4 More About Trigonometric Functions (I) : OAD, We Have

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.
1 Full Solutions
52
4 More about Trigonometric
Functions (I)

Classwork

Classwork (p. 4.3)
(a) 2 rad (b) 4 rad

Quick Practice

Quick Practice 4.1 (p. 4.5)
(a)

rad
5
3
rad
180
108 108
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

(b)
rad 3
rad
180
540 540
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

(a)
=

=
=
40
9
180 2
rad
9
2
, 180 rad Since

(b)
=

=
=
342
10
180 19
rad
10
19
, 180 rad Since

(c)
fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 143
180
5 . 2 rad .5 2
,
180
rad 1 Since
=

(a)

cm
2
5
cm
12
5
6
=
=
)
AB

(b) Area of sector OAB
2
2 2
cm
2
15
cm
12
5
6
2
1
=
=

(a) ROS
rad
3
rad
180
60
=
=

(b) Area of the shaded region

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. cm 181 . 0
cm
3
sin ) 2 (
2
1
3
) 2 (
2
1
2
2 2 2
=
(
=

(a) Let AB = x cm and BOC = rad.
In sector OAD, we have
2
3
6
=
=

In sector OBC, we have
2
10 6 2
3
10
2
3
10
=
= +
+
=
+
=
x
x
x
x

OB = (2 + 3) cm = cm 5
rad 2 = BOC
= area of sector OBC area of sector OAD
=
2 2 2
cm 2 3
2
1
2 5
2
1
|
\
|

=
2
cm 16

(a) Let r be the length of OP. Then, 5 4 3
2 2
= + = r .
By definition, we have
4
3
cot
3
5
sec
4
5
cosec
3
4
tan
5
3
cos
5
4
sin
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
y
x
x
r
y
r
x
y
r
x
r
y

4 More about Trigonometric Functions (I)
53

2
2
2 2
2 4 2
cos
sin
1
sin cos
cosec ) cos cos (
=
=
(b) Let r be the length of OP. Then, 13 3 ) 2 (

2 2
= + = r .

3
2
3
2
cot
2
13
2
13
sec
3
13
cosec
2
3
2
3
tan
13
2
13
2
cos
13
3
sin
=
= =
=
= =
= =
=
= =
=
= =
= =
y
x
x
r
y
r
x
y
r
x
r
y


2
3
< <
lies in quadrant III.
Let P(x, y) be a point on the terminal side of and OP = r.
cosec = 7
In particular, we may take r = 7 and y = 1.
Since lies in quadrant III, x < 0.

3 4
) 1 ( 7
2 2
2 2
=
=
= y r x

3 4
1
3 4
1
tan
7
3 4
cos
=
=
=

0
5
9
sec < =
lies in quadrant II or quadrant III.

5
9
sec =
In particular, we may take r = 9 and x = 5.

Case 1: lies in quadrant II
Since lies in quadrant II, y > 0.

14 2
56
) 5 ( 9
2 2
2 2
=
=
=
= x r y

cosec
14 2
9
= ,
14 2
5
cot =

56
45
14 2
5
14 2
9
cot cosec
=
=

Case 2: lies in quadrant III
Since lies in quadrant III, y < 0.

14 2
) 5 ( 9
2 2
2 2
=
=
= x r y

14 2
9
cosec = ,
14 2
5
14 2
5
cot =

=

56
45
14 2
5
14 2
9
cot cosec
=
=

56
45
cot cosec =

(a)

NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.1 Full Solutions
54
1
) cosec ( sin
2
3
sec sin
2
3
sec sin
2
3
sec
2
3
cos
=
=
|
\
|
=
(
\
|
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
+

(b)

cot
sin
cos sin
cos sin
cos sin
sin
1
sin
cos
cos
sin
sin
1
cot tan
cosec
2
2 2
2
2
2
=
=
+
=
+
=
+

L.H.S.
R.H.S.
1 sin
cot
) cosec 1 ( sin
cosec 1
cosec 1
cosec 1
sin
cosec 1
sin
cosec 1
2
2
=

