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In the continuity of the information operations concept2 and of the corresponding joint doctrine3, the military Psychological operations (PsyOps)4 aim at supporting the force in its endeavour towards the desired end state. They thus provide it with a better perception and understanding of its human environment thanks to the environment information that they collect to build the maneuver upon it, a maneuver that contributes as well to shaping that environment in a favorable way.
joint PsyOps doctrine is currently being finalized at the (French) joint staff level (EMA). It is more particularly oriented towards operational level types of operations6. Staffs are the main target audience. It is interoperable with NATO7 and EU8 joint concepts and doctrines. This will be a living document. It is intended to be enriched thanks to the InfoOps Groups (GIO) after action reviews and lessons learned; GIO is a unique organization within the Army which is dedicated to PsyOps. That group is responsible for operational preparation of all personnel involved in that domain and constitutes a reservoir of specialists who could be called upon to build up staff structures and tactical teams that would be further completed by reinforcements drawn out of the different Services.
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Information operations (InfoOps) are part of an overall influence strategy The State overall strategy calls upon diplomatic, information, military and economic instruments of power to support a selected Deception foreign policy.
Operations
Military strategy that is derived from that policy, aims at preserving the national interests, employing at the best the existing military capacities in order to reach the governments desired end state. Military strategy may have to implement PsyOps11 in order to influence the will power of these actors involved in a crisis or a conflict in order to achieve the military part of the desired end state. It aims at persuading any allied or neutral decision maker or any source of opposition that the objectives and
COERCION
INFLUENCE
Information operations
propaganda
Network communication
Psyops
MEDIA OPERATIONAL
INFORMATION Media
Media Operation
INFORM
COMMUNICATE
PERSUADE
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The influence domain is the one of information operations where PsyOps is a key functionality. In order to influence the opponents decision making process, they aim at persuading specific individuals or groups of individuals by means of dedicated military assets and using local language. And last, the coercion domain relies on vectors of power, military or not, which impact onto physical fields.
Information operations : a coordinating functionality Information military strategy is being conducted before, during and after the crisis. It is coordinated at relevant level by the information operations cell and it involves various functionalities12 as shown on the figure below:
EFFECTS
Related Functions
(Information operations )
Dedicated information operations
Use of forces
CIMIC
PsyOps
deception
(OPSEC, INFOSEC)
EW
Destruction
PSYOPS
PsyOps to establish a less hostile information environment syOps are planned activities (Annex L of an OPLAN) and they aim at modifying the status of perceptions, representations and attitudes, in order to establish, maintain or modify the behavior of a person, or of a group of people also known as Target Audience13. Information that is provided in a relevant way to the target audience and that is approved at strategic and operational levels, must produce a visible and measurable effect. The actors behaviors (friendly, neutral or opposition sources) may be key to the resolution of a conflict and to peace restoration. It is necessary to understand what are the motivations of the different target audiences (civilian decision makers, military leaders, forces, populations, ...), in order to, if required, modify their perception, influence their will power and persuade them to accept the exit of the conflict. PsyOps, take advantage of the expansion of mass media communication capabilities that serve as a multiplier for influence operations effects. However, that efficiency
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PsyOps open new fields for possible actions Supported by a credible resort to force, PsyOps may have the following objectives: Eroding opponents legitimacy and credibility (defended cause, political system, civilian and military decision makers, social cohesion, opponents possibilities of success, social and economical damages that they have created ...); Weakening the willpower of real or potential opponents which oppose the Force Commanders desired end state, weakening as well opposition forces loyalty;
1 Commanding General, Forces Employment Doctrine Center (CDEF). 2 PIA (French joint publication) 03-152, 2005. 3 PIA 03-252, 2006. 4 In French, oprations militaires dinfluence (OMI). 5 Groupement dinformation oprationnelle. 6 PIA 00-202, 2006. 7 MC 402/2, Politique sur les oprations psychologiques de lOTAN (NATO polycy for PsyOps), AJP 3.10.1, Doctrine interarmes des oprations psychologiques (Joint doctrine for PsyOps). 8 Concept for EU PSYOPS in EU-led military CMOS (Restricted), 2004. 9 All these systems, organizations, individuals which collect, exploit or disseminate information. 10 Conventional armed forces. 11 Joint doctrine for force employment in operations, 2003, chapter 1, P5. 12 See definition in annex. 13 NATO: Target Audience: an individual or a group of people (from whom an homogeneous reaction is expected) who are submitted to PsyOps persuasion actions.
