D
it is
M U
S.
falTe
change a language,
corred: orthography
ferve
to lix it;
would
but rather
and
ablurd.
lefs^^"" I
As
to
" making
Dodor, though
he
other
All good
authors
expenfive, or -would
ftill
new
editions,
afford
much
Enghih
or French.
ufe,
more general
and
not,
the
rifmg generation
their fupprelfion.
would be much
many
of the paflagcs.
benefited
by
Some
It
and a more
more
faw and hedrd uiore unpubJillitd poems, of this kind, than have been printed by James Macpherion, and John Clarke (Tranllator of the Caledonian Bards) and have heard aUo foiiiC of the poems which thefe Gentlemen traniiattd. '1 hough 1 wrote tolerably fait, 1 learnt by fome of my acquaintance,
that the venerable
halt
old
1
man
me wntaig
which
'uie ot
liaci
1
;
a) ear.
poem,
the
manner
in
repe:iteu the
lor
my
mtnior), as
that
read
it
foon after,
not then
is
maae
my
but at prefent
intelli-
there
no lan^^uage,
cannot write
may
CADMUS.
Some of"
graphyivould
I ft.
i.
^7
fhall
be cnumerai.d.
i
r,]
would be enabled
ries
they
would greatly
future
iatercourfe.
to learn the
language
eir
clofets,
v^'hcn
;
and would
be able
medium of
fervice
;
books,
which
of no
whatever,
if this
in learning to fpeak a
language
and
were
to
be adopted
by the
Americans,
the
beft
AND
who
thinks
of more
confequence
to write
purchafe
American
fpell
incorredly,
when he
\
for he
to
difficulty,
aS
CADMUS,
make
the
teft
of reafon.
3d.
Dialeds
deilroyed, both
among
all
read
trouble,
having only
ought
the objeSiions
"
*'
faid above, I
plexity
to
:
of fuch a
taught
change
thofe
who were
who now
never before
to read, could
would
find
is
no
more
difficulty in the
found
in reading
by any
fecret charader.
Even fhorthand
C A D
hand
in reading
M U
S;
find
29
no
dlfiiculty
writers, if in pradice,
common vowel
when moft of
ufed
!
common
whofe
charaders
thirft after
are
befides,
knowled.^e
is
quenchthe
af-
may hereafter amufe themfelves with books now publifhed. I fhould have been
tonifhed at the Dodor's obfervations, if
I
had
He
of
orthography, of Sir
ftate to
Thomas Smith,
fecretary
Gill,
Queen
Elizabeth;
of Dodor
London;
Milton
ally,
of Charles
Butler;
w^as inclined to
general reformer.
The
I
fpecimens however
which he
terror to iiinovators'*^
tooimperfed
to ferve
the
;:
30
CADMUS.
attributes to the
;
yet
by
thefe inftances,
we
many
advantages
To examine
the
common-place obfervations,
tafli
who
{hall
therefore be fubjeded to as
few remarks
as poffible,
upon what
others have
but as
Thomas
Sheridan
is
one of the
latefl
au-
much
merit,
Is
more
known
work
will be
;
The
nanty
diftindion which he
-^
that the
firfl:
nounced by
itfelf
How
more
may
appear,
it
has been
CADMUS.
more
were
fatal to fcholars
31
to Mariners.
by
it-
compounds
to
thefj and^^
fays:j:
in his
'*
fcheme
are
;
there
tiventy
h he
fays,
it
no
letter
%vith his
mutes;
of fpeaking and
revolts.
If
h be
a
re-
it
is
mark
of afpiration, the
/^,/>, t
and o ought
as well to
f,yi 0,
J"
more
forcibly
made than
the former.
If a letter be
a.
cake
and eating
to
but
if
mark
it,
and
if in
would be
as
much
t Pa^e
i
D
ifl
mark
v
of his Drofodial
Id.
grammar,
Page IX.
32
CADMUS.
is
what the
ear re-
particular
may
be directed.
He
of his fecond
bet-,
^, as in hate^
;
e as in
except in length
firft,
the
His
i
as in J?/, for
j^V/,
by lengthening the
(beer,
m fit
beet,
we make
/;?/>,)
vvrittenj^^^/;
^/V;
nor can
we make
it
otherwife.
He
vowel,
mode of naming
the
confonants,
infl:ead
hratmial
who
charader
to
CADMUS.
to give
error,
it
35
rock of
ftruck,
name
but here
is
the
upon which
all
grammarians have
to give a rational
who
have attempted
account
The Hebrews
which
and Greeks
led
Europe
The
fome
inftances,
any
relation
that
the found
the
Thus X begins
name
is
aleph in the
alpha-,
name
when Cadmus
Into Greece.
The
being the
letter
of
the voice of
the fheep,
mong
the Egyptians,
by a Hieroglyphick
The * names of
the
letters
* I have been alked how we fhall be able to fpell words to each other, without naming the letters- It would be thought ridiculous to aflc the names of the words that compofe a fcntence, but the queftions are exadly parallel, or of one form ; by this mode the mere pronouncing of the loord Jloivly is fvjfici"
ent^
and
there
is
no other fpelling
words compcfed of them, as he reads fentences compofed of words. If I were to teach a child, not by afiBnity of found or reafon, but by mere repetition, to call the letter jy}w, the e ten^ and the x fi-^ to fpell the word than the /<->;, it would be deemed very irrational, but it is much kfi lo,
mode
34
C A
M U
\ve
S.
letters, inftead
of the
hi-
them
the
ridiculous
divifion
The
two
charadlers ought
all to
be divided into
claffes;
vowel
a letter
its
that
is
founded by the
afpirate
is
voice,f
whence
name.
An
a let-
Of
Enthir-
glifli
nine,
making
ty letters.
The
for iiiftance, double-u
tnode by which mcll of the words in the Engliih language rre taught ayt/h aifce aytfi, are to be hammered, by name,
;
word
ivhlch !
Oh,
13.
cruelty, ignorance,
and
lofs
of time
(See
table of founds
hne
rendering ideas audible by the voice ; 'whifperlng is rendering and a perlon cannot therelore, with propriety, ; befaid to fpeak in a whifper. Voice is deiivcd from 'vox a found, but we have fixed the idea to a certain clafs of founds^ othervvife it would be as jjroper to call any fouud whatever, voice^ as to call by tliat r;ame the pa;v
f Speaking
is
them
ticular
human organs
of fpeech.