=
=
|
\
|
\
| +
=
+
=

1 sin
cot
sin
cosec 1
2
=
+

(a)

1
sin
cos
sin
1
cot cosec
) 2 ( cot
2
3
sec
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
=
=
=
|
\
|

(b)

4 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
4
2
4 2
2 1
2
) 1 (
2
) sin 1 (
1 sin 1
cos
1 cos
sec sec
k k
k
k
k
+

=
+
=
+
=
+

(a)
3
2
cot cosec
1 ) cot cosec (
2
3
1 ) cot )(cosec cot cosec (
1 cot cosec
cosec cot 1
2 2
2 2
=
=
= +
=
= +
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x

(b)
=
= +
(2)
3
2
cot cosec
(1)
2
3
cot cosec
L L
L L
x x
x x

(1) + (2):

12
13
cosec
6
13
cosec 2
=
=
x
x

(1) (2):
12
5
cot
6
5
cot 2
=
=
x
x

(a)

The graph repeats itself at intervals of
3
2
.
y = cosec 3x is a periodic function with period
3
2
.
(b) From the graph, y = cosec 3x does not have maximum or
minimum values. Also, it cannot take any value in the
interval (1, 1). Thus, the range is < cosec 3x 1 or
1 cosec 3x < + .

(a) Draw the straight line y = 1 on the graph of y = cosec x.

The two graphs intersect at x =
2
3
for 0 x 2.
The solution of cosec x = 1 for 0 x 2 is x =
2
3
.
55
(b)

x x
x
x
x
cosec sin
sin
1
sin
1 sin
2
=
=
=

The two graphs intersect at x =
2
and
2
3

for 0 x 2.
The solutions of sin
2
x = 1 for 0 x 2 are x =
2
or

2
3
.

(a) cot x = 2.5
tan x = 0.4
x 21.80 or 180 + 21.80
x = 8 . 21 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or 202 (cor. to 3 sig.
fig.)
(b) Let 2x + 60 = .
Since 0 x 360, 60 780.
Now, we solve the equation 2 sin 1 = 0 for 60
780.

=
+
+ + =
=
=
750 or 510 , 390 , 150
30 720
or ) 30 180 ( 360 , 30 360 , 30 180
2
1
sin
0 1 sin 2

Then,

=
= +
345 or 225 , 165 , 45
750 or 510 , 390 , 150 60 2
x
x


+
=
=
= +
= +
= +
= +
46 . 348 or 54 . 191
54 . 11 360 or 54 . 11 180
(rejected) 2 or
5
1
sin
2
1
or 5 cosec
0 ) 1 cosec 2 )( 5 cosec (
0 5 cosec 9 cosec 2
0 3 cosec 9 2 cosec 2
0 3 cosec 9 cot 2
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x

=192 x (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) or 348 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)


0 ) 1 cos sin 2 ( cos
0 cos cos sin 2
sin
cos
cos 2
cot cos 2
2
2
2
= +
= +
=
=
x x x
x x x
x
x
x
x x

When cos x = 0,
2
3
or
2

= x
When 2sin x cos x + 1 = 0,
4
7
or
4
3
1 tan
0 ) cos (sin
0 ) cos (sin cos sin 2
2
2 2

=
=
= +
= + +
x
x
x x
x x x x

4
7
or
2
3
,
4
3
,
2

= x

Exercise

Exercise 4A (p. 4.10)
Level 1
1. (a)
rad
5
rad
180
36 36
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

(b)
rad
5
4
rad
180
144 144
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

(c)
rad
4
9
rad
180
405 405
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

2. (a)
fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 1.22
rad
180
70 70
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

(b)
rad
180
22.5 22.5
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

56

(c)
rad
180
130 130
rad,
180
1 Since
=
=
=

3. (a)
=
=
=
270
180 5 . 1 rad 1.5
, 180 rad Since

(b)
=

=
=
288
5
180 8
rad
5
8
, 180 rad Since

(c)

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 19 . 8
180
7
1
rad
7
1
,
180
rad 1 Since
=

4.

