A SEMINAR REPORT

ON

EFFICENT ENERGY UTILAZTION IN LAPTOP AND PCS

BY NISHIT SONI MERU BHATNAGAR ARUN PANWAR

Department of Computer Engineering

SVKMS NMIMS UNIVERSITY

Mukesh Patel School Of Technology Management and Engineering, Shirpur - 425405.

[2011-2012]
Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management and Engineering Department of Computer Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled efficient energy use in laptops /pcs has been carried out by Nishit Soni,Meru Bhatnagar & Arun panwar under the guidance of Prof. Yogesh Chaudhari in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engineering of MPSTME,NMIMS University, Shirpur during the academic year 2011-12(Trimester-V). Date: Place: Shirpur

Prof. Yogesh Chaudhari Guide

Dr. N. S. Choubey H.O.D,

DR. N. S. Choubey In charge Associate Dean

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are over helmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge our depth to all those who have helped us to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something concrete. We are equally grateful to our guide Prof. Yogesh Chaudhari. He gave us moral support and guided us in different matters regarding the topic. He had been very kind and patient while suggesting us the outlines of this project and correcting our doubts. We thank him for his overall supports. Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of learned people. We would like to express our immense gratitude to our H.O.D Dr. N. S.Choubey for his constant support and motivation that has encouraged us to come up with this project.

Thanking You,
Meru bhatnagar Nishit soni Arun panwar

INDEX
Contents 1. Abstract 2. Factors Affecting Power Consumption 2.1 Sleep and screen savers 2.2 Battery 2.3 Power settings 2.4 Processors 2.5 Hard Disks 2.6 Internet 3.HPs Method To Reduce Energy Consumption 3.1 HP Energy And Sustainable Management 3.2 Sustainable Design 3.3 Eco-Levels 3.4 Recycling 4. Energy Usage By Laptops and Pcs Around The World 4.1 Power Consumption by Laptops and Pcs 4.2 Estimate Laptops And Monitors 5. Co2 Emmisions By Laptops 5.1 Methodology 5.2 Analysis 5.3 The Carbon Connection 5.4 Carbon di Oxide and Its Effetcs 22-23 Pg No 5 6-14

15-21

24-28

6. Reduction Of Co2 Emissions 6.1 Co2 Reduction At Zero Level 6.2 Role Of Microsoft In Reducing Co2 7. Other emissions From Computers 7.1 Radiations 7.2 Laptops And Computers E.M.F 7.3 E.M.F from Wireless Networks 7.4 Magnetic Fields 7.5 Ionising Rays 7.6 Radiation From Printer And Other Devices 8. Energy Saving Softwares/Hardwares 8.1 Power Top 8.2 Tickless Idle 8.3 Application Power Management 8.4 Processor Power Management 8.5 Power and Performance Measurement 8.6 Linux ACPI 8.7 ACPICA 8.8 BLTK 8.9 Power QoS 8.10 Display and Graphics Power Saving 8.11 Device and Bus Power Management 8.10Virtualization 9. Granula The Most Efficient Energy Saver 9.1 Affordable, Easy and Universal 9.2 simplicity and coverage 9.3 Datacenter Power Management 9.4 Mechanism 10. Microsoft-A Pivot for Laptops and Pcs 10.1 IE 9 The Most efficient Web Browser 10.2 Enegy Efficient Processors By Laptops 11. Several ways to turn laptop/pc green 11.1 Set Sleep Time for your PC 11.2 Turn the whole system off 11.3 Stop leaking power 11.4 Use Energy Star Laptops and Pcs 11.5Use a flat-panel display 11.6 Know your RoHS 11.7 Go paper-free 11.8 Timely checkup Of Reservations 11.9 Recycle Computers 11.10 Solar Resources

29-30

31-38

39- 43

44-45

46-49

50-53

12. Conclusion And Future Proposition For Energy 12.1 Energy Efficient Laptops 12.2 Energy Efficient PCs 12.3 Future Proposition

54-55

1. ABSTRACT

Energy consumption of electronic system has grown to be of cntical importance in the recent year.both the way system are designed and the way they are used at run time significantly affect energy efficiency. In the past system design was primaly concemed with functionally and performance reduction of energy consumption is a relatively new concern that introduce a new trade off in design of both hardware and software. Once the system is design. Further energy saving can be obtained with prudent utilization at runtime as most system do not peak performance at all times it is possible to both transaction some system do not need peak performance at all times it is possible to both transaction some sytem components into lowpower states when the are idle (dynamic power management) and to adjust frequency and voltage of operation to the workload (dynamic power management) and to adjust frequency and voltage of operation to the workload (dynamic voltage scaling).in this work presented two new power mangament algorithim that enable optimal solution utilization of hardware at run time.

For example- an optimal dynamic voltage scaling algorithim that saves energy by adjusting processor frequency and voltage according to the load.

One of the widely used software for energy efficient use of laptops and pcs are GRANOLA. It improves the energy efficient of laptops and desktop by matching computing capacity to computing demand. Over a set of workload including document editing,productivity,gaming and entertainment, GRANOLA saves a significant amount of energy while maintaining performance when needed by installing and running granola.user can improve the energy efficiency of their computer systems across a range of workload without affecting their productivity and entertainment. 60% (laptop) to 90% (desktop) of a computers energy is consumed while a computer system is operating in its on modes. Our various measurements of laptop components in on mode reveal that on mode efficiencies vary widely among laptops. Although detailed on mode analysis of desktop computers is outside the scope of this report, there is reason to expect a larger absolute and percentage difference in energy consumption in desktops than in laptops. Desktop processors have faster and more powerful CPUs, video cards, and hard drives, less efficient power supplies, and widely varying internal configurations. We demonstrated that it is possible to create a meaningful comparison of laptop on mode efficiencies either by examining laptop components or by utilizing benchmarking software and a watt- hour meter to create a performance/watt metric. With little or no modification, the laptop on mode efficiency metrics and approaches could be applied to desktops to discern the on mode energy savings potential of these machines. Because there is potential to meaningfully quantify the on mode efficiency of computers, and the energy savings seems to be significant in laptops and at least an order of magnitude larger in desktops, we propose that ENERGY STAR and other concerned organizations consider modifying their computer energy specifications to include an on mode efficiency requirement.

2.Factors that affect power consumption

Laptop users should be especially concerned with power consumption, as their devices are often reliant on the limited power supply of a battery pack, to say nothing of energy costs that come into play when a system is plugged into a wall outlet to run or recharge the battery. Few groups have dedicated as much research and development into power efficiency as portable PC makers have, resulting in a plethora of low-voltage processors, energy-efficient LED displays, solidstate hard drives with no moving parts, and various power-conserving operating-system features. In this guide, we'll explore some of the factors that affect power consumption for laptops, including the variety of allegedly energy-efficient components available, how to best set up your laptop for the right balance of performance and energy use, and how we test laptops to determine how much power they use and how much that power will cost over the course of a year. 7

2.1Sleep & Screensavers When your computer sleeps (aka "standby", "hibernate") the computer uses 0-6 watts. (So does the monitor.) You can set your computer to sleep automatically after a certain amount of idle time. Setting your computer to auto-sleep is the best and easiest way to save on computer energy use! Here's how to do it:

In Windows XP go to Start > Control Panel > Power Options On a Mac go to System Preferences > Energy Saver

It's not terribly important to understand the difference between Sleep, Standby, and Hibernate. In a nutshell, hibernate saves your workspace (all the open windows) and then turns your computer off, so it saves more energy than standby, but a hibernating computer takes longer to wake up.. A screensaver that shows any image on the screen doesn't save any energy at all -- you save energy only if the monitor goes dark by going to sleep. If you turn the monitor off at the switch it will use 0 to 10 watts. (Some electronics equipment draws a small amount of energy even when it's switched off.) 2.2 Battery

The process of using notebook computers, some factors that make the battery wear and tear. Even the laptop battery maximum using time less than the standard battery life, it not means the battery have some problem in inherent quality and performance. Notebook battery capacity mainly determine by the size of the marked mAh on battery. The size of the laptop battery MA hours directly related to the using time. Battery using time are also have a great relationship with notebook configurations. Factor 1: the processor speed install the the right Intel chipset driver will enable the system to use Intels Speedstep technology, that can adjust processor speed in application system to extend the battery life. Factor 2: Reading CD, DVD, CD-RW and hard drive frequently- the CD-ROM copy of the file directly to your hard drive, watch videos, dials and other operations will affect the Latitude D620 Battery life. Factor 3: the total number of memory- if the system opens a lot of applications will take up a lot of hard disk space to do file-swapping (virtual memory), resulting in frequent hard disk read and write.So increase more memory will increase the battery using time . Factor 4: Some applications to run automatically in the background, it will increase the CPU load, resulting in reduced Latitude D520 Battery using time We usually suggest that turn off some background programs in the daily use, only run the necessary applications. Factor 5: LCDs brightness the lower the brightness the longer battery using time if possible. You can use keyboard function keys to adjust the LCD brightness . Factor 6: Power Management and Speed Step settings Set the different power scheme in the power management will affect Inspiron 1720 Battery using time. Factors 7: Battery life the average battery life is one year, the gradual reduction of battery usage time is normal as the using. We also think it is the battery aging time. Factors 8: For the processor and system equipment deeper applications (such as watching DVD movies and 3D games) will make the Inspiron 1721 Battery using time quickly reduce. 8

Factors 9: Wireless devices and Bluetooth devices will accelerate Dell XPS M1730 Battery consumption; When do not need wireless, you can use the keyboard function keys to turn off the wireless and Bluetooth to save power. Factors 10: The environmental temperature too high or too low ambient temperature will affect battery core activity of chemical substances, thus reducing the battery using time and life. The factors is happend obviously in Sony battery as Sony VGP-BPS8 VGP-BPS9.

2.3 Power settings Laptops, perhaps unique among consumer electronics, offer an incredibly wide range of power and battery options. Some are built into the operating system (usually Windows Vista or XP, although similar options are available in the Mac OS X operating system and Linux-based systems), and others are software applications provided by specific PC makers for jumping between power presets. A handful of systems, notably several from Asus, include physical hardware switches that either shift between preset power profiles or even switch on and off CPU and GPU overclocking (although that's still rarely found feature). Laptops, perhaps unique among consumer electronics, offer an incredibly wide range of power and battery options. Some are built into the operating system (usually Windows Vista or XP, although similar options are available in the Mac OS X operating system and Linux-based systems), and others are software applications provided by specific PC makers for jumping between power presets. A handful of systems, notably several from Asus, include physical hardware switches that either shift between preset power profiles or even switch on and off CPU and GPU overclocking (although that's still rarely found feature).

By default, you'll find three preset power plans listed, one called Power saver, one called High 9

performance, and a third option. That third option, depending on the vendor, is often called Balanced or Custom; however, some PC makers customize this plan and name it appropriately. HP laptops call this third power plan "HP Recommended." From this menu, you can choose a preset power plan, change the settings within a specific power plan, or simply change a handful of settings on the fly through quick links on the left side of the Explorer window. Opting to change the settings in one of Vista's preset power plans brings you to a new screen. The screen offers pull-down menus for selecting when to turn off the display, put the computer to sleep when running on battery power and when plugged in, and a screen brightness slider for both options.