CADMUS,
The Charale> s*
'iS
Commo
nafal
ftopt
fibilant
(hort
snaeiou
yzrljv^wmnD gbd
ff^s
kpt
oh
particularly
anAEiouyzRLjVDuimnDGaDfresKPTOH
It
were much
to be wifhed that
one
fet
of
finding a fufficient
number of
The
made
or in Italics,
would be
fufficiently charac-
leriftic.
The
3^
line
C A D
M U
S.
more
The
fhall
written charafters
may
be accommo;
at prefent I
make
little
innovation in them.
^ Pronounced
3S
C A D
M U
diftlncl:
it is
S.
found, in the
which
thought ne-
having a true
kno%vledgc of ivhich^
it
ivill be impojjible to
is
heard
;
in
any Ian-
attd as
im-
pojjible to
in thefe characters
for,
by
this
method, the
orthography
and
orthoepy
determine each
of
attained
ner
ner^
dialeds,
and
fitting
even
*
Though
it
isfald Pronunciation
cfiy
is
fuch qu^
It will be obferved in the lire which I fo particularly recommend, that fome of the letters have been a little altered to render them more fmiplc, and that fome of the Charadlers are merely common letters reverfed. The middle line of the A of the E and F have .been omitted which will render them more eafy for the type-founder, and lefs liable to blot in printing. The V and f are the A and J inverted, the 'J is the L reverfed. The long S
([)
js
it
has fo
much
the appearance of
:
f.
The
more
difhincSb
the
Q
is
of the Greeks
rdfo a
printin;^? letters.
The 0,
of the Goths,
fomewhat
ihe line
ti-rit'iTiy
maybe
filling
u being the inverfe only of n, and laofm, with great beauty, and avoiding difagreeable angles.
CADMUS.
even for oratory, every
39
man
of good capacity
and utterance.
The
reader
is
now
of
to reject all
letters,
prejudices
is
refpecting
Names
and
to ftudy
to tranfpofe
word which
that
then,
ra-
the ear
vvill
determine
if
true
found.
Is
made by opening
the
mouth
a very little,
juft fufncient to
teeth,
down
in
remain
at
reft,
the
epiglottis
only being
raifed
40
raifed
C
by the
glottis
A D
M U
S.'
breath, v/hlch,
by a
contrafticrf
of the
to the throat
only be
thofe
fible
felt
when
who
may
be
made
fen-
only, and
learning*
when they
are
not they
pronounce properly.
afpirate
The
:
Elnglifh
is
the
of
this vocal
it is
in that language,
very
often
when
friort,
was not
reprefented-
by a charader.
the
firfi:
Its
po^^er
may
be found in
&c.
To
the
common
vowel,
for J, but
:
the lower lip muft not dilcover the lower teeth the found
is
made
is
in the
continued, and
ar,
fuller
is
than in pronouncing
the tip of
it
drawn back,
reftiner
41
CADMUS.
refting
It is alfo
a very
common vowel
n
The power of
ya'wny yznN;
may
Rzn; 2cc.--
The
be
Rill
third
common
fcends a
teeth
;
below the
tips
of the under
Hat.
Its
power
may
lumn,
words, yarn;
zag
satj
RAT &C,
e
The
little
The
tlie
mouth a
lower
lip tip
more
than for
n^
but
expofing
ftill
teeth,
and the
in the fourth
perpen-
dicular
column of the
table, in,
y^lh
yel
^^phyr,
ZEr3R;
CETj-RED,
&c.
Fifth
42
CADMUS,
i
Fifth
rather
more
fo
low
;
fhew the
infertion
of the lower
a
little
teeth
mouth
exthe
Its
power may be
column,
in,
found in the
y^, Yi
;
fifth
perpendicular
zea\^
ziil;
siT;
rip ,&
Sixth
is
nearly
the tongue
drawn back
n,
little,
but the
o is
made more
in the
mouth than
in the throat.
The Greeks
though
other,
ufe
two charaders
is
really
one
marked twice
(oo w],
and
it
ought not
ter,
to
let-
as
it
The ancient
Greeks,
as
CADMUS.
as mentioned
43
ir^
by
Plato,
made no
diftlndion
the great
(called
now
and
may be
feen in
word ^stpatefon
written at
prefent
found
lK^ords,
yook;
Z(9ne,
zoon;
sot;
Seventh
common vowel
the
organs are
ing
Oy
much
con-*
tracled
ture,
pronounced
Its
in the
fame manner
as the
Greek
power
may
lumn of the
ruut; &c.
yezc;,
xooX.^
f^z^p,
suup;
The eighth
fame manner
-*
vocal found,
as the fifth
is
pronounced
vocal
in the
/,
common
except
Farkhurft'sLcsicon of the
New
Teftament (H.)
44-
CADMUSy
requires a
cept that
voice,
more
forcible effort
of
rifes
little,
the
It
found,
is
which thus
vocal of the
Gaelic,
firft
becomes tremulous.
the
German
c|),
and of the
Its
gh
of the
Scotch, &c.
power
is
found
in the
word^,
j^^awn ,
:^nn^
yAi^i
-y^^
Ninth vocal
to fiiew part
The
open
teeth,
of the
fhut,
placed gently
infcr-
mouth
cal
little
words, zag;
zephyr,
zefjr;
zeal,
ziilj
&c.
It is
Tcntli
CADMUS.
r
45
Tenth vocal
tongue
the
mouth
a little
open
thd
of the mouth,
between themv;ith-
of a dog.
the fnarling
not
in the
and
and fome
in
letter
other birds
this afpirate
is
it
however
has no
the
or
The power
of r
may
be found in
RED, &C.
1.
Eleventh vocal
the
m.outh a
little
open
of
by
its fides.
very
fimple, requiring
little
effort,
and
fimliar to w, except
that the
found
of the
latter paflfes
by the
nofe.
The power
of /
may
be
46
C A
M U
&c.
S.
be found in the
fifth
/afs,
las:
let,
J
/aw,
Twelfth vocal
little
the middle of
the tongue a
the
circular.
This
is
the vocal
of
the afpirate )h
charafter,
er of
line
which
the jf inverted.
in the fixth
in the
The powhorizontal
j may be found
words,
ma-
jefty,
siijjr; &c.
Thirteenth vocal
The edges of
the upper
are placed
upon
the tip
eiehth
in
horizontal
line
of the table of
founds
i;aunt
vnnnT;
GAD
cient
latin
M U
S.