5. Angle sum of triangle = rad

rad
18
7
rad
9
4
6
=
|
\
|
= C

6. Let A = x.
Then B = 2x, C = 3x and D = 4x.

rad
5
rad 2 4 3 2
=
= + + +
x
x x x x

rad
5
= A , rad
5
2
= B , rad
5
3
= C ,
rad
5
4
= D

7. (a)
cm
2
cm
12
6
=
=
)
CD

(b) Area of sector OCD

2
2 2
cm
2
3
cm
12
6
2
1
=
=

8. (a) Let XOY = rad.

5
2
20 10
2
1
2

=
=

rad
5
2
= XOY

(b) Perimeter of the sector
cm ) 4 (20
cm
5
2
10 10 2
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
+ + =
)
XY OY OX

9. (a) Area of OAB = 10 cm
2

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 5.28
10 0.8 sin
2
1
2
=
=
r
r

(b) Area of sector OAB
2
2 2
cm 1514 . 11
cm 8 . 0 28 . 5
2
1
=
=

Area of the shaded region
= area of sector OAB area of OAB

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. cm 1.15
cm ) 10 1514 . 11 (
2
2
=
=

10. Let OM = r cm and MON = rad.

(2) 8
2
1
(1) 4
2
K K
K K
=
=
r
r

4
2
2
1
:
) 1 (
) 2 (
=
=
r
r

By substituting r = 4 into (1), we have

1
4 4
=
=

rad 1 = MON

11. (a) Let COD = rad.
Area of the shaded region = 24 cm
2

5 . 1
24 2
2
1
6
2
1
2 2
=
=

rad 5 . 1 = COD
(b) Perimeter of the shaded region

cm 20
cm ] 2 ) 2 6 ( 5 . 1 6 5 . 1 2 [
=
+ + =
+ + + = BD AC CD AB
) )

12. (a)

) 2 (
2
+ =
+ =

r
r r P

(b) If P = A,

2
4
4 2
2
1
) 2 (
2
=
= +
= +
r
r
r r

Level 2
13. (a) (i) AC = r sin

Angle (in degree) 30 45 90 120 150
Angle (in radian)
6

3
2

6
5

57

cos sin
2
1
sin cos
2
1
2
1
of Area
2
r
r r
AC OC OAC
=
=
=
(ii)

(iii) Area of the shaded region
= area of sector OAB area of OAC
) cos sin (
2
1
cos sin
2
1
2
1
2
2 2

=
=
r
r r

(b) Area of the shaded region > 0

cos
1 sin
cos sin
0 ) cos sin (
2
1
2
<
>
> r

14. (a) Let OA = r cm and COD = rad.

3
4
) 1 (

= + r (1)

(rejected)
7
3
or 3
0 ) 3 7 )( 3 (
0 9 18 7
16 9 18 9
9
16 ) 1 (
9
16
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
=
= +
=
= + +
=
+
=
+
r
r r
r r
r r r
r
r
r
r

By substituting r = 3 into (1), we have

rad
3
3
3
4
) 1 3 (
=
=
= +
COD


2
2 2 2
cm
6
7
cm
3
3
2
1
3
) 1 3 (
2
1
sector of area sector of area

=
(
+ =
= OAB OCD

15.

cm
3
25
cm
6
5
10
=
=
)
AB

cm
6
25
cm
3
25
) ( 2
=
=
AN
AN

In OAN,

cm
6
25
10
2
2
2 2
|
\
|
=
= AN OA ON

(Pyth. theorem)

Volume of the cone
fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. cm 165
cm
6
25
10
6
25
3
1
3
3
2
2
2
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
=

16. (a) BC = BE and BC = EC
EBC is an equilateral triangle.
EBC = rad
3

= area of sector BEC + area of sector CBE
area of EBC
cm
3
sin 1
2
1
3
1
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
2 2 2 2
=
|
\
|
+ =

17. (a)

rad
6
2
1
sin
4
2
) cos(90
=
=
=

= area of rectangle PQRS area of sector PST
area of PQT
cm
3
tan 2 2
2
1
6
4
2
1
4 2
2
2 2
=
|
\
|
=

18.
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
12
6
cos
=
= =
=
=
AOB
C O D
O O D
O O D