For a good balance of usability, battery life, and responsible energy use, we suggest the following settings as a good starting-off point. Turn off the display Put the computer to sleep Adjust screen brightness On battery 5 minutes 10 minutes 50 percent Plugged in 15 minutes 30 minutes 75 to 100 percent

Both the Balanced and Power Saver set the screen brightness to less than 50 percent, which makes for more impressive battery life, but users often find their screens too dark. To delve deeper, you'll find a link on the Edit plan settings page to "change advanced power settings." Clicking on this brings up a pop-up menu that lets you tweak the battery and plugged in power settings for how long the HDD waits until spinning down, suspending USB ports, and dialing down the 10

maximum processor speed when running on battery power.

In general, these settings should be left alone, with the exception of the "Power buttons and lid" submenu. This menu is also directly available from the initial Power options page, where it's linked as "Choose what closing the lid does." Unlike windows XP, Vista does not require you to enable the hibernate function before choosing it as an option. Hibernation essentially saves a snapshot of any open applications and documents, saves it to the hard drive, and shuts down the computer to the same state as if you had powered it off through the start menu. When you wake a laptop from hibernation, you'll (eventually) end up exactly where you were, with the same windows, programs, and documents open. For traveling with a laptop, setting the system to hibernate when you close the lid is key to preserving battery life, and keeps your laptop from overheating in a tightly confined laptop bag. The downside is that while waking up a laptop from sleep mode can take a few seconds, waking it up from hibernate can take as long as booting from a powered-off state.

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Setting your system's power options appropriately has several advantages. First, you'll extend battery life and be able to work off battery power for a longer period. Second, by extending battery life, you'll recharge your battery less often, thereby saving both wear and tear on the battery as well as use less electricity (although the actual monetary savings in energy costs would be minimal)

2.4 Energy-efficient processors Choosing a laptop with the correct components can go a long way toward cutting power consumption and increasing battery life. Specifically, a new breed of low-power CPUs from Intel, AMD, and Via aim to provide Netbooks and other low-end systems with reasonable performance with a minimal thermal design power (which represents how much heat the system will have to dissipate under allegedly realistic conditions--but those can vary by manufacturer, so bear in mind that TDP numbers may not be exactly comparable between companies). 2.4.1 Intel Atom The smallest processor currently made by Intel, the Atom is found in a majority of Netbook-style laptops. The most common versions are the Atom N270 (1.6GHz) and Atom N280 (1.66GHz), both of which have a 2.5W max TDP. Atom-powered systems such as the Asus Eee PC 1000HE and Acer Aspire One AOD150 can top 6 hours of battery life. 12

2.4.2 Intel ULV Core 2 Duo Noted by their "U" designation, this is Intel's ultra-low-voltage dual-core processor line, commonly found in high-end 12-inch ultraportable laptops. Delivering faster performance than an Atom CPU, a chip such as the 1.06 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo U7500 has a 10W max TDP. An updated line, referred to as CULV (consumer ultralow voltage), and intended to bridge the gap between low-cost Atom processors and expensive ULV processors, is expected to start showing up in mainstream laptops starting midApril 2009. By way of comparison, a typical mainstream laptop CPU, such as the 2.53GHz Intel Core 2 Duo T9400, has a max TDP of 35W. 2.4.3 AMD Athlon Neo Intended as a step up from Atom-style Netbook processors, AMD's Athlon Neo will be seen in ultrathin laptops such as the upcoming HP dv2. That system will have a 1.6GHz Athlon Neo MV-40 CPU that has a max TDP of 15W. 2.4.4Via Nano Chip maker Via has replaced its older low-power CPU, the C7-M, with the new Nano, intended to compete with the Intel Atom in Netbooks. First seen in the Samsung NC20 Netbook, the 1.3GHz Nano U2350 has an 8W max TDP.

2.5 Hard Disks Solid-state hard drives Another potentially power-saving choice is using a solid-state hard drive instead of a traditional spinning-platter hard drive. With no moving parts, SSD drives are by some measures more efficient, and by generating less heat, they'll cause cooling fans to run less often. Study showed that an SSD can spend upward of 90 percent of its time in a low-power state, while a typical 5,400rpm hard drive only spends about 10 percent of its time in a low-power state. However, most tests show only a minimal improvement in battery life, while costing significantly more per GB of storage.

2.6 The Internet and Electricity 2.6.1 Computers and its worldwide usage computers account for only a fraction of worldwide electrical use, even with the burgeoning Internet. Air conditioning, lighting, and refrigeration account for a lot more. In fact, as inefficient CRT monitors are being phased out in favor of newer LCD screens, and as more people replace their desktop with laptops, computer energy use isn't likely to rise very much in the coming years. 2.6.2 Internet and computers 13

The site UClue gives an outrageous estimate for the Internet's use of electricity, clocking it at 9.4% of all electricity used in the U.S. The first problem is that they count individual users' computers, even though those computers don't power the net. And even though those computers do use the net, their owners aren't surfing for 100% of the time the computer is on. Further, even if there were no Internet, office employees would still use computers all day (like they did before the Internet). And for home users, if someone's not on the Internet, they're probably watching TV, which uses even more energy. So personal Internet use isn't "new" energy being used. Finally, I think UClue is overestimating the amount of energy used by end users' computers in the first place. (And their link to their source for that figure is dead.) So taking personal PC's out of the picture and looking only at the energy to run the datacenters (including the costs to cool them), UClue's figure drops to only 1.2%. 2.6.3 Net Is Important for Energy Consumption For starters, take a look at this website; thousands of people have used it to learn how to reduce their consumption. That's nothing to sneeze at. And online shopping means you can buy stuff from your home without driving somewhere, meaning more energy savings. Online maps let us find our destinations easier with less driving, too. Then there's the fact that email lets us send messages and documents without requiring a fossil-fuel vehicle to physically deliver the hardcopy. So the Internet's share of energy use should be certainly be contrasted with the amount of energy it saves. 2.6.4 Power Consumption Of Internet Servers If you had to have a separate computer to host each website, then we'd have a big energy problem, but fortunately that's not how it works. A single computer (server) can host hundreds or even thousands of websites. In fact, that's what made websites affordable to the masses in the late 90's. If you had to rent the whole computer from your host then the cost would be astronomical. But your site is on the same server with lots of other folks' sites, which is why they call it shared hosting. By contrast, dedicated hosting is when you rent an entire server for yourself. But even then, you can put dozens or hundreds of sites on your server, as I've done with mine. 2.6.5 Energy Usage By Super Sites The very largest sites (Google, Yahoo, eBay) require multiple servers just to run their one site. But those sites are used by millions of people every day. The energy use on a per-person basis isn't that great. Also, the largest companies have been taking bold steps to reduce their energy footprint. For example, in 2007 Google built a massive 1.6-megawatt solar system at its headquarters in California. It generates 30% of Google's peak demand, and around two million kWH a year. It's the largest corporate solar install in the U.S. (There are larger installations at utility companies, but this is the biggest for a company generating its own electric.) Google has a page where in the last 24 hours and the last 7 days., and then will generate free electricity for another 18. (The lifespan of the panels is about 25 years.) It doesn't end with this huge installation. In late 2007 Google announced its plans to develop a whopping one gigawatt of energy from renewable sources at a cost cheaper than coal, and to do it "within years, not decades". Wow! 2.6.6 Steps to prevent energy Usage Besides Yahoo cutting the carbon footprint of its data centers by 40%, they have a very progressive Commute Alternatives Program to encourage employees to not drive to work alone. It includes things like shuttles to transit stations, transit discounts, a carpool matching service, preferred parking for carpoolers, bike racks/lockers/showers, and free lunches, massages, and movie tickets to employees who participate in the program. 14

3. HP And Its Energy conserving Methods

The global demand for energy is forecast to rise nearly 50% by 2035.1 As billions more people join the information economy, greater energy use will strain supplies, driving prices higher. This rise in energy consumption will also likely increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change. Some Facts

goal for cutting the energy use and GHG emissions from our operations by 2013, compared with 2005

Amount of electricity customers saved through 2010 using our high-volume HP desktop and notebook PC families, since 20083

Demonstrated improvement in energy efficiency in our new facility in Wynyard, UK,4 compared with the industry average data center Consumers and business leaders alike name energy efficiency as a top priority when in the market for "green" technology. At the enterprise level, adoption of energy-efficient information technology (IT) is growing as a way to reduce costs and the corporate carbon footprint while also helping to boost productivity and gain a competitive edge. Many individuals and small businesses are taking steps to minimize the energy consumed by their PCs, printers, and other devices to save money and reduce their environmental impact. These trends are picking up steam, but HP sees a larger solution to the challenge of "greening with IT"applying technology to fundamentally change how people live, businesses operate, and the world works to use less energy and, in turn, emit less carbon over time. Technology offers a way to advance energy-efficient solutions, help secure economic growth, and lay the groundwork for a sustainable future. As the largest IT company in the world, HP has a central role to play in addressing the world's growing energy needsand mitigating the associated GHG emissions2 that cause climate change. 15

The fastest and easiest way to reduce environmental impact and save money is to help customers make the most of the energy they're using today. That starts with delivering the industry's leading energyefficient portfolio, and HP is among the only companies with solutions for everyone from individuals to enterprises. And ultimately, to maximize energy efficiency, we're focusing on innovating solutions that help customers control consumption and dynamically match supply with demand while increasing productivity.