47
VCunT;'VAST; 'L'ain, veen, &c. This is Some of the anthe vocal of the afpiratey!
monuments
*l',
lliew that
the h has
by confounding the
and
*z;e-
The
Iin?:lirh in
the
foff-^
faaf^ for
fave or
and
in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth
/was
4^
CAD
fifth
M U
&c.
S,
be found in the
/afs,
Lx\s;
let,
J
/aw,
Twelfth vocal
little raifed;
the middle of
the tongue a
circular.
This
is
the vocal
of
the afpirate )h
eharafter,
er of
line
which
they inverted.
The pow-
J may be found in the fixth horizontal of the table of founds, in the words, ma-
/efty,
JJ
yX-
7^!U-r-ui
<^A*^r ^^;t5i,to
(^O-^^^^Stf
C^
_ /S^O'^^i^
CAD
cient
latin
M U
S.
47
VnnnT;'VAST; ^'ain, veen, &c. This is Some of the anthe vocal of the afpirate f.
monuments
l',
lliew that
the h has
by confounding the
and
*z;e-
The
Ln?:lifli in
the
fiff-^
Jaaf^ for
fave or
and
in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth
the
/was
in Spencer Jafe
pro fave.
mofl: polite
Fourteenth
opened,
vocal-the
mouth
is
little
upon
the
under
teeth.
Though fome
old
it
for ^orn
is
dau
&c,
I
(dew)
Dun
(to
it
do)
as the
BEiL
(a
part),
however adopt
vocal
43
; :
GAD
//je,
M U
its
S.
power
in the tenth
the
;
words,
&c
dj;/^at, bat; /^em dem People who lifp make ufe of this found
of z.
w
Fifteenth vocal
The organs
z/,
the fame as in
pronouncing the
little
is
the air
alfo
mouth
with
more
ftrength,
to efcape
is
with fuch
duced; and
are a
little
hollower found
full,
pro-
pronounced very
the cheeks
fomewhat tremulous.
of the Gothic
afpirate
This
is
(p.
reprefent-
pro-
W
I
is fo
feldom
had doubts
z/,
whether
as
it Is
fliould
admit
it,
or fubftitute the
of the u follows.
Sheridan fuppofed
Th
Old
* Profod
Gram
xlv.
CADMUS.
oui h\u
'y
49
in hlue^
for ihefe
Its
make
the fimple
u as
power
will be
found
in the twelfth
in the
words,
UIU'JLD.
^juo\f^
m
Sixteenth vocal
The
its
is
lips
are
fhut the
vowel
and
by
;;?afs,
f)me
of
7migitus^
cattle.
from
Its
power
found
in
the four-
the v/ords,
m.'is;
;;raft,
inJF
;---wiaw,
mzn
&c.
n
Seventeenth vocal the momh is a little open the tip of the tongue railed to the roof
:
the
is
fifteenth
words
;iut,
nLK
&c.
50
A D
M
the
S.
Eighteenth vocal
as in the laft
(72)
drawn
back,
This
is
therefore the
is
This found
very
com-
mon
in
was no appropriated
rally expreifed
was geneby
ji
by
tig as
in longings or
as
in lo;2ger.
Its true
in the
had ;
laigih^
L3D0, &c.
Thq
as
nineteenth vocal
-the
mouth remains
is
in the
two
laft,
little
raifed
by the
of the tongue
till
made fuch
a vocal effort, as to
force
* When the voice, by pafling the Glotti=;, has filled the Cavity with oir between that and the part prelTcd by the mirldk of the tongue, the found ceafesor ftops, an J cannot be continued as in other vowels; thercfv)re I have called this a flopt vocal. Of fimilar formation are and V, therefore of the fame dcnominuticn. '1 hefe three vowels can alfo be pronounced inl>
telligibly,
flopt.
jt
CADMUS.
part of the roof of the mouth, at
which time
the
ceafes, and,
heard.
for
The modern
firft
laft
the
the
ArprnTOS,
the
modern
AKPrnxos.
of
GJnj
Gn UL
gap
get, &c.
Twentieth vocal
the
lips
muft be
fhut,
pafs
it is
when
the lips
its
afpirate.j
The power
of
bi
may
B3T
;
tal line
^ut,
/'all,
BLZL
bat
bet, &c.
Twentyf The 6 is often put for the fi, and 'vice ver/a, by the Spani{h, the Germans, the Wslfh and other IModcrns, as well as formcTly by the Armeniax>6 and other Orientals and by the Romans fyr v.
;
52
CADMUS,
d
Twenty-firft vocal
ralfed
jittle
is
to
open
which
is
alfo
ftopt,
and the
moment
it
ceafes as a vocal,
by opening the
which
is its
afpirate.
The pow-
er of
^ may
D JL
;
DET
&c.
<faub,
DnuB
dark:
r/ebt,
Twenty-fecond
letter,
and
firfl:
afpirate
This
is
formed exactly
it
in the
fame manner as
and j
in the
is its
is
an
afpirate,
The found
is
very
common
En-
ter to exprefs
tel;
ch^ as
byy}, as in a^urance,
AfURAns;
byj-, as in A/za,
AfiA; by*//,
in pinr/7,
as in na//on,
nEEfJn; by
oran
rinrr
Pir jn
by
all
; by
f/, as
in fufpir/on sus;
ce^ as
in O^d'an,
and
its
vocal
*
Mod of the
feen in
may be
in tlou
formerly ended
in cion^^s
CADMUS.
yocaly
is
Si
by
j,
as ia
treaj-ure;
where the j
is
written,
it is
always pronounc-
by
J.
Erroneous applications of
Engliili in
this
found are
made by the
ral
many
letter f
is
inftances, in feve-
The
and
ch;
is
thus
French
fubftitute
the
Germans
i.
/<;/?;
and
It is,
as well as
makes a
This
letter
is
the
;
It
is
The power
words,y7^ut,
of
may
pjtWy
fEL
&c.
Twenty-third
letter,
and fecond
afpirate.
Let
54
manner
CAD
as in
M U
'Uj
S.
and by
afpila-
produced.
ceoliciim
The
digamma
on account
of
its
figure (r)
which
it
is its
vocal,
(as in
amplia^it)
a proper
made
powers.
words,
The
&c.
true found of
y commences
yim, FJn;
^/all,
fddl;
fat;yame FEEm*
of the table
the
of powers.
Twenty-fourth
letter,
is
The
tip
of the tongue
the
manner
is
as in
pronouncing
its
lant
exactly
the
hiffing of a goofe.