Length of the thread
) )
DYC AXB BC AD + + + =
fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. cm 64.8
cm
3
4
9
3
2
3 6 12 2
2 2
=
|
\
|
+ + =

Exercise 4B (p. 4.30)
Level 1
1. Let r be the length of OA. Then, r 29 5 2
2 2
= + = .
sin
29
5
= =
r
y

cos
29
2
= =
r
x

58
tan
2
5
= =
x
y

cosec
5
29
= =
y
r

sec
2
29
= =
x
r

cot
5
2
= =
y
x

2. Let r be the length of OB. Then, r 58 7 ) 3 (
2 2
= + = .
sin
58
7
= =
r
y

cos
58
3
= =
r
x

tan
3
7
= =
x
y

cosec
7
58
= =
y
r

sec
3
58
= =
x
r

cot
7
3
= =
y
x

3. Let r be the length of OC. Then,
r 3 . 1 ) 2 . 1 ( ) 5 . 0 (
2 2
= + = .
sin
13
12
3 . 1
2 . 1
=
= =
r
y

cos
13
5
3 . 1
5 . 0
=
= =
r
x

tan
5
12
5 . 0
2 . 1
=
= =
x
y

cosec
12
13
2 . 1
3 . 1
=
= =
y
r

sec
5
13
5 . 0
3 . 1
=
= =
x
r

cot
12
5
2 . 1
5 . 0
=
= =
y
x

4. Let r be the length of OD. Then, r 11 ) 3 ( ) 2 (
2 2
= + = .
sin
11
3
= =
r
y

cos
11
2
= =
r
x

tan
2
3
= =
x
y

cosec
3
11
= =
y
r

sec
2
11
= =
x
r

cot
3
2
= =
y
x

5. (a)
7
9

7
9
sec

is negative.
(b) |
\
|
= |
\
|
6
11
tan
6
11
tan

6
11
lies in quadrant IV.
|
\
|
6
11
tan

is negative.
i.e. |
\
|
6
11
tan

is positive.
(c)
36
29
lies in quadrant II.

36
29
sin

is positive.
(d)
3
5
cot
3
5
cot

= |
\
|

3
5

3
5
cot

is negative.
i.e. |
\
|
3
5
cot

is positive.

6. sin is positive.
lies in quadrant I or quadrant II.
cot is negative.
must lie in quadrant II.

7.

2
3
< <

7
3
sin =
59
Since lies in quadrant III, x < 0.

10 2
) 3 ( 7
2 2
2 2
=
=
= y r x

10 2
7
sec
10 2
3
tan
=
=

8.

2
2
3
< <

10
17
sec =
Since lies in quadrant IV, y < 0.

21 3
10 17
2 2
2 2
=
=
= x r y

21 3
10
cot
21 3
17
cosec
=
=

9.

< <
2

4 cot =
In particular, we may take x = 4 and y = 1.

17
1 ) 4 (
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ = y x r

17 cosec
17
4
cos
=
=

10. sec = 5 < 0
sin > 0

sec = 5
Since lies in quadrant II, y > 0.

6 2
) 1 ( 5
2 2
2 2
=
=
= x r y

6 2 tan = ,
5
1
cos =

3
6 5
6
10
5
6
6 2
5
1
1
6 2
cos 1
tan
=
=
=
|
\
|

11. 0
5
3
tan < =
lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.

Case 1:

60
lies in quadrant II

5
3
tan =


34
3 ) 5 (
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ = y x r

34
3
sin = ,
5
34
sec =

25
34 3
5
34
34
3
sec sin
2
2
=
|
|
\
|
=

Case 2:

lies in quadrant IV

5
3
tan =

34
) 3 ( 5
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ = y x r

34
3
sin = ,
5
34
sec =

25
34 3
5
34
34
3
sec sin
2
2
=
|
|
\
|
=

12.

1
cos sin
cos sin
) cos )(sin cos (sin
cos sin
cos sin
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
4 4
=
+ =

+
=

13. cosec
2
+ sec
2
(tan + cot )
2

= (cosec
2
cot
2
) + (sec
2
tan
2
) 2
= 1 + 1 2
= 0

14.