3.1HP Energy and Sustainability Management In early 2011, hp launched HP Energy and Sustainability Management (ESM), which helps customers optimize energy and other resource use across the enterprise. Hp are working within our own business and collaborating with other organizations to optimize energy use, and reduce associated GHG emissions and resource consumption in IT product manufacturing, transport, and use. Tremendous opportunities also exist beyond the information and communications technology industry, which is responsible for an estimated 2% of global GHG emissions. Our products and services can help reduce energy use and emissions throughout the global economythe other 98%. Efficientdoing more with less energy, as with our data centers, G7 servers, 87% efficient PC power supplies, and our HP LaserJet Pro P1100 Printer series

Intelligentproviding information to improve management of processes and operations, such as the HP Advanced Metering Infrastructure solution for measuring water and electricity use and the CeNSE network of billions of nanoscale sensors, which provide real-time information on the physical environment to improve management of environmental, biological, and structural changes Sustainabletransforming or replacing inefficient processes to use fewer resources, such as using digital instead of analog printing and replacing business travel with virtual meetings using HP Visual Collaboration

Greenhouse gas emissions related to HP's business, 2010 Category (click 2010 Level of Our actions on item for emissions influence* more detail) [tonnes CO2e] HP operations 1,865,200 High

Progress in 2010

Management of hp invested more than facilities and data $11 million USD in centers with a goal energy efficiency to reduce energy improvement projects consumption and to save an estimated purchase energy 70 million kilowatt from renewable hours (kWh) a year. sources. Wynyard (UK) data center opened with an energy-efficiency rating 40% better than the industry average. purchased more than 16

Category (click 2010 on item for emissions more detail) [tonnes CO2e]

Level of Our actions influence*

Progress in 2010

twice as much renewable energy as in 2009. HP employee 463,000 business travel High travel policies expanded the use of and HP Visual telepresence solutions Collaboration to help reduce the decrease business need for business travel. travel. We evaluate the purpose of employee travel and discourage unnecessary travel, especially for internal purposes. Product manufacturing 3,500,000** Medium We work with our 91% of first-tier first-tier suppliers suppliers reported to report and estimated emissions reduce their (in 2009, the most energy use. recent year data is available). Aggregate estimated emissions in 2009 were roughly the same as 2007 despite being attributable to a higher proportion of and a 4% increase in absolute dollar spend. Product transport 1,900,000 Medium We optimize Specific projects to distribution improve transport networks and efficiency reduced convert to lower- GHG emissions by energy transport 54,000 tonnes CO2e. modes where Switching transport of appropriate. HP Visual Improved packaging reduces Collaboration*** waste and weight, studios from air to saving shipping ocean and optimizing container fuel and cutting shipping GHG emissions. size saved 880 tonnes 17

Category (click 2010 on item for emissions more detail) [tonnes CO2e]

Level of Our actions influence*

Progress in 2010

CO2e per shipment. Product use Roughly an order of magnitude more than emissions from product transport Medium design products, introduced software and theLaserJet Pro services that help P1102, the most customers to use energy-efficient laser less energy. printer on the planet. The HP ProLiant DL360 G7, one of several HP servers that meet the ENERGY STARstandard, can complete over 65 times more operations per watt than hp 2005 models.***** Medium offer customers a recycling programs range of reuse and recovered recycling services. approximately 121,000 tonnes (266 million pounds) of products, including 70 million print cartridges.

Product 225,000 recycling(CO2e avoided)******

3.2 SUSTAINABLE DESIGN The hundreds of millions of HP products in use worldwide collectively represent HPs largest impact on sustainability. They continually challenge to improve the environmental performance of our products throughout their life cycle, as well as design solutions that support digital transformation to a lowcarbon economy. Our goal is improved environmental performance, enhanced productivity and entertainment, and lower total cost of ownership for customers. We also design our products and website with consideration of the varied physical capabilities of our customers. Highlights in 2010

At the end of 2010, 100% of all new HP notebook products are BFR- and PVC-free. 1 The HP ENVY100 e-All-in-One is the planet's first PVC-free printer.2

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Number of HP ink cartridges containing post-consumer recycled plastic3 (800 million of which were manufactured with recycled plastic from the HP "closed

loop" process, which uses plastic from returned cartridges and plastic bottles to make new cartridges).

Weight of packaging material saved by using our award-winning ClearView packaging. Environmental issues have been integral to ourresearch and development programs since the early 1990s, and we launched our Design for Environment (DfE) program in 1992. DfE is central to our design strategy and helps us meet increasing customer demand for improved environmental performance. More than 50 environmental product stewards globally work with design teams to decrease the impact of our products across their life cyclesincluding materials and energy used in manufacture, packaging and distribution,energy and resources (such as paper) consumed during use, and materials recovery at end of life. 3.3 Eco-labels HP participates in a number of eco-labelprograms, including Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT), ENERGY STAR, Chinas Energy Conservation Project, Germanys Blue Angel, and Taiwan Green Mark. As of October 2010, HP is the only company with EPEAT Gold registered thin client computers, and we have the most U.S.-registered EPEAT desktop workstations in the industry (as of April 2011). We offer EPEAT registered products in 38 countries worldwide (as of November 2010). Contributing to industry standards to enhance environmental performance We regularly collaborate with other organizations to develop industry standards that encourage innovation, optimize environmental performance, and make it easier for customers to choose products that can help them reduce their impact on the environment. HPs participation in standards development in 2010 included:

Contributing to development of the EPEAT standard for imaging products, launching in 2011. Previously, HP also helped develop the EPEAT standards for desktop computers, notebooks, and monitors. Working with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to develop a carbon footprint standard for print media. Contributing to the development of ISO/IEC 29142-3, an international standard to provide definitions and guidance for use in the development of print cartridge green procurement criteria, environmental standards, and environmental labels (expected to be published in 2012). Collaborating with the U.S. Green Building Council on the new Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Data Center standard. 19

Participating in a U.S. government-led taskforce to develop recommendations for measuring data center efficiency. Assisting in the development of a new data center energy assessment certification program under the U.S. Department of Energy. Collaborating with the Green Grid in the development of new data center standards and protocols.

Contributing to the development of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative's Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard. Working with the International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) Eco-Impact Evaluator Project for ICT Equipment to develop a simple way to determine the main life cycle environmental impacts and improvement opportunities for information and communications technology products. Collaborating with several universities, including Arizona State and MIT, as well as other organizations, in the Product Attribute to Impact Algorithm (PAIA) project, to identify and analyze the processes and components that contribute to the carbon footprint of a notebook PC. Managing environmental performance

hp environmental product stewards engage design teams across the company to integrate environmental considerations and parameters into the product development process. Carefully designed metrics play an essential role in guiding design, enhancing the performance of HP products, measuring progress, setting appropriate goals, and communicating benefits to customers and other stakeholders. One example is our Product Environmental Metrics initiative for imaging and printing products. These cover life cycle energy consumption and carbon footprint, including materials processing, product manufacture and use, and ease of recovery or recyle bin. 3.4 Recycling terms Recycling Products are diverted from the waste stream via available processes and programs, and are collected, processed, and returned to use in the form of raw materials or products. Recycled content Proportion of recycled material in a product or package. Recycled material Material that has been reprocessed from recovered (or reclaimed) material by means of a manufacturing process and made into a final product or into a component for incorporation into a product. 3.4.1 Design for recyclability Our objective is to design HP products to be increasingly easier to recycle, using common fasteners and snap-in features and avoiding the use of glues, adhesives, and welds where feasible. This makes it easier to dismantle products and to separate and identify different plastics. For example, new HP notebooks are more than 90% recyclable by weight on average,4 and HP workstations and DC series desktop products have a tool-less chassis for easy upgrade and recycling at end of life. Materials selection can further enhance recyclability. For example, in 2010 we launched several products free of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC),1 and our entire notebook line is now mercury-free. Paper use represents a significant environmental impact of printing, and recycling paper can save energy as well as the pulp required for making virgin material. Recyclers need to be able to remove ink on used 20

paper to produce high-grade recycled pulp. We have a comprehensive de-inking" research and development program to ensure that the growing volumes of paper printed digitally can continue to be a valuable part of the waste stream for recyclers. We have developed new and improved inks, demonstrated the enhanced deinkability of HP ColorLok paper, and continued collaborating with major paper recyclers on de-inking research. In 2010, we:

Announced technical collaborations with AbitibiBowater, Stora Enso, and UPM, expanding on our existing partnership with NewPage Corporation. These companies are the

largest de-inkers in Europe and North America and we are working together to examine aspects of ink, paper, and the deinking process to improve deinkability. Launched a new and improved HP Color Inkjet Web Press ink with enhanced de-inking characteristics. Identified aspects of paper design and pulp grades that improve deinkability in office and commercial printing. Published and presented data on improved deinkability of prototype inks for the HP inkjet web press at the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) PEERS conference. Published data showing enhancement in deinkability due to use of HP ColorLok office papers.

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4. Energy usage by Laptops n pcs around the world

4.1 By Computers and Monitors

Computers

Desktop Computer On screen saver Sleep / standby Laptop Monitors

60-250 watts 60-250 watts (no difference) 1 -6 watts 15-45 watts

Typical 17" CRT ~80 watts 19" LCD 20-24" LCD 17-31 watts 18-72 watts

Apple MS 17" CRT, mostly white 63 watts (blank IE window) Apple MS 17" CRT, mostly black 54 watts (black Windows desktop with just a few icons) same as Screen saver (any above image on screen) (no difference) Sleeping monitor 0-15 watts (dark screen) 22

Monitor turned 0-10 watts off at switch Apple iMac G5 w/built in 20" LCD screen Doing nothing Monitor sleep Copying files 97 watts 62 watts 110 watts Monitor dimmed 84 watts

Watching a DVD 110 watts Opening a bunch 120 watts of pictures Computer sleep 3.5 watts MacBook Pro 2.5GHz Intel Core 2 Duo Various open Playing video apps 30 watts H.264 35 watts 38 watts

Importing a CD

Playing video 43 watts while importing CD Converting video 64 watts EeePC 1000H netbook Calculating 12 watts chess, screen off Calculatingchess, 17 watts screen on

4.2 Estimate No Of Laptops And pcs According to Gartner Dataquest's statistics, in April 2002 the billionth personal computer was shipped. The second billion mark was supposedly reached in 2007. According to a report by Forrester Research, there were over one billion PCs in use worldwide by the end of 2008. And with PC adoption in emerging markets growing fast, it is estimated that there will be more than two billion PCs in use by 2015, Forrester predicts. Therefore, whereas it took 27 years to reach the one billion mark, it will take only 7 to grow from 1 billion to 2 billion.

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5. CO2 EMMISON BY LAPTOPS AND PCS

Mass production and extensive usage of personal computers such as desktops and laptops contribute to global warming. The demand for higher performance and faster processing capabilities make new models of laptop computers obsolete in a relatively short amount of time: the average lifespan of a laptop is typically between 3 to 4 years. In this paper, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to examine the full life cycle of a laptop computer from materials acquisition to manufacturing, use, and end-of-life disposition in terms of contribution to green house gas (GHG) emissions. From this analysis, the amount of GHG produced from the life cycle of a laptop computer is determined. Computers, printers, copiers, fax machines, VCRs, cell phones, and stereos are some of the electronic devices that are most commonly associated with e-waste. Among this group, computers are the biggest contributor to the amount of waste being generated (William, 2004). When old computers become obsolete or lack the required functional capabilities, they often end up in landfills or get shipped to third world countries, where the wastes can become a major environmental and health concern

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A great amount of energy and resources is required to build a laptop computer. A United Nations University study found that it requires around 1.8 tons of total raw materials and other natural resources to manufacture an average desktop computer with a monitor. According to the study, the production process of a desktop computer and a 17-inch CRT monitor requires 240 kilograms of fossil fuels, 22 kilograms of chemicals, and 1,500 kilograms of water. This is equivalent to a mid-size vehicle (Williams, 2004). Many of the components that require a great amount of energy during the manufacturing process, such as semiconductors, are destroyed during the recycling process and are never recovered. Hence, the author highly recommends that each user tries to upgrade his/her computer to extend its useful life before sending it to the landfill or putting it up for recycling (Williams, 2004). To fully understand the impact of a personal computer on the environment, a detailed study of the life cycle stages of a computer is required. To accomplish this task, a computer needs to be broken into functional units and each unit must be analyzed separately in each of the life cycle stages. 5.1 Methodology A study by the U.S Department of Energy estimated that the production and usage of computers accounted for 2% of the total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the United States (Masanet et al., 2005). There are an estimated 3.95 million laptop computers in California. In this study, the amount of GHG generated from the time of a laptops manufacture through its disposal is assessed using life cycle analysis. 5.2 Analysis The main board of a laptop computer includes a printed circuit board assembly (PCB) and other small electrical parts such as resistors, condensers, and connectors.