The
CADMUS.
iigrees
55
\7ith
them,
certainly an
;
error
to
and though
Greek,
many grammarians
conceive
it,
in the
it
on examination
to
be th^ for
GEos written
produce
this
heojl
theos,
People who
inftances
(fee b).
make
s
ufe of
found in
all
where the
ought to
of o
be pronounced
The power
may
line
of the
ojrd;
//?ane,
eEn; &c*
Twenty-fifth
letter,
and fourth
afpirate
The tip
vocal z, but
it
muft be
the
power
of
S6
of which
CAD
may
;
M U
in
S.
of founds,
the
\vords,yun^
&c.
Twenty-fixth
letter,
and
fifth afpirate
The
againfi:
forming
flight,
its
ftopt vocal g.
It
requires only a
fage opens
the
to
form
g\ and whenever^
pronounced, withletter,
by another
the k
is
pofition.---^
is
to be al-
ways
now
/.',
X when
has often
and
this is
re-
verfed,
when
the
the con^
s as
The
c is therefore as
;
for
/:,
as in peare, piis
ranker,
kadkjr
bc-
fides
CADMUS.
fides
S7
in,'fpenaS
Ibr,.^,
having
It
the found of
iifcd
r, as
SPEf JL.
was aho
by the Latins
;
leda
fhort, as,
may
be {qqw
to
in
Terence: and
it
admit
here,
ieft
fupport error.
the eighteenth
al
KA Am
rail,
kh^l;
c<x
in e,
keem
&c.
Tw^enty-feventh
letter,
and
fixlh
afpirate.
its
The
lips mufl:
b'i
be clofed as in pronouncing
flopt vocal
be produced.
It
Z>
and
alfo
formed
of
in the
L\
fame manner
Its
in the twentieth
horizon-
/Lift,
par
Tv\''enty-
58
C A
D
t
M U
S,
Twenty-eighth
letter,
is
and feventh
afpirate.
The
in
tip of the
tongue
of the teeth, as
pronouncing
is
its
vocal d,
flight effort
of breath only
rate,
requifite to
form
this
its
afpi-
affinity
with
vocal,
that the
always be formed
in like manner.
afpirates,
on account of the
of
continuing them.
The
d by the Germans
but by the
nations,
fe^,
Romans
themfelves, as in,
for {td\
The power
ran;
of
may
&c.
Twenty-ninth
This
is
letter,
and
eighth afpirate.
fame pofition,
and
59
as if
CADMUS.
and a moderately ftrong breath given,
going
in
is
to
whiftle.
This
it
alpirate
is
common
It
had no'charader.
in
into
Its
in the
Ou
Wjile,
qail;
wAen, oEn;
Wjich,
letter,
oixr;
Thirtieth
and ninth
afpirate
The
any
mouth muft be
little
opened, without
a little
/?,
by breathing
more
common,
the the
is
the moft
fimple afpirate-
in
founds,
JiuuL
;
in
the
words,
^ut,
-6all,
HaT,
6-'^.
Affinitief
6o
CADMUS.
Affinities
of Letters,
3
z
J
Vowels
Afpiratcs
of the
CO
fianshave
this
afpi-
w
G
B
rate
but
P
k
no appropriatedleltcr.
LD
To
It
will
be
by the pre-
at
perpendicular
columns,
afpirates
op-
the
horizontal lines.
The charaQers
except
are
generally at
fucceeded by the
common
vowels,
and
The
Scotch and
Irlih
have
CADMUS.
The commoneft
the
6%
mod
ib unds,
letters.
When
the true
is
learnt,
them
to children,
of a
weeks
a child
would be able
to read perfeftly,
were
corredly fpel-
The
6a
CADMUS.
The
following
table is intended to give a
letter,
by exhi-
Table
TABLE
Of J
all the di/Vnfl
I'lof^apn^e it.)
EngUp
Language,
CADMUS.
As
all
6:i
future improvement in
a
orthography
depends upon
of every
letter,
is
neceffary to obtain
fix
them
them
in the
me-
mory
for on rememberings
we only
at a
fpeafc
time;
but
eral
when
nother, though
letters, as
poffeffes feveral
of the fame
in appearance
from
If then
we fix
a certain
no more
that
make
fentences
in read-
and
and thus
will the
H
* See Dig raphs and diphthocgs fcq
:
Some
^4 Eome
more
as the
C
or
D
"f
M U
v\hile the
S.
letters are
lei's
formed by the
glottis
being
ferves
dilated
mouth
inflrument
and
is
expanded or
contrcVted,
by
its
own
ider or nar-
by permitting the
ftopt
it
by the middle
;
of
or the lips
and
fo forcible a vocal
found, as
in the throat or
mouth.
as
ori-
manner
of the
by the
breath,
af-
whence
pirates
name: fome
an
effort
depend upon
fo violent
is
of the
produced.
Prom what
it
may
perhaps appear
real
f See the theory of language, by
I
cvf.cr Lt'cittic.
tr.y
CADMUS.
I
6s
rated;
but no difficuky
is
arifes
here; ior,
in
fpeaking, there
lels
eirorc
made by
the
and
in
whirpering there
is
no differaipii-:-ev,
ence between vowql ^tiers and their but that .the Hrll
afpirated," v.hile
*are
c^iiininilhed in fb^e."**Tlie
fojiowing hne
liiCvvs
1.
t"
vow^by G'd,
bai
that
Jenkin
is
a v/iz-
zard/'
2.
Ai V0U5
zard,
iz a uiz-
3.
ifs a
uiiTart.
The
ner,
line
i^
Is v^^ri^ten
'v^
the
the 2d
^.vrinen
nroT^er'v,
with afpimtes.
If the 2d
and 3d he ^^h^/nered,
b? found betw. on
/;,
no difference wnate-er
them, except that the
irj
will
letters f,
k, /,
^,
/^
.:,
the third
line,
are
pronounced o'lch
rr^
e
r
-^
fecoiui
\
rurlejr-
66
fecond
it is
CADMUS.
line,
wben
eafy to diftinguifh
which
line
is
repeated
in a whifper.
The
with
afpirates inftead
faxons are
the
of
p and
b^
in Englifli they
in;.;
them; bat
to al-
'
.
to the
pond,
bj
d'j
pond,
Pont.
(would
lay,)
The
Irilli,
where there
are
no true
of the
afpirates;
Iriflx
and perhaps
in confequence
like
language abounding,
many
others, in
afpirates.
One
takes they
commit
Englifh,
may
the more
artificial
Much
CADMUS.