2
2
cot
1 cosec
sin
sin 1 1 cosec
sin
) 1 cosec )( sin 1 (
=
=
+
=
+

15.
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x x
sec cosec
cos sin
sin 1
cos
sin
cos
1
cos
1
cos sin
1
) tan (sec
cos
1
cos sin
1
3
2
3 3 3 3
2 2
=
=
+ =
+ |
\
|

16. R.H.S.
L.H.S.
sec
1 tan
tan tan ) 1 (tan
tan tan sec
2
2
2 4 2 2
2 4 4
=
=
+ =
+ =
=

sec
2
= sec
4
tan
4
tan
2

17. (a)
4
3
cot
6
5
sin

+

2
1
1
2
1
4
cot
6
sin
4
cot
6
sin
=
=
=
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=

(b)
1
1 2
1
3
sec
1
3
sec
4
tan
3
2
sec
=
+ =
+ =
+ |
\
|
= +

(c)
2
1
2
2
1
4
cosec
4
cos
4
cosec
4
2 cos
4
5
cosec
4
7
cos
=
=
=
|
\
|
+ + |
\
|
= +

18. (a) sin ) sin( =
(b)
sin
2
3
cos = |
\
|
+
(c) sec ) sec( =
61

(d)
cot
2
tan
2
2 tan
2
5
tan
=
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ + = |
\
|
+

(e)

cot
) cot(
) 2 cot( ) 3 cot(
=
+ =
+ + = +

(f)
sec
2
cosec
2
4 cosec
2
7
cosec
2
7
cosec
2
7
cosec
=
|
\
|
=
(
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ =
(
\
|
+ = |
\
|

19.

sec
sin
tan
2
5
cos
) 2 ( tan
=
=
|
\
|
+

20. |
\
|

2
5
tan ) (5 cosec
2 2

1
cot cosec
2 2
=
=

21.

The graph repeats itself at intervals of 2.

2
tan
x
y = is a periodic function with period 2.

22.

The graph repeats itself at intervals of .
x y 2 cosec
2
1
= is a periodic function with period .

23. Draw the straight line y = 1 on the graph of
2
cot
x
y = .

The two graphs intersect at
2
= x for 0 x 2.
The solution of cot 1
2
=
x
for 0 x 2 is
2
= x .

Level 2
24. cot = 2.5 < 0
lies in quadrant II or quadrant IV.

Case 1:

lies in quadrant II

2
5
5 . 2 cot = =

29
2 ) 5 (
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ = y x r

29
2
sin = ,
29
5
cos =

29 29
42
1
29
5
2
29
2
) 1 cos 2 ( sin
2
2
=
(
(
\
|
=

Case 2:

lies in quadrant IV

2
5
cot =
62

29
) 2 ( 5
2 2
2 2
=
+ =
+ = y x r

29
2
sin = ,
29
5
cos =

29 29
42
1
29
5
2
29
2
) 1 cos 2 ( sin
2
2
=
(
(
\
|
=

25. cosec = 2 > 0
cosec = 2

Case 1:

lies in quadrant I
Since lies in quadrant I, x > 0.

3
1 2
2 2
2 2
=
=
= y r x

2
1
sin = ,
2
3
cos = ,
3
1
tan =

8
3
3
3
2
1
2
3
3
1
sin cos tan
2
2
=
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=

Case 2:

lies in quadrant II
Since lies in quadrant II, x < 0.

3
) 1 ( 2
2 2
2 2
=
=
= y r x

2
1
sin = ,
2
3
cos = ,
3
1
tan =
sin cos tan
2

8
3
3
3
2
1
2
3
3
1
2
=
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=

26.
m =
=
=
=
=

cot
sin
cos
cos sin
sin 1
cos
sin
cos sin
1
tan
cos sin
1
2

27.
) 2 (
1
) 1 ( 1
1
) sin 1 ( 1
1
cos 1
1
1 sec
sec
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4
4

=

=

=

=

28.
=
= +
) 2 (
2
1
cos sin
) 1 ( 1 cos sin
2 2
2 2
K K
K K
x x
x x

(1) + (2):
3
2
cosec
2
3
sin
2
3
sin 2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