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Manufacturing these electrical parts within the main board is the predominant contributor to global warming during the pre-manufacture stage because it is during this time frame that much of the global green house gases are emitted. Substantial quantities of air pollution, wastewater, and solid waste are emitted during this phase (Choi et al., 2006). Based on the study by European Commission (2007), the energy used and CO2 equivalent emission in the pre-manufacturing stage was found to be 1117.72 MJ, of which, 630.41 MJ was electricity energy. This is equivalent to a total emission of 71.15 kg of CO2 eq. of GHG. Laptop manufacturing is a rather simple process; therefore, no major environmental impact is observed at this stage. Laptop manufacturing involves assembly and packaging. These activities require little electricity, and emit little air pollutants, wastewater, and solid waste. Material extraction, production, manufacturing, and distribution of a laptop computer are expected to consume about 1634 MJ of energy and emit approximately 90.51 kg of CO2 eq. (European Commissions, 2007). To calculate the total GHG emission contribution from the production of a laptop, the number of laptops produced in the U.S. for this study was obtained from International Data Corporation (Bell et al., 2008). Table 1 summarizes the total annual number of laptops produced and annual amounts of energy consumed and GHG emitted. Table 1: Total Laptop Production , Energy consumption, and GHG Emissions (U.S., 2008- Laptop Growth (%) Energy GHG 2012) (Bell et Production Over Consumption Emissions al., 2008) Rate Previous Year Year MJ Tons of CO2 eq. "2008" 33,837,000 22.2 5.53E+10 3.06E+06 "2009" 39,048,000 15.4 6.38E+10 3.53E+06

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5.3 The Carbon Connection Ever imgine how much carbon-di-oxide a person is using Every time you power up your computer, youre drawing electricity from the nearest power plant which is probably powered by coal, oil, or natural gas. And burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide. Th best way is to turn off your computer when you wont be using it for a long period of time. An average desktop computer with a 17-inch monitor needs between 150 and 350 watts of electricity while it is being activity used. If a computer is on for 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, it would use over $200 of electricity and lead to the release of over 1.5 tons of CO2 into Earths atmosphere. Turning off your computer even an inactive computer for just 10 hours a day can lead to substantial carbon savings. Did you know that many of your household electronics and appliances use electricity even when they are turned off? This is known as standby or phantom power. For instance, your television uses standby power so that it can be ready to instantly turn on when you click the remote control. Your computers printer powers down, but isnt really off unless you turn off its power switch or unplug it. Anything you own that has a transformer plugged into a socket is probably drawing electricity all the time, even when the gadget its connected to is not in use. At a few watts here and a few watts there, this loss of phantom power really begins to add up. In the United States, an estimated 5% of residential electricity is used as phantom power. According to the Department of Energy, that wasted 5% amounts to an annual energy loss of 64 million megawatt-hours of electricity an amount of energy equivalent to the output of 18 typical power stations and at a cost of over $3 billion. If we could stop the use of all that phantom power, we could keep 100 billion pounds of CO2 out of Earths atmosphere each year. So, for this Challenge, it isnt enough to simply let your computer system hibernate overnight or even to turn it off. A computer and monitor that are both in sleep mode can still use anywhere between 8 and 28 watts of power. The only way to stop them from using any electricity at all is to cut the cord. Not literally, of course. Unplugging them will do.

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. 5.4 Some math regarding effect of co2 For the doing the math, we are going to make the following assumptions to calculate an average value for your computers energy consumption:

We assume that 60% of you are using a desktop computer and 40% are using laptops/notebooks. We also assume 50% of all computers are connected to laser or inkjet printers. For the purposes of simplicity, we are ignoring any other peripherals you may have attached to your computer (e.g., scanner, external hard drives, speakers). That doesnt mean dont unplug them! Were just not including them in our calculations. For our desktop systems, we are imagining a desktop computer with a 17-inch external monitor. That system, including the computer and monitor, uses 200 watts when it is turned on and inactive. We assume a laptop/notebook without an external monitor uses only about 40 watts. We assume laser or inkjet printers consume an average of around 4 watts in standby mode. We assume that you are unplugging your computer for 10 hours per day. That should be a conservative number. If it isnt, you need to get out more. The Challenge lasts for a month. Lets call a month 30 days. So, taking this Challenge results in 300 hours of savings per month (30 days at 10 hours unplugged per day). A kilowatt is equal to 1000 watts. Using 1 kilowatt for 1 hour is what your electric company describes as 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh).

Desktop users taking this Challenge reduce electricity used by 60 kWh per month. Using a similar formula, we find that laptop users save 12 kWh per month. Rallyers with printers save another 1.2 kWh per month. Now we need to get to an average Rallyers savings. So we are going to apply the percentages of each type of user to the savings to get a weighted average. Desktop users (60% of you) save 60 kWh (60 kWh x 60% = 36 kWh). Laptop users (40% of you) save 12 kWh (12 kWh x 40% = 4.8 kWh). And users of printers (50%) save 1.2 kWh (1.2 kWh x 50% = 0.6 kWh). Add these numbers up to get an average impact:

Ah, but wait! Some of you turn off your monitors at night. Some of you already have your computer set up to standby, hibernate, or sleep. So were putting in a fudge factor and reducing the kilowatt-hour savings by 20%:

Still with us? Finally, we know that a fossil fuel burning power plant releases an average 1.55 pounds of CO2 for every kilowatt-hour it creates:

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Based on our assumptions, turning off your computer system at night for a month will result in an average carbon dioxide savings of 51.3 pounds, which we will credit at 1.7 lbs per day. Accepting this challenge will also save you about $3.30 in electricity costs.

6. Reduction of co2 emmisions

6.1 Reducing Of co2 at Zero Level

One easy way to make sure youre not wasting energy is to plug your computer, monitor, printer, and any other computer peripherals you have into a single power strip. After you shut the computer down, you can effectively unplug it and all the other pieces by turning off the power strip. Thats a lot easier than unplugging everything individually and plugging them back in the next morning. Just turn the power strip back on and restart the computer. Better yet, you could buy a Smart Strip power strip for around $30. The Smart Strip essentially monitors electricity use in each plug and shuts off the ones that have been idle for a period of time. Even if youve decided to accept our Challenge and unplug your computer every night, you could still benefit from understanding your computers built-in power savings options. For instance, under Vistas new hybrid sleep mode, you can put your computer to sleep while youre out to lunch or in a meeting. While youre away, your computer will only be using 2 or 3 watts of electricity. And, better yet, when you return, it will start back up in seconds with everything just as you left it. There are a few common sense warnings to this Challenge. Be sure that your computer is set up to do important housekeeping chores (e.g., scanning for viruses or adware, downloading and installing critical updates, backing up your files) at a time when your computer is plugged in and turned on. Also, consider leaving your cable modem and network router plugged in. Sometimes they can be a little finicky about restarting, grabbing an IP address, and so on. 1.7 lbs. of CO2 reduction added to your Rally account each day for the next month. Are you someone who normally leaves his computer on all day? Does it run all night with a screensaver, or with the CPU running and the monitor turned off? Well make you a deal. For the first month of the Challenge, you can start with setting your computer up to hibernate or sleep at night. That will save 90% of the electricity you would have been wasting. And if, in that first month, you see that this isnt such a big deal, then next month you can repeat this Challenge, buy a smart power strip, and shut your computer down completely overnight.

6.2 Effort by Microsoft to reduce co2 Emmsisions

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Microsoft could save 45 million tons of CO2 emissions with a few lines of computer code It is estimated there are 660 million computers in use worldwide, the majority of which run some iteration of a Microsoft operating system. Generating the electricity needed to power those computers requires hundreds of power plants that produce billions of tons of CO2 emissions. Many of those machines sit idle for 12 to 16 hours per day, burning electricity, but not doing any work, because businesses habitually leave their computers running overnight. Microsoft has already announced that they will build aggressive, energy-saving technology into their next operating system, Vista. But that's not enough. These days, most computers are networked and can accept software upgrades over the Internet. Also, most machines already possess software that allows them to run more efficientlyto "sleep" in a low-power mode when not in usebut few people enable this feature. So, Microsoft should issue a software upgrade to every computer running Microsoft Windows worldwide. The upgrade would adjust the machine's energy-saving settings for maximum efficiency. Of course, this upgrade would have to allow critical systems to opt out. Nobody wants air traffic control computers to suddenly go into deep hibernation. But correcting for critical systems should be very simple for a company that churns out millions of lines of code every year. It's conservative to estimate that 100 million computers worldwide are running Microsoft software, currently running inefficiently, being used in non-critical applications, and ready to accept an upgrade. The savings in energy, outlay and emissions generated by a hypothetical software update would be staggering. Microsoft estimates that it costs $55 to $70 per year for an average business to allow one computer to sit idle. Multiply that times 100 million computers and you realize that the world spends $5 to $7 billion* dollars every year powering inactive computers. Shifting 100 million computers into low-power sleep mode for 12 hours per day could easily cut worldwide C02 production by 45 million tons per year. That is equivalent to wiping away a year's worth of CO2 produced by every household and industry in a country the size of Ireland. Dozens of power plants would no longer be needed.

If Microsoft makes this move, they will set an example for the entire technology industry. And right now the industry needs a good example. Engineers at Google have warned that rising power consumption is their single biggest challenge because computer hardware is requiring more and more power after every generation.

And bloated energy use doesn't only apply to high-end servers and desktop computers. The new Playstation 3 gobbles up 380 watts. Its predecessor, the Playstation 2, only used 79 watts, while the original Playstation consumed just 10. The progress in power consumption and computing is simply moving in the wrong direction.

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Growing public concern over the impacts of e-waste and power consumption has led many technology companies to explore ways to green their products. But no other company has an opportunity like Microsoft to make such a direct impact - and practically overnight. Microsoft could seize this chance to lead the pack, and come out on top as the greenest software company in the worldif not the greenest company period.

7.Other emmisions from Computers/Laptops

7.1Radiation 7.1.1How to Protect Yourself From Computer Radiation and Laptop Computer EMF Are you reading this on a computer? If you are, then youre face to face with a potentially dangerous electromagnetic field (EMF) especially to the head and upper body. . The EMFs generated by your screen and machine could be seriously damaging your health. 7.1.2The Bad Effects Of Computer Radiation Well examine the EMF radiation from different types of desktop and laptop computers, what that means for your health, and the SafeSpace products that can protect you while you work, surf and socialize online. 7.1.3What is Computer Radiation & Where Does it Come From? CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) screen radiation - If your desktop monitor (or TV) is a few years old and has a deep cabinet, chances are its a CRT. CRTs are by far the most dangerous type of screen.