Much
learned
67
fages
many
and
men
will
ny fuch
authority,
but
)\ill
humbly premife
will be lufficient to
au-
and
is
to be d^rbved
*
Jews..
tries
know
at
men
in different
coun-
fpeak
different
languages.
d)ut
who
En-
language
-a
would not
be undtvftood
nov\^^
and that
if a
fmall colony
for a
different people?
En-
gland,
who
Cockney. Languages
years,
differ fo
much
in a
few
by the
no occafion
for miracles to
explain;
68
O A D
;
M U
S.
oiir
lanfci-^
guage
ences,
is
memory
We
have
we
nations,
many
things
fav-
Ian*
am
confi-
objedts of nature,
and
many
jve find
even
But
par-*
tlcularly in
the
lefs
refined.
Man,
in a favto
age
ftate,
imitates
birds
and beafts
decoy
a
very
vowels, with
/,
?;/,
domeftic beafls
the
;
r, z, j, *y,
f, f,
^, /,
s^
particularly the
%vhich might
Vv'ith
Generic
Generic name,
appeliative>
CAD
till it
M U
S,
69
and confequently a
In the
moil ancient alphabets the Phoenicians, Etrufcan?, Latins and Goihs, adopted the
form of
i,
which would
Hieroglyphic.
The
-a-
Engli/h^
exadly
is
of
a goofe, and
found
many of
thefe
buz-
have called
it
we
find
The
afpirate
fome other
locufts:
of fome
Gutturals
imitate
the croaking of
frogs or toads:
pirates
are
common
^-^bou^
vo
by animals
kuii^
bee^
the fhcep
krook^
the
dog
the dove,
the
raven
kuaak-^
the
duck-/;///,
the buzzard
'
//?;
* See
Page 45.
7o
'^'^thi-it^
CADMUS.
the lapwing
;
kitk-ku^
the cuefeoo?
&c.
There
among
wants,
for
animals, which
man
fion to adopt, in
as
forming a language of
articulation
is
own
their
too difficult
are
common
we
ufe,
and there
already
more than
Indeed
fufficient for
find
few
languages which do
ufelefg,
and
to
are appropriated-
The
y,
fometimes of
k-y
yj
which
havS
and
;c,
the powers of
of gz^ or 2^.
number
they
made
ufe of by
letters
idea wjq
have
* Mr. Shfndan hath not only re}e<S:ed the r, 7, which he ought to have retained inilead of the
iwhich
is
&
language;
1
the French,
a very
adopting it, as he never having ufed the j even in the words w.-cyo/z, okcejsn (occiizhltn She; ;) "adhefion^ adbnjiti (adhezhun) decifton^ explofon^ couJu/ioffFioiod gram :
:
',
common vowel, and am the more aironifiicd at hi^ not knew fo well the power ofy But hi^ error is uniform,
xlviii.
CADMUS.
have acquired, or fhould be able
Wachter,
to
JT
invent*
Tacquet
com-
439,360,000.
makes
them 5,852,616,738,497,664,000: they are both wrong; but the human mind cannot form
an ideaof fuch apparent
infinity
of combinati-
maa
it
does not
We
find
among
reafon,
on the
beautiful, artificial
preflTions
Hebrew,
human
race
crave
72
C A D
^I
S.
to exprefs
them
vain to look
am
alio
its
of opinion that
rife
in
monofyl-
to
applied,
in the
abftradt terms
and meincreaf-
the fcale of
to a
marks
mark
Some
tion bewilders
to permit
an ex-
fome modern
languages are
much more
extenfive than
many ancient ones, that thefe are very imperfedt if we fpeak of a general alphabet for human
fpeech,
If
a Chinefe
were
he would
of
CADMUS.
;and that
it
73
of writing was an invention of the Englifh, was not yet perfeded, from the infaults, deficiencies, fuperfluities, ir-
numerable
regularities,
It is
it is
when
read as
written, an
Englifhman cannot
it
tinderjiand it^y
he reads
graphy.
*
it
perfedlly,
do
'
no
is
but
The fame
faid
many
have negleded
nations,
to
facilitate
the intercourfe of
by rendering
the
mode of acquiring
travelling into the
by books
as
by
fpokcn, if
tbofe books
were
correcx.
* rrpeciilly if the
common vowels
pewers
no marks
determine them.
74
CADMUS.
Syllables.
or fyllable in the Englifh language
afpi rates alone,
No word
is
formed by
but
many
fyl-
lables are
m-
genious
call
upon them
fall,
Th
is
*'
*'
The
notfo;
terminating ble
al
ftrid propriety
is
for,
to conftiiliould
tutea fyllable
it is
requifite that a
vowel
" be founded
*'
in
it,
which
is
is
for
though there
end, yet
it
one prefented
only e
final
eye
"
at the
is
mute, and
' the
*'
way
as
forming a fyllable."*
pow-
they form a
vly
perrecl fyllable,
as well as
^^h
!^i
z/,
mU nU gly
tn-,
2;z,
vuy dn-ifih
nd^
Gram:
CADMUS.
will be convinced of their being fuch,
ImpofTibility of reading
7^
by the
them
othcrwife.
"
wild,
c'ous fhoot,
fruit.
Together
let
field,
The
latent
tradts,
plore.
*
*
*
line 7th.
Pope's EfTay on
Man
Or garJw TogeD Jr
Trai
GiZt
us
biit
dIs am^/fiild,
b\ 01pm ont
trakts
dj kovjrt
yiild;
Da leetant
It is to
dj giddi
baits eksploor,
&c.
es
its
termination a or ^ into
J, n, a, e.o^
ti,
begin with
from
76
CADMUS.
tlilscliangfi
It is
not
made
in
any other
inftances.
omit^
when
with
/*
common vow^
:
two
fyllables
if
more
fylla-
alfo
form two
intervene, as
in ablcnefs, e-bl-iies.
Whenever two
rates
afpi-
of the fame power follow any of the comor other vowels, and another of thefe
mon
The
great
diilinction
is,
between one
fyllable
and another,
the voice
may
fucceflively in the
fame flex-
or afpirates,
provided thefe
letters arc
falling as vvcll as
rifing
CAD
fifing
M U
alfo
S.