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Annex 1 - GLOSSARY
Information protection activity comprises any activity that prevents an adversary from gaining information relating to friendly operations. It includes, but is not limited to, Operations Security (OPSEC), information security (INFOSEC) and counter- intelligence, surveillance, targeting, acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR).
A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing operations, by manuvre or fire support systems normally under his command or control.
Combat Psychological Operations (CPO), Union europenne, Oprations militaires dinfluence stratgiques
Planned psychological operations conducted against approved target audiences in support of the objectives of the commanders at all levels as an integral part of combat operations and designed to defeat the opposing force by reducing or eliminating its will to continue aggression in the AOO, as well as to support the operational freedom of the commander.
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Crisis Response Psychological Operations (CRPO) Union europenne Oprations militaires dinfluence pour la stabilisation et la reconstruction
Planned psychological operations conducted as an integral part of Crisis Management Operations, designed to create a supportive atmosphere and willingness to co-operate among the parties in conflict and population in the AOO, in order to assist in the achievement of mission objectives and the protection of own forces.
Measures of effectiveness (MOE) are indicators measuring the evolution of a target audience behavior towards a sought attitude or behavior. MOEs express an increase or a decrease in a selected target audiences specific.
Information environment
Ensemble of the systems, organizations, individuals that collect, exploit or broadcast information.
The protection of information against unauthorised disclosure, transfer modification or destruction, whether accidental or intentional.
Data processing security and counter attack operations Glossaire interarmes 2004
Within the computerized data processing domain, these are the actions that have been undertaken in order to paralyze the opponents systems, to hamper data flows to alter these or to intercept them for gaining awareness.
PsyOps are planned activities that aim at modifying the status of perceptions, representations and attitudes, in order to establish, maintain or modify behaviors of a person, of a group of people also known as Target Audience. Information that is provided in a relevant way to the target audience and that is approved at strategic and operational levels must produce a visible and measurable effect.
Psychological Operations are planned psychological activities using methods of communication directed at politically approved audiences, in order to influence perceptions, attitudes and behaviour, affecting the achievement of political and military objectives.
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Planned psychological activities using methods of communications and other means directed to approved audiences in order to influence perceptions, attitudes and behaviour, affecting the achievement of political and military objectives. Whilst some Allied countries differ in their national definitions of PSYOPS, all have agreed to the definition contained in MC 402, on which this AJP is founded.
The process which gives a military operation or exercise appropriate security, using passive or active means, to deny the enemy knowledge of the dispositions, capabilities and intentions of friendly forces. Related terms: counterintelligence; countersurveillance; electronic warfare; physical security; port security; protective security; security; tactical security.
(proposed new definition) a source of opposition is a generic term that designates any State, power or actor (civilian or military) capable of having a negative impact on the achievement of the political objective (desired end-state). (former definition) a source of opposition is a person or a group of people which has the willingness to act and relies on one or several networks. It develops and implements its own strategy, that may either support or oppose Frances or coalitions desired end state. A source of opposition produces effects in material and immaterial fields. A source of opposition may be active or potential since it can relate to an opponent declared or not, a neutral party which is being importuned or a friendly party with diverging interests.
Strategic Psychological Operations (SPO) European Union oprations militaires dinfluence stratgiques
Planned psychological operations that pursue objectives to gain the support and co-operation of friendly and neutral audiences and to alter the will and ability of hostile, potentially hostile or neutral audiences to commit aggressive action, and contribute to crisis management and deterrence in support of diplomatic actions.
Information strategy defines the application of the general strategy within the information domain for all civilian and military actors, which can contribute to the resolution of a crisis. Information strategy is thus interministerial by essence; it can be interallied. It coordinates the employment of economic diplomatic and military tools to achieve the desired effects in order to reach the desired end state. It is translated into an ensemble of guidance and establishes themes and key message for all implementation tools.
PsyOps aims at persuading any allied or neutral decision maker or any source of opposition that the objectives and courses of action selected to achieve the military part of the desired end state are relevant, credible and efficient.
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