Few desktop computers are made with CRT screens anymore (though some video gamers still

prefer them). 31

The images produced by CRT screens involve a number of processes, including the front of the

tube being scanned downward in a pattern of lines, electron beams sweeping an image across the screen by modulating their intensity, a coil generating magnetic field and more. 7.1.3.1The Health Dangers of CRTs

Small amounts of radiation (x-ray frequencies and others) are emitted as the electrons sweep the

screen.

At close range, this radiation (literally pulsating fields of energy) puts biological stress on

humans, animals and plants.

CRTs also operate at an extremely high voltage, which continues on long after the computer has

been turned off. 7.1.4 LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display) Screens Radiation - these screens are flatter, often appearing as panels. LCD screens are safer than CRTs.

Display is composed of color or monochrome pixels that are filled with liquid crystals. Liquid crystals are lit by a backlight or reflector. LCD screens utilize very small amounts of electric power.

7.1.4.1 Computer Radiation & Screens - The Health Dangers of LCD Monitors Laptops and desktop computers with LCD screens are significantly safer than CRT screens, but they still emit low levels of radiationenough to harm your health.

Its more than the screen: all TV sets and computers, no matter what the technology, radiate a

relatively strong EMF consisting of 50Hz 60 Hz and higher.

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7.1.5 Computer EMFs and the Radiation Dangers To Your Health Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) dont only come from your computer screen. The electronics inside your computer generate a powerful EMF.

Studies have shown EMF exposure above 2 milligauss (mG) begins to harm biological

organisms.

Prolonged exposure to higher levels, from 2 mG and above, has been associated with cancer and

immune system effects.

At 3 feet away, computers typically measure frommeasure 2mGfrom 2mG to 5 mG. At 4 inches and closer, computers measured from 4mG all the way to 20 mG.

7.1.6 Achieving acceptable computer radiation levels In most cases, applying these recommendations will cause computer radiation to be reduced to acceptable levels. For example, in the small office where I work (about eight hours a day with two other people) there are three desktop computers and one laptop. We have arranged the office to minimise computer radiation for all of us:

Computer (tower) cases are all on the floor next to the user's desk, as far away from the user as possible.

The Screens

UPS

is

far

away are

from

everyone

- at all

max

cable

stretch. LCD. 33

There is no cordless equipment (keyboard, mouse, telephone etc.) in our office. On a table next to my desk are two desktop printers and a laptop computer. The nearest printer is about 75 cm (30") away from me. At this distance my EMF meter can barely detect it's presence. The computers and printers are all networked together into our (wired) office network . Our internet connection is by DSL with a wired modem connected to a wired telephone line.

7.2 Laptop and computers electromagnetic emissions The LCD display mounted in a laptop computer is almost identical to a desktop LCD monitor so the laptop computer gives the same problems as the desktop computer displays. The laptop computer has also the problem of the electromagnetic emissions generated by the CPU and other electronics contained in the laptop under the keyboard. These EMF are almost the same of those radiated by a desktop PC but with the laptop the devices are all very near to the user. If you hold a laptop on your knees while your are sitting the electromagnetic emissions of the laptop go directly on to your middle and lower abdomen, where not only we have genitals but important nervous centers too. If you are sitting at a desk and the laptop computer is on the desk the distance between the electronic boards and your body is greater however the desk doesn't shield anything, unless it is made of metal sheet. But if the desk plane is made of metal sheet then it captures electromagnetic fields and redistributes them to a larger area, and increases the radiation towards your upper body and head. Laptop computer emissions also depend very much on the power supply, when the laptop is running on its internal DC battery the emissions are lower than with power supplied by the electric network through the external switching power supply. Small switching power supplies are sources of a lot of electromagnetic noise that goes into the laptop and is radiated through the display and all the electronics inside. When you are using the laptop with external power supply you have also the power cord, which carries an alternate voltage at 220V 50 Hz (or 120V 60Hz depending on the country), and creates strong alternate electric fields like any other power cable. In our opinion a laptop computer today is still a too big source of electromagnetic emissions. During the last ten years we have heard of many people who was going to buy a laptop computer for mobility reasons, but in many cases we understood that they were buying a laptop not for mobility but for having less harm from the PC and its monitor. Even if they didn't speak of this, they thought that a small laptop was better for health than a desktop PC with separate monitor. Unfortunately, in most cases they were wrong, because almost all laptop computers sold till today have harmful electromagnetic emissions. Maybe you can find a particular laptop computer which doesn't harm too much but it's a matter of luck and chance, since the industries have never put an effort to avoid electromagnetic emissions from these products. 7.2.1 LCD monitors and their electromagnetic emissions 34

Common LCD monitors are surely better than CRT monitors for what concerns weight and dimensions, and they also have removed the strong magnetic field of the cathode ray tube, however they produce lots of electromagnetic emissions that can be even worst than those of the CRTs. 7.2.2 Electromagnetic emissions of a common power cord Power cords are needed to use almost every common office equipment, like computer, monitor, printer, scanner, photocopier etc... Power cords sold with the equipment are robust and durable, have a very good electric insulation but they are very bad for what concerns electromagnetic emissions. A power cord contains three copper wires, one of them is connected to the ground terminal, one to the line and one to the neutral. When the plug is inserted in the electric socket in a home or a office the line wire gathers an electric charge, even if the other end of the cable is disconnected. The electric charge on the line wire varies in time at the same rate of the mains voltage, which in Europe is sinusoidal at 50 Hz and in USA 60 Hz. The electrically charged conductor has an electric field around itself, in this case the electric field is distributed almost in the same way of a static field but with the difference that here the field varies oscillating at the 50 Hz frequency (or 60 Hz depending on the country). In addition to the main oscillation of 50 Hz the electric network transmits to the cable many other electrical oscillations of variable frequencies and powers, which may be different from building to building and also in different sockets of the same building. The variable electric charge on the cable means also a small flow of charge, so in the disconnected cable there is also a small current that produces a small magnetic field which oscillates at the same rate of the charge. The main disturbance generated by the cable when the device is off is of electric type. When the device is on the cable has also an alternate current which amplitude depends on the power required by the device. Both the electric and the magnetic field generated by the power cable are very bad for human health. At short distances from the cable the electric field is of several hundreds V/m and quickly provokes inflammations in biological tissues. At a distance of the order of a meter the effects are smaller and interest mainly the nervous system and the brain. In case an unshielded power cable is few centimeters away from the legs of the user, who sit at the desk for example, the user risks to develop an inflammation of some muscle, tendon or bone in that point, not to mention many other general ailments. 7.2.2.1 Shielded power cords It is possible to avoid almost totally the electromagnetic emissions of a power cord by manufacturing it with a suitable electric shield. These cables should replace the black rubber cables provided by commercial products. 35

A shielded power cord has a braided copper shield around the wires, and the wires are tightly twisted. The braided shield is soldered to the ground wire near the plug. The whole cable is furtherly covered by a braided nylon tube to protect the inside from dirt and wear. The electric shield, connected to the ground, blocks almost all the electric field produced by the wires under voltage. The electric shield of such cables can also be made of aluminum foil, or metalized mylar foil, with almost the same results in terms of electric shielding. 7.2.2.2 Measured field near power cords The following table shows the values of electric field measured near a non shielded and a shielded power cord both in the same conditions, with the cable inserted in the wall socket at 220 V AC and the other end disconnected, quite far from other objects. Of course the wall socket has the correct ground connection. The instrument used is sensitive to the AC electric field in the band 16 Hz - 2 KHz. Distance (cm) 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 Non Shielded (V/m) 517 285 111 21 5 2 2 Shielded (V/m) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

The electric field around the cable is almost the same whatever device is attached to the cable, it depends mainly on the voltage of the wall socket. The magnetic field instead depends greatly on the current flowing in the cable so if the cable is not connected, or it is connected to a device but the device is off, the magnetic field is almost zero. The following table shows the values of magnetic field measured near a non shielded and a shielded power cord that are connected to a typical office computer, which is turned on. Position Above Side orthogonal Non Shielded (nT) 543 1350 40 Shielded (nT) 422 814 16

As we can see the shield reduces slightly also the magnetic field, however it can't block it because the magnetic field can only be absorbed by ferromagnetic materials. The major advantage of the shielded power cord is the nearly complete elimination of the alternate electric field, which reaches several hundreds V/m near the unshielded cord, and which can be harmful if the cord is near your body, or if the cord passes near a metallic object that can spread the field to a larger distance.

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7.3 Wireless computer networks The so-called WiFi networks are another source of electromagnetic fields which can be extremely harmful. The EM fields of a WiFi system depend on the number of devices, the number of antennas installed, the dimensions and the geometry of the rooms and buildings, the materials in the walls and floors and so on. We have had some very bad health symptoms due to WiFi systems in offices. All over the world much people that works inside buildings where WiFi has been installed is getting sick. WiFi communication networks create electromagnetic fields in the microwave frequency bands. At these frequencies the wavelength is of 10-30 cm so in a room where the WiFi antenna is installed the distance from the antenna is only few wavelengths. The electromagnetic field created by an antenna in this region is very different from the field coming from a transmitting antenna placed at about 100 m, like the cellular telephony towers. The first difference is that in the near zone the field intensity is much greater than the one calculated with the inverse square law for the wave power. The inverse square low is correct only in the far zone of the electromagnetic field. Furthermore in the indoor systems there are many objects near the antenna so the simple free space model is not correct. An object, expecially a metal rod or slab, will capture and radiate again the electromagnetic field thus bringing the source nearer to the user. In a typical indoor WiFi system people are exposed to the near field of the antenna. In some particular cases, like buildings made in great part of metal, the rooms will become the equivalent of a microwave oven, of course the intensity is not enough to make water boil but is far greater than what it was expected in open space. There's no need to harm workers and students with such things, computer networks can work very well through cables, and cable based office networks are also faster, more reliable and more secure. 7.3.1Wireless keyboards and mouses Unfortunately even wireless mouse and keyboard are not good for health. The level of electromagnetic fields generated by these small devices varies much between particular models, and you don't know how strong their emission are until you have bought them and used them for some time. Some harmful emissions are coming even from non-wireless keyboards and mouses, but usually they are low enough, unless you put the keyboard on your lap. 7.3.2 Wi-Fi radiation from laptops may cause infertility in men The study looked at how radiation emitted from wi-fi laptops impacts sperm health. Researchers in Argentina took semen samples from 29 healthy men, and they measured sper m motility after four hours of exposure to wi-fi radiation from a laptop wirelessly connected to the internet. Sperm in the control group was kept at the same temperature for the same amount of time, but was not exposed to wi-fi radiation.

