HARDWARE DESCRIPTION : 8.LDR(Light Dependent Resistors)9.Resistors : 1x10k ohms,4x1M ohms,1x47k ohms,100k ohms pot.10.Capacitors : 0.1 microfarad,10 microfarad,0.01microfarad.11.Bleeper.12.9V D.C.

sources. 13. Transistor BC108.14.555 timer ic. LDR(Light Dependent Resistors): DESCRIPTION: Photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is sensitive to light. Whenlight falls upon it then the resistance changes. Values of the resistance of the LDR maychange over many orders of magnitude the value of the resistance falling as the level of light increases.It is not uncommon for the values of resistance of an LDR or photoresistor to be severalmegohms in darkness and then to fall to a few hundred ohms in bright light. With such awide variation in resistance, LDRs are easy to use and there are many LDR circuitsavailable.LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to have their light sensitive properties. Many materials can be used, but one popular material for these photoresistorsis cadmium sulphide (CdS). WORKING: It is relatively easy to understand the basics of how an LDR works without delving intocomplicated explanations. It is first necessary to understand that an electrical currentconsists of the movement of electrons within a material. Good conductors have a largenumber of free electrons that can drift in a given direction under the action of a potentialdifference. Insulators with a high resistance have very few free electrons, and therefore itis hard to make the them move and hence a current to flow.An LDR or photoresistor is made any semiconductor material with a high resistance. Ithas a high resistance because there are very few electrons that are free and able to move -the vast majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal lattice and unable to move.Therefore in this state there is a high LDR resistance.

As light falls on the semiconductor, the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor lattice and some of their energy is transferred to the electrons. This gives some of themsufficient energy to break free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conductelectricity. This results in a lowering of the resistance of the semiconductor and hence theoverall LDR resistance.The process is progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR semiconductor, so moreelectrons are released to conduct electricity and the resistance falls further. IC NE555:DESCRIPTION: The 555 monolithic timing circuits is a highly stable controller capable of producingaccurate time delays, or oscillation. In the time delay mode of operation, one externalresistor and capacitor precisely control the time. For a stable operation as an oscillator,the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately controlled with twoexternal resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on fallingwaveforms, and the output structure can source or sink up to 200 mA. FEATURES: 1.Turn-off time less than 2 ms2.Max. operating frequency greater than 500 kHz3.Timing from microseconds to hours4.Operates in both astable and monostable modes5.High output current6.Adjustable duty cycle7.TTL compatible8.Temperature stability of 0.005% per C APPLICATIONS:PIN CONFIGURATION 1.Precision timing2.Pulse generation3.Sequential timing4.Time delay generation5.Pulse width modulation

CONCLUSION : The present invention is a simple and low cost Light Sensitive Alarm apparatus,which can be easily installed with a minimum number of connections to anexisting system. The system requires

auxiliary buzzer since it has to make indication of the intensity of the light. The circuit is small so that it can be concealed in the system withlittle difficulty. APPLICATIONS: The Light Sensitive Alarm circuit has the following applications: ANALOG APPLICATIONS : Camera Exposure Control Auto Slide Focus - dual cell Photocopy Machines - density of toner Colorimetric Test Equipment Densitometer Electronic Scales - dual cell Automatic Gain Control modulated lightSource Automated Rear View Mirror DIGITAL APPLICATIONS : Automatic Headlight Dimmer

Night Light Control Oil Burner Flame Out Street Light Control Absence / Presence (beam breaker) Position Sensor The Alarm can be used as 'sun-tracker' to keep large solar panels in the sun.Bydoing this we can ensure maximum usage of solar energy. Coal mines are a dangerous place to work in.It can used to sense the intensity of light in dark places like coal mines etc FUTURE SCOPE: This project can be used to monitor whether the solar panels are in the sun toensure the maximum use of the solar energy with the further advancements in thistechnology. This circuit can be used in the further advanced security systems,photographydevices etc.

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