77
of that flexion
may
effort
embrace one or
two more of
fyllable:
thefe letters,
if the
but
another
and ano-
mutatur fyllaba.
and
not
afpirates,
affinities,
only
vv^ith
the other
letters, that
not diificult to
comonly
pofe fyllables
ters,
which contain
joined by a fingle
common vowel
change
becomes another
fyllable.
is
When
word, of
two or
three fyllables,
compofed of any of
they are
pronounced
leave
in the
firft
fyllable as the
organs
producing thefe
and
jufl
be-
they arrive
at,
their true
pofitions; the
and
is
like
the
78
the
this,
firft,
C
&c.
feveral
A D
M U
S,
as in gibbakkad'-dtipt.
By
and with-
out
effort.
There appear
to
fion of words, if
we examine fome
for there
divifions if certain
would not
v^^arrant
any
fuch conclufion
their
therefore
we muft
confider
many
inftances
Accents
ought only
to be placed
where
quifite,
a ftrefs
to
of the voice
is
abfolutely
re-
letter or
fyllable,
othervv^fe be
unin-
telligible, or
if
think they
will
* Itisfaid.in an extract
letter
from a
Jcfuit at
from thejoiirnalsof the Royal Society, refpe cling a Pekin in China ( Phiiofophical Tranfadions, Vol. 59, page
CADMUS.
will not be
79
deemed neceffary upon many ocwhere the nouns and verbs are
cafions
for,
now perfectly fimilar in their orthography, we fhall generally find fuch imperfedion in fpelling, as, when correded, to reduce the
neceffity
ly worth attention
ence
is
gene-
on the
firft
fyllable
;
the
lafl
of the verb
but attention
forcible
good
than
fpeakers will
make more
impreflions
that ** the Chinefe tongue counts but about 330 words. page 494) " From hence the Europeans conclude, that it is barren, monotone, and " hard to underftand. But they ought to know that the four accents * called /%, uni (even)^ chunr, eleve (raifed), kiu diminue (lejfened)^ *^ jou, rentrant, (returning J, multiply almost every ivord into four ^ by an indifficult to make an European compre*' flexion of voice which it is as *' hend, as it is for a Chinefe to comprehend the fix pronunciations of the " French E. Thefe accents do yet more, they give a certain harmony, * and pointed cadence, to the mofl ordinary phrafes: with regard to ** clearnefs, let fad decide. The Chinefe fpeak as faft as we do, fay more *' things in fewer words, and underftand one another." From what is quot-
word in four, but if word were niultiplied, there would be only 1320 which is but a fmall number to compound into fo copious a language and I am certain that apercd
find
we
that the
tvery
fymbols of fpeech perfedlly, would as eafily reduce the Chinefe language to regular charaders, as any other but the hieroglyphics of the language would bs as unintelligible ai
underftands
the
;
who
it is
8o
CAD
laid
M U
difference
S.
fcr-
make no
uttering
particular
would
fcarcely ever be
noticed.
Tho:
Sheri-
dan gives many rules on accent, but they chiefly tend to point out the
firP:,
fecond or
in
third
power of
his vowels,
which
good
fpelling
would be rendered
inftances of
ufelefs.
He
gives us
many
accents
by
no difference being
I
marked
either
by
fpelling or otherwife.
will
may fnow
that the
fpelling
fufficient diftinc;
and
lafl
upon
the
mon vowel of the lafl fy liable of the verb, the common vowel of the firfl fyllable of
noun may
ferve;
Nouns
C
Nouns
a or an Ac^ cent
A D
M U
S.
Si
Verbs
to accent'
correded
aksnt
aksent
Cem'ent
Con'
Con'
cert
test
cement'
concert'
contest''
semant siment
konscxri kans.irt
komest kjntest.
polyfyllabic words, as
thought
it
poffible to
I
reading what
think
myrelf,
Many words
proper to
that grammarians
have thought
accent,
and
for
given long-laboured,
rules,
difficult,
with as
many
the organs are capable, the very compofition of the words, if corredly written,
gives greater
it is
im-
poffible.
82
poffible,
CADMUS.
without afFedatlon, to pronounce them
the ideas of
grammarians.
Where the common vowels are long they ought to be written twice, as among
ancients,
the
who
wrote
amaabam-t feedesy
twice,
was
&c.
of vowels
long, but
when
not univerfally
of correding
and attention
to the fenfe
and
to
good fpeakers
con-
Emphasis
denotes the
firefs
illuftrativc
a fentence in a
difcourfe,
Of
the
New
G A D
jdlfcourfe,
M U
S.
83
but
is
my
fubjed, than
ought
are
to
what
would
chiefly
Let
of
word
common
comEmphatic
of great
ftill
importance
larger
let
this
mence with a
fentences
letter.
may
be diftinguiihed by
Italics or
larger type
may
drawn under
them, or written in a larger hand, or both, according to the force of the intended expreflion.
The
cuftom of writing
to be difufed, as
all
nouns with
beji
capitals
ought
few of the
nouns,
grammarians underfland
that
verbs,
Much
men on
Digraphs
*
ScetheZnEA IITEPOENTA
cf John
Home
Tcoke.
84
CADMUS.
DIGRAPHS AND DIPHTHONGS,
but, If they
as
much
ing general rules, with fach a number of exceptions, to bring the errors of written
lan-
guage
into order,
it
faciliis
language
which
of
at prefent taught.
The
appropriation
a feparate character to every found, will utterly deftroy the idea of digraphs in corredt wtI:-
one found
form one
at the
fame
inftant.
It
would be
as difficult to allow
this, as to
fame
fpace.
No
plex
CADMUS.
plex ideas by the
85
feveral in-
mind.
When
it
found or more
if
only one
is
fimple
mind
to
form a com-
plex idea
there
may
be a rapid fucceflion of
ideas
can be
reduced
ac-
into one
is
an abfurdity.
The Mexicans,
or
fyllables
initials
firft
of a
number of
whole
no complex
ceflion
of ideas
long words.
If a nev>r
found
interpofe
two
others in fpeech, a
made;
if
it
whether or not
only: of this
clafs
many
and fomc
modern.
The
86
CADMUS.
celebrated
The
formed of two
different
by
ftriking
two
firings together,
and next
will
to each other,
of
different tone,
which
natural
prevent either
;
of
them from
:^i^
its
vibration
that a note
"will
one of the
vibrations
of
fome moments,
recover
its
after
which
it
will gradually
natural vibrations,
and give
its
natural found.
is,
by the
w^ithin
moair
ments
to
mix with
this fecond,
:
made by
as the firflceafes
the
much
compound found
as if
one of the
firings
were
though
diftind:
much
I
as purple,
produced
diftind:
by
red,
becomes a
colour.
wave
all this
and admit
that
CADMUS.
that a
87
fons founduig
vowels, at the
the
fame time,
literally
as
the
it
derivation of
word
imports,
does
that
I iliall
made by
In Compoftng
either poetry or
profe, attention
is
utter-*
ing whatever
that the
is
knowing
which
there are
cular
fome
founds without
The
poet
1%
directed
by the
melody v/ould
rhym^e be exa-
be entirely defeated
and
if
mined,
we
ihall find,
provided the
words be
much refemblance
required
8S
required in
CAD
M U
when
chanting
Ibnorous and
when
and
terrific.
to
be
chofen, as,
in the features
by the
along by
variety.