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7.4 Magnetic radiations Magnetic fields can come from two sources: 1) from moving electric currents or 2) from electron motion (orbital or spin). So, all electrical sources above will also have a magnetic field and additionally, devices which have spinning electrons such as gas powered engines riding mowers, weed eaters, golf carts, go carts, four wheelers, motorcycles, cars, jackhammers, A/C unit, etc. Recommended Exposure Limit Of Ac Magnetic Fields: Below 200 Nt (2.00 Mg), Preferably Below 20 Nt (.20 Mg) (At 50/60 Hz). Magnetic EMF Emissions Facts - You dont hear as much about magnetic radiation as the other types of radiation but dont let that fool you! It was the magnetic radiation from a very high powered zeroturn lawnmower that gave me breast cancer, colon cancer and lung cancer in about 2-3 weeks time of daily use. Remember the invisible radiation cup that fills up with the EMF emissions our body is exposed to? Once its full, the cells in our body start turning into cancer cells and other types of disease. These high powered machines add to what is already there and fills the cup up very quickly. 7.5 Ionising Rays The most powerful at low doses with shorter wave lengths, ionizing EMF emissions destroys DNA in living cells at the fastest rate of all radiation. It is cumulative and very difficult to disperse from the body. Three types of ionizing radiation are UV rays, X-rays and gamma rays. Here are some of the sources found in our environment: medical therapy such as radiation therapy, radioactive iodine, PET or SPECT/CT, white blood cell scans, mammography (use thermography instead), X-rays, barium from upper GIs; airport X-rays, those who fly frequently at high altitudes, irradiated food, emissions from burning fossil fuels such as coal fired power plants, emissions from nuclear power plants, emissions from combustible fuel such as gas and coal, nuclear weapon test sites, radon in homes, building material such as some granite, travertine, smoke detectors and hoses for floor heating, cathode ray tubes in televisions and computer screens, integrated circuits, luminous watches and dials, fluorescent lights, lantern mantels, tobacco, etc. Ionizing EMF Emissions Facts - Even low dose exposure causes damage to living tissue including cancer, tumors and genetic (DNA) damage. Radon (vapor from uranium decay that comes up out of the ground) in homes is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking and second hand smoke. This category is harder to measure but usually more obvious without a meter and easier to avoid.

7.6Radiation from printers and other computer devices Small (desktop) computer printers generally produce less than 0.5 milligauss at 60cm in standby mode and up to twice that amount when printing. As this is probably not be the only source of computer radiation at your desk, do not keep your printer too close to you. Some corded desktop devices are practically harmless, including keyboards, mouses, small speakers and modems. The same applies to telephones (landlines only). You can have these as close as you like. Large sub-woofers that are becoming popular as part of a home computer's sound system can emit more than just (astonishing levels of) bass - ours produces 20 milligauss of ELF radiation at 0 cms, 3 mG at 38

60 cm (1') and .5 mG at 60 cm (2') whenever the speaker is powered (even when it is producing no sound).

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8. Some energy saving softwares

8.1 PowerTOP PowerTOP is a Linux tool that helps you find programs that are consuming extra power when your computer is idle. You can see the power savings immediately within the tool. A lot of the issues have already been found. 8.2 Tickless Idle With the introduction of "tickless idle", the Linux kernel has eliminated the periodic timer tick when the CPU is idle. However, the benefits of tickless idle will not be complete if the CPU is frequently awakened by unnecessary timer events. This project is a collection of variety of kernel enhancements and patches over the basic tickless idle feature that provides incremental power savings. 8.3 Applications Power Management All applications play an important role in overall platform power consumption. The applications seen as CPU consuming in 'top' utility are not the only ones that result in platform power consumption. Other applications, that normally do not consume a lot of CPU time, can impact platform power when they do things like, poll periodically, that is, waking up 20 times a second to see whether there is any work to do. 8.4 Processor Power Management Intel processors support many power management features. This project will be a one stop shop to find out everything you wanted to know about Intel Processor Power Management-related features, solutions, and enhancements that are being integrated into the Linux kernel. 8.5 Power and Performance Measurement The Linux kernel community developers implemented tickless idle and other features to take advantage of the potential of the hardware power savings infrastructure. This project presents the results of implementing specific power saving features on mobile, desktop, and server platforms. 8.6 Linux ACPI The goal of this project is to enable Linux to take advantage of platforms that support ACPI (Advanced Configuration & Power Interface). ACPI has been supported on virtually all high-volume i386, x86_64, and ia64 systems, since 1999. ACPI is an abstraction layer between the OS and platform firmware and hardware. This abstraction allows the OS and the platform to evolve independently. Not only should a new OS be able to handle old hardware, but an old OS should be able to handle new hardware. 8.7 ACPICA The ACPI Component Architecture (ACPICA) project provides an OS-independent reference implementation of the ACPI specification. It can be easily adapted to any host OS. The ACPICA code is meant to be directly integrated into the host OS, as a kernel-resident subsystem. Hosting the ACPICA requires no changes to the core ACPICA code. However, it does require a small OS-specific interface layer, which must be written specifically for each host OS.

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8.8 BLTK The Linux Battery Life Toolkit (BLTK) consists of a test framework and six example workloads. The toolkit framework launches the workload, collects statistics during the run, and summarizes test results. The framework could launch any workload, but currently has six example workloads: Idle, Reader, Office, DVD Player, SW Developer, and 3D-Gamer. 8.9Power QoS QoS power management enables aggressive power management by subsystems while honoring the QoS needs of applications and other subsystems. This project will provide a central place for developing QoS power management infrastructure and applications to do aggressive, but not too aggressive, power management. 8.10 Display and Graphics Power Saving Intel graphics devices, such as the Intel G965 family of chipsets, support many advanced graphics features, and, due to their flexible design, they also support many power saving features. The Display and Graphics Power Saving project aims to minimize graphics power consumption in general and exploit those features, where possible, without sacrificing performance. 8.11 Device and Bus Power Management Devices and Buses are responsible for a significant amount of overall system power consumption. So, it is important to maximize their power savings, while the devices are running and while theyre idle. This project seeks to lower overall system power consumption by making sure that devices and buses in the system are using power appropriately. 8.12 Virtualization The virtualization technology is also a key when reducing power consumption today and in the future. One compelling usage model of virtualization, for example, is server consolidation, which can increase server utilization by deploying multiple applications on a single server. Power management in virtualization is very challenging because we need to actually save power in the real world while maintaining the performance and real-time assumptions of the guests. If guests are aware and capable of power management, for example, we believe that we can further reduce power consumption, by activating such facilities.

8.1PowerTOP
Computer programs can make your computer use more power. PowerTOP is a Linux tool that helps you find those programs that are misbehaving while your computer is idle. The application that misbehaved the most was the Linux kernel. However, as of version 2.6.21, the Linux kernel went tickless, and no longer has a fixed 1000Hz timer tick. The result (in theory) is huge power savings because the CPU stays in low power mode for longer periods during system idle. PowerTOP has these four basic goals:

Show how well your system is using the various hardware power-saving features Show you the culprit software components that are preventing optimal usage of your hardware power savings Help Linux developers test their application and achieve optimal behavior Provide you with tuning suggestions to achieve low power consumption 41

8.2 Tickless Idle Traditionally, the Linux kernel used a periodic timer for each CPU. This timer did a variety of things, such as process accounting, scheduler load balancing, and maintaining per-CPU timer events. Older Linux kernels used a timer with a frequency of 100Hz (100 timer events per second or one event every 10ms), while newer kernels use 250Hz (250 events per second or one event every 4ms) or 1000Hz (1000 events per second or one event every 1ms). With "tickless idle", the Linux kernel has eliminated this periodic timer tick when the CPU is idle. This allows the CPU to remain in power saving states for a longer period of time, reducing the overall system power consumption. It's important to note that the benefits of tickless idle will be lost if the CPU is frequently awakened by unnecessary timer events. There are variety of enhancements and patches over the basic tickless idle feature that provide incremental power savings. This project is a collection of all such enhancements. 8.3 Processor Power Management Processor Power Management (PPM) is a key area within platform-level power management. Intel processors support many power management features. We want to make sure the Linux kernel leverages these power saving features for the end user. PPM has multiple dimensions, such as:

Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST) Intel Enhanced Deeper Sleep

To use these features wisely, some enhancements must be made to the OS. The Linux kernel has some drivers and infrastructures in place, and there are more under development. This project will be a onestop shop to find out everything you want to know about Intel PPM-related features, solutions, and enhancements that are being integrated into the Linux kernel. 8.4 Linux ACPI The goal of this project is to enable Linux to take advantage of platforms that support ACPI (Advanced Configuration & Power Interface). ACPI has been supported on virtually all high-volume i386, x86_64, and ia64 systems, since 1999. ACPI is an abstraction layer between the OS and platform firmware and hardware. This abstraction allows the OS and the platform to evolve independently. Not only should a new OS be able to handle old hardware, but an old OS should be able to handle new hardware. The core of the Linux ACPI implementation comes from ACPICA (ACPI Component Architecture). ACPICA includes an ACPI Machine Language (AML) interpreter that is resident in the Linux kernel. Several other operating systems use the same ACPICA core interpreter, including BSD and OpenSolaris. ACPICA also comes with a simulator, test suites, and a compiler, to translate ACPI Source Language (ASL) into AML. 8.5 ACPICA The ACPI Component Architecture (ACPICA) project provides an OS-independent reference implementation of the ACPI specification. It can be easily adapted to any host OS. The ACPICA code is meant to be directly integrated into the host OS, as a kernel-resident subsystem. Hosting the ACPICA requires no changes to the core ACPICA code. However, it does require a small OS-specific interface 42

layer, which must be written specifically for each host OS.

8.6 Battery Life Toolkit (BLTK) The Linux Battery Life Toolkit (BLTK) provides Linux infrastructure to measure laptop battery life. It is also useful for measuring the power performance of a desktop system, by providing an infrastructure to launch typical single-user workloads for power performance measurement. Battery Life Toolkit The battery life toolkit consists of a test framework and six example workloads.

Framework The toolkit framework is responsible for launching the workload, collecting statistics during the run, and summarizing the results after a test is complete. Workloads The framework can launch any arbitrary workload, but currently has knowledge of 6 example workloads: o Idle o Reader o Office o DVD Player o SW Developer o 3D-Gamer

8.7 Power QoS Quality of Service power management (QoSPM) allows you to enable aggressive power management for your hardware subsystems, such as your network and CPU, without sacrificing the user's QoS expectations. This project is targeted at the development, application, and enablement of the QoS Power Management (QoSPM) idea. We want the systems to do the most aggressive power management they can at all times (the more automatic the better), subject to usability and performance constraints. We expect hardware (mobile devices) to become smarter and more capable of extreme throttling. We expect the hardware to communicate in terms of latencies, throughputs, and timeouts. So, the discussion of this project focuses on these parameters. By providing the QoS expectation information to the subsystems, they can then implement power performance trade-offs that will go unnoticed to the system and user. We feel that it's generally better to have the lower levels of the hardware/software stack implement the power management and, with the communication of QoS expectations to these lower levels, it will be possible to do so.

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8.8 Display and Graphics Power Saving Graphics Power Saving Features The Intel Graphics team along with the open source graphics community is working to implement several

power saving features. Potential Hardware power savings Framebuffer implemented in upstream driver, should 9xx mobile chips (such as, up to 0.7W Compression be included in next release 915GM, 965GM) devices connected to LVDS completely implemented as of Intel Backlight Control Up to 3 W displays (e.g. laptop driver release 2.0 screens) in upstream DRM branch, awaiting Minimized Vertical merge to Linux upstream at In progress All Blank Interrupts maintainer's discretion. Automatic Display mechanism available, desktop connected to LVDS displays In progress Brightness applications don't yet fully exploit it (such as, laptop screens) Display Refresh Rate not yet implemented, power savings yet In progress All Switching to be evaluated. Dynamic Display Power not yet implemented, power savings yet In progress All Optimization to be evaluated Display Power Saving not yet implemented, power savings yet In progress All (DPST) to be evaluated Dual-frequency Graphics not yet implemented, power savings yet In progress All (DFGT) to be evaluated. Rapid Memory Power not yet implemented, power savings yet In progress All Management (RMPM) to be evaluated Feature Status

8.9 Device and Bus Power Management It's important to attack device and bus power management holistically. At the most basic level, we need to make sure that the hardware is able to use the power management features that were designed for them. This really has two parts to it:

We need to make sure that the operating system understands how to enable these features. We need to make sure that the operating system isn't prevented from enabling the features. 44

Currently the project is focused on three major subsystems:

SATA USB PCIe

9. Granula-energy saving software

9.1 Affordable. Easy. Universal A tool suite for businesses on top of the powerfulGranola power management software, Granola Enterprise enables businesses to leverage the same 15-35% power savings of Granola across thousands of laptops, PCs, and servers. Granola Enterprise centralizes the reporting and management of Granola running on your systems, putting your data securely in the cloud. Analyze and compare the environmental impact of Granola across your entire organization. With the fully interactive, web-based dashboard, you have access to your data anytime, anywhere. 9.1.1 Granola Enterprise is affordable Money is tight everywhere, and particularly so for purchases in green tech and efficiency. With a yearly license paying for itself in 4 months, Granola Enterprise is an investment in the environment that just makes sense. Discounts are offered at scale and for qualifying educational and nonprofit organizations, making the return even faster. 9.1.2 Granola Enterprise is easy Many software power management tools require complicated installations or setups, or worse: complicated maintenance. Granola Enterprise is different; it installs in minutes using standard installation tools. Since the management console lives in the cloud, there is no complicated installation or set-up of clients, no databases and web servers to maintain and secure, and no headaches for administrators.

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9.1.3 Granola Enterprise works everywhere Your computers are not one-size-fits-all; each system and workload has its own power management requirements. Whether you use Windows, Linux, laptops, PCs, servers, or any combination, Granola has you covered. Since you can access the Granola Dashboard from anywhere, its easy to take control of your power consumption. Set up power schedules and policies on the fly, wherever you are!

9.2 Affordability, simplicity, and coverage you want Granola Datacenter is priced so that a yearly license pays for itself in as little as 3 months. That's a 300% return on investment over a single year. Send us an email for information on how you can start saving today. Granola Datacenter shares the same ease of installation and management as Granola Enterprise. This means leveraging standard, native packaging for the lightweight clients and monitoring and managing the entire installation through the Granola Dash 9.3 Datacenter Power Management Manage your power, guarantee your performance. Eliminate energy waste on your critical and virtualized servers Get the benefits of energy management while guaranteeing server performance, availability, and robustness Reduce the load and cost of HVAC infrastructure Save up to 35% off your IT energy bill Address corporate and government mandates to reduce CO2 emissions Install yourself, configure in minutes instead of days, and begin saving immediately Manage and track your power savings across thousands of systems with software that is invisible to users and has no noticeable impact on your IT infrastructure

Granola Datacenter cuts energy waste with software power management that you can trust to guarantee performance and availability in your critical and virtualized servers in the datacenter. We designed Granola Datacenter using patent-pending techniques that enable user-defined performance service-level agreements (SLAs) between you and the power management capabilities of your server. Since every watt of system power saved also reduces the heat output of the server, youll see equivalent additional savings 9.4 Mechanism Most critical and virtualized systems waste energy while running. For example, although the disk may be busy processing requests, other devices like the CPU may be sitting idle. You want to reduce this energy waste and extra cost on every server but not at the expense of performance or availability. 46

Granola Datacenter allows you to specify a level of performance, or SLA, for the power management to meet. Granola Datacenter considers your SLA settings when reducing the energy waste of idle devices inside each system. The result is energy savings up to 35% without affecting the critical aspects of your business. Granola Datacenter is designed to adapt to your changing needs. Server tasks are adjusted often throughout the day, month, or year. Granola Datacenter software power management adapts automatically to the changing uses of your servers without your intervention. No matter how frequently you change usage of a system Granola always optimizes for energy use within your SLA. Additionally, the Granola Dashboard allows you to track, manage, and organize your energy savings and your SLAs by system and groups of systems.

10 Microsoft and its role in efficient energy use..

10.1 IE 9 Microsoft claims its newest iteration of IE is the most energy efficient, but "claim" is the operative word. When it comes to these types of tests, the proof is in the test methods. According to Mashable, Microsoft has run a series of tests that show IE9 makes the fewest demands on a computer's battery. When compared to Chrome 10, Firefox 4, Safari 5, and Opera 11, IE9 won out with FireFox 4 coming in second and Opera 11 coming in dead last. The tests included a baseline power consumption with no browser running, power consumption when the browser showed an about:blank page, power consumption when looking at a typical news content website, and power consumption when browsers ran Galactic and FishIE (performance tests created by Microsoft). Electronista writes, "For the news site comparison, IE9 shaved 33 minutes from the theoretical life of a 56Wh battery when running the browser on a blank page. Chrome 10 reduced the run time by 1:07 hrs, showing the worst performance, while Firefox 4 took 31 minutes off the idle time. The HTML5 tests indicated similar results, with IE9 taking the lead and Firefox 4 coming in second. When all of the tests were combined, Microsoft claims IE9 battery life extended to 3:45 hrs. Firefox fell behind by 10 minutes, while Chrome 10 and Safari 5 were nearly an hour short and Opera 11 came in last." 47

48

Scenario

IE9

Chrome 10

Firefox 4

Opera 11

Safari 5

about:blank 10.044 W 7.821 W News Site Galactic Fish 11.042 W 9.951 W

9.570 W

7.704 W

8.087 W 8.835 W

10.617 W 8.757 W

13.506 W 14.150 W 14.995 W 17.742 W 17.817 W 21.408 W 24.078 W 20.817 W 21.769 W 21.260 W 2:56 hrs 3:35 hrs 2:43 hrs 2:55 hrs 49

Battery Life 3:45 hrs

10.2 Energy-Efficient Processors from Intel Reviewed: Core i5-2500T, Core i5-2390T, Core i32100T and Pentium G620T Bridge processors have earned their right to be called revolutionary development of Core microarchitecture not only due to their very high performance. They have also offered users better performance-per-watt. This immediately bumped up the battery life in contemporary mobile computers, making the dreams of a notebook that wont need to be recharged for the entire day much more realistic. Moreover, it is Sandy Bridge microarchitecture that should create an entire new class of portable devices called ultra-books, which will combine the major advantages of tablets with those of classical notebooks. In other words, contemporary processor microarchitecture had a tremendous effect on the development of the mobile market. However Sandy Bridge energy-efficiency affected not only the features of contemporary notebooks. It also played an important part in the desktop segment, too. It is due to energy-efficiency that Intel was able to roll out an entire desktop processor family with low power consumption. These processors found their way into a specific type of home systems called Of course, energy-efficient models are slightly inferior in features and functionality to regular processors, which do not focus on low power consumption and low heat dissipation. But nevertheless, we cant say anything bad about their performance, because they are still fast enough according to todays standards. The table below shows the distribution of nominal clock speeds in regular and energy-efficient series.

* Dual-core 35 formally belongs to the Core i5 series.

model

with

2.7

GHz

frequency

The clock speeds of regular processors are on the pink background. The blue background indicates the frequencies of energy-efficient S-series CPUs with TDP lowered to 65 W. Light-green color indicates the frequencies of the T-series processors from the most energy-efficient series with 35 W or 45 W TDP. In other words, S-series offers energy-efficient modifications of the fastest Sandy Bridge processors and ensures a 30% power consumption drop at the expense of 20% of the clock speed. T-series offers more dramatic energy savings, but at the same time it doesnt include any quad-core processors with HyperThreading support, and the clock speed may be 25-30% lower compared with regular CPU models. Today we are going to check out the most interesting energy-efficient processors the T-series CPUs. Their TDP is so low that they can be used in the smallest Mini-ITX cases and be part of quiet fanless systems. Since their integrated Intel HD Graphics core in most cases replaces the external graphics card just fine and the power consumption of the chipset for Sandy Bridge platforms is only 6.1 W, a complete system with a T-series CPU inside may easily be powered by a 60 W PSU and in this aspect get very close to contemporary mobile platforms. However, the question is: how much of performance will the users sacrifice in the end for the sake of this economy? We will do our best to investigate and address these concerns in our todays article 50

11.Several ways to turn your computer green

11.1 Set Sleep Time for your PC If you dont tap your keyboard for 10 minutes, your PC will often go to sleep. Your PCs screen is probably set to go into power-saving mode after a preset period. Although theyre not as power-hungry as old-style CRT displays, you can still save a great deal by having your flat-panel power off in this manner. To adjust the setting for your PC or laptop, go to Control Panel, Power Options and select a screen power-off schedule to suit. Note that screensavers dont reduce energy consumption. You can also enable PC hibernation but, as with standby mode for other devices, this doesnt completely power down your PC. Its all too easy to assume youre keeping costs and power consumption down, even though the current is still flowing. Youll see different power scheme options for desktop and laptop PCs. Your laptop can automatically adjust its power options depending on whether youre running it from batteries or mains power. Youll find a range of energy-use calculators online, such as Energy Stars (eu-energystar.org). The savings you can make depend on how much you use your PC and the size of your screen, but could be 50 a year or more. energy star 51