As
all
words are
not, in certain
fpecies
of
poetry,
authors
liberties,
its
accent.
Poetry has
thought in
all
languages,
know-
It
is
by no means
my
intention to dwell
re-
upon
thefe fubjeds,
many
in-
genious
CADMUS.
genious men, (Thomas Sheridan,
fter,
%
Web-*"
partiI
Noah
&c.) but
was obliged
to purfue
cular
muft
now
fay a
fivritingy
among which I
as
the
Stops.
Many
Chinefe
v\rords
and fome
of
^* As letters denote the component pnrts cf words, the >sgopuasis or AoopiiONiKS denote the pitch or key and tone of the letter, vvcrd, or ftntence ; the fiexions, force, and various meanings vv hicli are to be derived from cadence snd are to the letters in reading v/hat the fiats, fnarps, rcpLS, &c. are to the notes in muac.
;
Edward Gibbon
and
fall
of the
Empire, Vol. v. page 321.) that *' under the reign cf the Caliph " Waltd, the Greeic language and charailers were excluded from the ac*' counts of the public revenue, If this change Vi^as produdlive of the inven" tion or familiar ule of our prefcnt numerals, the Arabic charaders or *' cyphers, as they are commonly ftyled, a regulation of office haspromot' ed the moft important uifcovcries of arithms-tic, algebra, and the mathe-!.
l'
Roman
matical fciences."
*'
According to a new, though probable notion, maintained byM.de ii: pag. 15c:, 157.) our cyphers are not o Indian or Arabic invention. They were ufed by the Greek and Eatin
:
srithmeticians long before the age of Boethius. After the extincT;ion of ftiencc in the welt, they were adopted in the Arabic verfions f.oui the original
M.
\
S. S,
and
rejlored to
XE
century."
90
CADMUS.
corn--
meaning to
them
before, as
as place
them
after the
fentence in
rule
their
to
corred: editions,
in
all
and that
writings,
ought
be adopted
otherwife
it is
impoflTible to read
i
them proper-
ly the
firft
time
who
mark of
and
a parenthefis? or a fentence
of expofition by
?
Spanifli
mode
its
mark of Irony
fliould be
invented, for
life
who
are
fhould, like
the
reft,
tence
(+) this
mark may
ferve.
charader
dialogues,
&c.
ought
alfo to
end as
is
"
' ) ?
CADMUS.
^3
gr
now
done.
At
the end
is
with
lurprife
[-
he
Vvhifpers
Hhis
cifide\
may be called a Kaluptophafis. Quotation may be reprefented, as at prefent, by two inverted commas
This mark
-j will anfvver,
and
"-
''
in
an
author by one
nominated a Profepopeia.
Erotefis
tion,
Erootefu
-
Note of interroga5-
Ecphonefis, Ekfoonefts
note of admij
ration or exclamation,
Parenthefis
Pareneesis,
Crotchet
ra^efis,
Quotation Kuoteefjn,
[_]
~
-
<
Accent Ak/nt,
Hyphen ^jyO;z,
Synthefis Szw.a^fx
--*=:;
-
Comma Komma,
StmicdlonSemikolony
Colon
$2
CADMUS.
flop or
Colon /lu?/?//,
Period PiznW full
pundum,
elifion,
*
ApoHrophe'-Jpo/Irofe or mark of
Caret
wanting,
or
tie,
y\
Afterifks,
*
-
*
|
Hiatus,
Zugoma BRACE
Irony Aironiy
fpoken
{-
Kaluptophafis A'^/w^/o/j/zj- to be
afide,
i'^]
Emphafis, Emfa/is.
Exprefled in writing
by one
tence
or
two
lines,
in printing,
by
or large letters.
References
alphabets, or arbitrary
that
do not
may
be adopted
in general, as agophonicks.
By
tures.
fome,
it
lefs
CADMUS.
lefs ufeful
g^
;
than might
at
firfl:
be fuppofed
the
would be
as dif-
it
would be
On
94
On
teaching the
Surd,
or
Deaf
and
confc-
quently
Dumb,
to Speak.
H
furd,
difficulties
laboured,
who have
the
and confequently
dumb
to fpeak,
have
prevented
in
a labour
;
in utility
for
fome of
thofe to
whom
ticular faculties
boaft of the
human
man
the
means of furmounting
impedi-
a benefador.
fuccefsful attempts, in
to the
to procure
deaf and
dumb
the
nicating
languages are
fo different, that
they become to
It is
necefTary
knowledge of objeds, by
they
alfo
that
become acquainted
On teaching the
deaf, &c.
95
when
'
of thefe
dliEculties
which pre-
fent
remember
written,
letters,
and in
fpeaking
require different
is
pronunciations of
mode of
become
as difficult
Some of the difficulties of acquiring a lan^ guage when deaf,- may be conceived by thofe
that are experienced in learning foreign tongues,
where they
aided
are not
commonly
fpoken, although
by
tranflations
man
his
of a child
by the conftant chat of parents and attendants, and who can obtain
learns
who
no pleafures but through the medium of fpeech he hears and is conftantly learning to
teach
him
is
and
g6
On teaching the
deai^
and feldom.
figures
priate
There
is
is
or
terms, nor
which
I
The more
more
re-
volve In
my
mind
am
have negleded
fo
know of
to
none, not
is
and
fhall
endeavour
important point.
in the
Englifh
of
*
" Ciafcheduno
fa,
che, come,
non
v' e cofa,
chel'ingratitudinc, ed incffervanza de' fuoi precetti ; cosi non v* e niente che cagioni maggiormente la defolazione deir univ^rfo, che la cecita, e
de*^
Giudei, e Scifmatici."
Correcfled.
Tfiajkeduno fa, he kome^
non
DIo,
h I'iagratimad-
tudine ed inossurvanfsa 6^
jormennte la
ixxoi preetfetti
ccjfi
non
defolatftnne dell'
univerfo, ke la
tfetfita,
V cfiinatfione dc
Djtideei, e fizmatit^.
j-
Mr.
aid,
till
a didlionary be
publiflied
upon
this plan.