11.2Turn the whole system off According to a study by Fujitsu, the UK wastes 123m powering PCs left on out of hours. Thats not only a lot of wasted energy - its a lot of money too. An individual computer left on all the time costs about 37 a year to run. Switch it off at night and weekends and this figure can be reduced to just 10 a year. The energy saved could make almost 35,000 cups of coffee, according to the Carbon Trust. Some argue that a PC should be left on all the time because turning it on and off causes stress to the computers components. But if this were the case, the vast majority of PCs would suffer from such damage. Another argument against turning off a computer is the energy required to start it up again. To be as green as can be, consider turning off your PC if its going to be inactive for more than 16 minutes. Beyond this time, the energy needed to run it outweighs the energy required at startup. If you leave your PC on overnight because you dont like waiting for it to start up first thing each day, set it to turn on automatically a few minutes before you arrive at the office. Restart your PC, hitting the Setup menu key before Windows loads. Tab to the Power Management Options and enable the alarm and select a suitable time for your PC to restart. You can also schedule your computer to shut down - a good option if you like to leave it on for your backup program to run after you leave the office. Turn on the printer only when you are ready to print. Printers consume energy even when idle. Similarly, a scanner sucks power in ready mode. Photocopiers are energy guzzlers too. Even when your PC is turned off, a phone charger plugged into your USB port will continue to draw energy. 11.3.Stop leaking power Its not enough to just switch off the computer. If you really want to make sure that the machine isnt drawing power from the mains, you need to physically unplug the computer or get out of your seat and switch it off at the wall. When you shut off your computer and the monitor goes black, your display is actually in standby mode and waiting for the PC to switch back on. Digital cameras, mobile phones and iPod power adaptors that are left plugged in all the time also suck power from the outlet, even after youve disconnected the devices you were charging. When you leave the adaptor plugged in, youre losing an average of 2W. The simplest way of ensuring that all your computers peripherals are completely turned off is to connect them to a power strip that you can simply switch off. Several companies have caught on to the publicity surrounding standby energy wastage and offer timer and standby switches. For home or office use, Micromarks 21 timer plug will soon pay for itself in energy savings, while Bye Bye Standby lets you turn off several devices around the home from a central point. 11.4 Use Energy Star Laptops and Pcs Energy Star stickers used to be seen plastered all over CRT screens that were unusual in having standby modes. Flat-panels use far less energy than CRTs, but buying an LCD monitor isnt the only way to 52

conserve power. Look for the Energy Star logo when buying printers, fax machines, scanners and other products. Energy Star Energy Star is an initiative that promotes energy-efficient hardware. The scheme saved $12bn (6bn) on US utility bills in 2005. To get the stamp of approval, products must meet guidelines such as having a low-power sleep mode. At the Energy Star site (energy-star.org) its easy to find products that meet the guidelines. It lets you search by category, brand and feature. 11.5 Use a flat-panel display Next time youre looking to replace your PC monitor you should at least ensure that its a TFT model. Old-style CRT displays typically use 75W of power, while 25W is more typical of a flat-panels lighter footprint. As well as drawing three times as much power so they can illuminate the phosphors that make up the display, CRTs contain a vast amount more lead than flat-panel displays. A typical CRT contains approximately 1.36kg of lead, while some LCDs contain only a few grammes. Philips has gone so far as to eliminate the lead content of some of its screens, such as the 19in 190C8FS.According to the Energy Saving Trust, a DAB radio uses 10 to 20 times less energy than the same broadcast via a digital TV. 11.6 Know your RoHS ROHSThe European Union implemented RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances directive) in July 2006. The directive restricts the use of lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ether in the manufacture of electronics. Anything thats available for sale or import within the EU should now comply with RoHS. However, its not a foolproof piece of legislation. Apples Steve Jobs claims some companies are using loopholes in the RoHS directive to continue to use toxic chemicals in their products. These companies claim their products meet requirements "because of certain little-known exemptions granted by the EU", he says.

11.7.Go paper-free Another way to do your bit for the environment, as well as save time and money, is by going digital. We waste more paper than we do anything else. The average office employee uses up to 50 sheets of A4 every day, according to Envirowise. Much of this paper is thrown away - the group estimates that UK businesses throw away five million tonnes of printing and writing paper each year. Learn to resist the urge to print out emails and other documents for filing. Instead, read them onscreen and store them on your hard drive. If you need a record, create a PDF file. If you dont already have a PDF creation package, try Backup4all novaPDF Lite 5.1, which can create PDFs of documents from within any Windows application. 11.8.Timely checkup Of Reservations There are all sorts of ways of offsetting your carbon footprint. The most effective is not to travel unless its really necessary. Travelling not only requires you to spend money on plane tickets and a hotel, but also includes a hidden cost. We checked out how heavy a burden a couple of intercontinental business trips plus a package holiday break within Europe could be. Our 10,000lb total (according to terrapass.com) is alarmingly high. 53

Broadband connections, webcams, video-conferencing and webcasting tools, along with email, ought to make many business trips unnecessary. If you have to fly but are concerned about the CO2 youll create, consider donating to an organisation such as Native Energy or TerraPass. These companies calculate your impact and suggest a monetary donation to go towards projects such as building renewable energy sources. 11.9 Recycle Computers Dispose of your old hardware responsibly. Consumer electronics and computers contain toxic materials, such as lead, that can seep into the ground if dumped improperly. British Computer Society president Nigel Shadbolt explains: "PCs contain many toxic components, so if they end up in a landfill we are creating a real problem for the future. This is bad news, according to energy minister Malcolm Wicks. "Electrical and electronic equipment is the fastest-growing category of waste across the EU, with an estimated 17-20kg per person produced every year. The UK alone generated about one million tonnes of waste equipment last year," he says. An older PC may no longer meet your requirements, but there are plenty of people whod love to use it. Many charities will take an old PC and peripherals off your hands, or you can get in touch with Computer Aid, which refurbishes machines for use by schools and in the developing world. You could even sell it on eBay or give it away through Freecycle. Failing that, recycle it. According to the WEEE directive, electrical and electronic waste has to be dealt with separately from other rubbish so that hazardous elements can be stripped out. Electronics manufacturers and vendors cover the cost of this; your task is to get them to collect it, return it to them or take it to your councils recycling centre. If you cant transport it, arrange for the council to pick it up. Many electrical retailers run take-back schemes - check your PC vendor for details about how it is dealing with WEEE compliance. Note that you shouldnt have to pay to return end-of-life goods. But, you cant be too careful where stored personal details are concerned.

11.10 Solar Resources Voltaics 189 Solar Back Pack consists of three solar panels embedded in the outside of the bag that generate up to 4W of power. The bags have 11 adaptors for mobile phones and other devices, but are not designed to charge laptops. The 45 Solio charger from Better Energy Systems gives about one hour of playtime or 10 minutes talk time from one hour of sunshine, according to the maker. Whether youll find a whole hours worth of sunshine within the British Isles is another matter. Other solar chargers include the Freeloader (99 from Firebox). If youve got your PC or laptop switched on and have a couple of ports free, you could do worse than power up a pair of USBCell batteries for future use. Laptop PCs require a little more power: unlimited-power.co.uk stocks Uni-solar Portable Solar Electric Panels that can be used for this purpose. The marketing material states that they can provide power even 54

with bullet holes or in partial shade, which suggests that these are really designed with the army in mind, but they are worth investigating. Prices start at 451. Wind-up chargers are also available, although their efficiency is somewhat limited. For example, the Multi Mobile Charger (6 from iwoot.com) gives you eight minutes talk time on your mobile if you wind it up for three minutes.

12 Conclusions and Future Work

Continued improvement of the ENERGY STAR Office Equipment program depends on identifying new opportunities for saving energy, which requires ongoing field measurements to supplement data reported bymanufacturers and to characterize emerging power trends as they relate to ENERGY STAR criteria. ENERGY STAR criteria have been so effective at reducing energy use by monitors and PCs that are on but idle that the energy consumed when they are off or in active use (on) has become more important in terms of contribution to the typical unit energy consumption (UEC). Current ENERGY STAR criteria do not specify off or on power, but our results suggest opportunities for saving energy in these modes. 55

12.1Monitors Trends in the monitor market are toward larger screen sizes (because they are easier to read and can display more information) and LCD monitors, which (although more expensive) require less space, use less energy for display, and recover from low-power levels more quickly than CRT monitors. Based on our sample, CRTs predominate among monitors larger than 17, while LCDs predominate within the 15 size category. Our results reveal a clear trend among monitor manufacturers to provide a single very low low-power level. In our sample of 35 CRTs and LCDs, both the median and the 25th percentile were 2W well below the current ENERGY STAR monitor criterion of W in deep sleep. Among LCD monitors, average deep 8 sleep power was indistinguishable from off. We suggest the current monitor criteria (which specifies two lowpower levels) be revised to specify a single low-power level sleep, which is the term used to describe the single low-power level in other ENERGY STAR office equipment products. Our difficulty in measuring recovery times from low-power levels highlights the fact that to the extent that recovery time is considered as an element in future product criteria the ENERGY STAR program needs to establish clear and consistent methods for measuring recovery time for any given product category. On average, LCD monitors in our sample use 1W more when off than CRT monitors. Although 1W per monitor may seem insignificant, the cumulative impact on the UEC of this product category is not. Because the 25th percentile of off power consumption in our sample was 0W, we suggest that the revised ENERGY STAR monitor specification include a 0W off power criterion. This would provide monitor manufacturers with an incentive to install more efficient power supplies or use internal power supplies. Regarding on power, our results confirm that LCDs consume less power per unit area than CRT monitors, but they also suggest that LCD on power consumption per unit area increases slightly with LCD size. Considering the uncertainties in our calculation of monitor display areas and the small size of our sample, the latter result is far from conclusive. We suggest that on power in LCDs merits further investigation. 25Our difficulty in comparing on power consumption among monitors in our sample highlights the need for a metric capable of normalizing on power consumption across all monitor types and sizes. We suggest the ENERGY STAR program continue to develop the proposed pixels per watt metric for monitor on power. The process of resolving the discrepancy between measured and reported monitor on power revealed opportunities for improving ENERGY STAR Office Equipment program design and implementation. As a result, the EPA is now working with researchers and manufacturers to develop standard methods for testiand reporting typical (not worst-case) power consumption of new monitors in all power modes. When these procedures have been agreed upon, participating manufacturers will use them to generate reliable data, which EPA will use to establish criteria for the revised ENERGY STAR monitor specification. 12.2Personal Computers Current ENERGY STAR computer criteria specify sleep power according to the power supplys maximum continuous output rating, which, besides being difficult to determine, says nothing about actual power use. 56

We suggest that revisions to the computer criteria be based on a more appropriate and identifiable metric. When the data for all desktop computers in our sample was analyzed as a whole, the results indicate that actual desktop computer sleep power levels are far below even the lowest ENERGY STAR sleep criteria (based on the maximum continuous output rating of the computers power supply), which therefore need to be revised downward if they are to apply only to the 25% most energy-efficient models on the market. Half of the desktop computers in our sample exhibited a second, higher low-power level. To the extent that computers spend time in low-power levels other than the lowest (sleep) level, it may be worthwhile to specify a second, higher ENERGY STAR low-power level called, for example, light sleep. We do not, however, have an estimate of the percentage of time computers spend in intermediate low-power levels. The range of off power consumption among desktop computers in our sample was small (1-4W), and does not suggest a need for an off power criteria for ENERGY STAR computers. Desktop on power consumptionranged widely, but appeared to be more closely associated with processor brand than with processor speed.We suggest that the trend toward increasing desktop computer on power be investigated with regard to minimizing computer on power without affecting functionality. Integrated computer systems exist in a variety of configurations, but as yet are relatively few in number, although we can expect that to change. All three ICSs in our sample met the ENERGY STAR ICS

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