* Re<}uires a
new charadcr
the afpiratc (f /)
97
build
conje--
mean to
Method
of teaching the
Surd and
quently
Dumb
to /peak.
It is
neceffary to examine
firft,
whether the
of fpeech.
is
no occafion
to
method of attempting
pediment
to
may
manner.
I ft,
They muit be
led, if young, to
attempt
to
would appear
to
them unmeaning,
a ch'ld
who
If
letters,
which you
defire the
difficulty,
to prevent difcou-
who
fpeaks
mud
be
made
to
many
repetitions,
the deaf
may
fuppofe
bi:t if
98
firft
perhaps
much
alikCo
2dly.
The
when he makes
muft
alfq
in others.
you
making apparently
than common.
it.
more
forcible exertion
He
will
If that found be
mean
to teach
to the letter
it
which you
fo often, that
fymbol
fymbol If the found be vocal let him feel at his own throat, and at yours, that he may be made fenfible by the
found without the
external touch that the founds are the fame, and
he
will
with more
facility
be enabled to give
the
99
tbem without a
is
the
dif-
mode of
learning
him
the
ference.
letter
When you
any
by
a fimple breathing,
fomewhat
fimilarly difpofed,
he perhaps
:
may
if fo,
letter
you had no
intention,
that inftance,
and
him
pirate,
he
is
it,
You muft
and
let
forget,
him
in
When you
find that
have proceedletters
manner, and
or
afpirates
either the
to
voweach
as
it
which correfpond
would be proper
that
I
;
think
j
f;
s;
be
too
be induced
the
fame
affinities in
other letters,
learns contains
fary,
them or not
It
will be necef-
feel,
how
your tongue
is
raifed
to the
roof of
by your
pre-^
glafs
always
let
him
This
fee
when
he
is
right
is
in his
efforts.
will teach
him what
neceffary
3dly,
formed
in the,
mouth and
alone
obtains
the
meaning.
The
the
mirror^
however, will
facilitate
much
mode of
converfmg
it,
but in prefence
lOl
prevent his
making
:
ge-
for fo
many of the
upon
letters
which
make
a vifible effedt
that
do not
make much
former were
written down,
would give
is
to the eye, a
kind
of fliort-hand
and
as
read
by the exarts
Both
require
he will
and he ought
to
have a catalogue of
objedits,
Thus
may
Page $s
ct
k<i;zKo the
table of found*.
io2
The
neral
have to
furmount,
making
converfation, has
or,
;
proper didionary,
written language
letters well,
rather,
for if they
to join
pronounce the
them,
it
and attempt
fo as to
be uninrelligible.
would
of Dr,
Kenrick
and
Mr, Sheridan,
would
very
much
affift at
have
of
an opportunity of
acquiring the
founds
without being
others
:
obliged to
have recourfe to
defeds, as well
as^
many
miftakes, in
Mr. Sheridan's,
I
and though I
know
the
man-
and
it
mufl: alfo be
defedive, becaufe in
neither work,
have
letters
the
founds
not before
reprefented.^
If the
dumb had
guage properly
I03
the mind, and reading would offer an eternal Iburce of improvement, both in corred: fpeaking, and in
fon,
matter
who had
be
ca-
and
thirty
founds only
would be
required,
and he would
have no
wrong
in
writing,
;
for one
properly pronounce
thus, fpelling
I
be a ftudy
in writing.
but of
read.
all
others,
who
is
Some of thefe
with
ideas 1
admiffihle, v/hen
difficulty
we conis
how much
truth
made
to
grow
in a foil
Many
of the
dumb learn
to
communicate by
their fingers,
ly.
104
ly,
on one
fide,
then on the
and by different
fcale
figns, ipafling
thron^h
the T^hole
of founds
motions,
and compofing
are
words by
vifible
which
agreed
upon by
the
a friend.
They
things,
alio write,
and learn
to
meaning of
by referring
inftead of the
the
reprefeniatives of
words
words
be as
eafilj
taught by this
mode
as
by the
ear,
much
repetition in
one
It
is
neceffary, that
in
the
dumb have
each
a book,
thofe
things which
have a
It
ro6
On
the
As
pupil
be taught to read, tq
name
fame time,
taught to
made by
the organs
to
of
ex-
fpeech
in
his preceptor,
and likewife
amine
jed:,
own in a glafs, and to draw the obwhich may be done in a book either arhis
with
its
name
written
under;
and
it
if
the
word be
rected
will
fo ftrongly,
will fel-
dom
by
have occafion
to refer to
book; and
to a great
this
method he
will
alfo
attain
proficiency in drawing.
paffions fhould be
aded
to
fhewing
its
down by
v,'riting, that
words may
increafe in
exad pro-
loy
this
make by
method
on of
feveral at once,
it
mofi: advifeable,
per to procure as
many prints
common
po-
the
written bedifferent
neath,
and
thefe
under
The
walls of the
con-
have
accefs.
in fquares, with
names
attached,
after
them
various
bodies.
colours ob-
tained
alfo
by mixing fimple
They ought
to
hiftory, natural
artificial
mixtures
produce.
and combinations of
bodies
will
The
so8
The names,
fhould be
courfe
ble
meafured, and
familiar
all
made
by examples,
man would
utility
fee oecafion.
The
dumb
which
man-
and the
to
make in endeavouring
pronounce, but
alfo
on account of the
difficulty
fay,
and more
efpecially
when
hended
fo well
members of
fed:
fociety
in
The imper-
manner
upon the
pupil, if of
upon the
teacher
to
be
perfectly obtained
The
difficulty
3d)
is
lOg
at
hand.
Drawing
approve
of, as ufeful to
every
more
particularly fo to a perfaculties
deprives
him of many
fpeech
is fo
fources
of amufement.
occafion,
But
that
ufeful
upon every
to attain
it is
means of ex-
igence:
for if a deaf
provided
whh
who
if
the ^ef-
or
who
fhould
afl?;
any thing
cure
in the dark,
would be able
to pro-
common information by
by
putting various
queftions, and
is
he
by
figns,
which
to cir-
he
diredt
him
to
change according
loft his
cumftances
If
he had
way,
if
he en-
in all the
common
occurrences
of
lio
On teaching the
certainly
it;
deaf,
fo
&c*
it
ufeful, that
would
of obtaining
would be a
mode of
FINIS.
C;
*\
it
-
'.