(1) (2):
2 sec
2
1
cos
2
1
cos 2
2
=
=
=
x
x
x

29.
) sin 1 ( tan
) 1 (cos cos
) sin 1 )( 1 )(cos 1 cos (
) 1 cos (
) sin 1 (
cos
1 cos
2 sin
) sin 1 )( sec cos (
2 sin
) sin 1 )( sin 1 )( sec 1 (
2 sin
) sin 1 )( sec 1 (
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2
4
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 4
2
4 4

+ =
+
+ +
=
+
+
|
|
\
|
=
+
=
+
=

63
30. sin x cos x (sin x + cos x)(sec x + cosec x)

x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
cos sin 2 1
cos cos sin cos sin sin
) cosec )(sec cos sin cos (sin
2 2
2 2
+ =
+ + + =
+ + =

x x
x x
x x x x
cosec sec
cos sin 2 1
) cos (sin cos sin
+
+
= +

31. (1 + cos x + cot x + cosec x)(1 + sin x cos x)

) sin 1 )( cos sin 1 (
cos sin cos sin sin 2 1
sin cosec
1 ec cos cos sin cos sin sin
cot cos 1 ec cos cos sin cos sin sin
cot 1 sec co
sin
cos

cos cot cos cos sin cos cos sin 1
2
2
2
2
2
x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x
x
x
x x x x x x x x
+ + + =
+ + + + =
+
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ +
+ + + + + =

x
x x x
x x
x x
sin 1
cosec cot cos 1
cos sin 1
cos sin 1
+
+ + +
=
+
+ +

32. L.H.S.
R.H.S.
1
sin
sin
) 1 (cos
sin
1
sin
1
sin
cos
sin
1
sin
cos
)] ( cosec ) ( )[cot cosec (cot
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
=
+ + =
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x x

(cot x cosec x)[cot ( + x) cosec ( + x)] = 1

33. L.H.S.
R.H.S.
tan
cos 1
) 1 (cos tan
cos 1
tan sin
2
3
sin 1
2
cot sin
=
=

=

=
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ +
=
x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x

x
x
x x
tan
2
3
sin 1
2
cot sin
=
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
+ +

34. (a)

The graph repeats itself at intervals of 2.
y = cosec (x ) is a periodic function with
period 2.

(b) From the graph, y = cosec (x ) does not have
maximum or minimum values. Also, it cannot take
any value in the interval (1, 1). Thus, the range is
< cosec (x ) 1 or 1 cosec (x ) < + .

35. (a)

3
2
.
x y 3 sec
2
1
= is a periodic function with period
3
2
.
(b) From the graph, x y 3 sec
2
1
= does not have
any value in the interval |
\
|
2
1
,
2
1
. Thus, the range is
2
1
3 sec
2
1
< x or + < x 3 sec
2
1
2
1
.

36. (a) x x cos
2
sin = |
\
|

(b)
x x
x x
x
sin
2
sin
sin cos
1 cot
= |
\
|

=
=

4
3
= x and
4
7

for 0 x 2.
The solutions of cot x = 1 for 0 x 2 are
4
3
= x or
4
7
.

64
2
6
sin
2
3
6
cos
r
AD
r
AD
r OD
r
OD
=
=
=
=
0 sec sin
1 sec and 1 sin 0
I, quadrant in lies When
> +
> < <

37. (a)
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 4 2
2
2
2
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
4 2 1
1
1
2
1
1
sin 1
1
sec
t
t
t
t
t
t t t
t
t
+
=
+
=
+
+ +
=
|
\
|
+

2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
sec sin tan
t
t
t
t
t
t
=

+
+
=
=

(b)
cos 1
cos 1
cos cos 1
cos cos 1
1
1
cos
1
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
+
=
+ =
+ =

+
=
t
t t
t t
t
t

(c) 81(1 cos )
4
18(1 cos )
2
(1 + cos )
2
+
(1 + cos )
4
= 0

3
1
9
1
9
1
0 ) 1 9 (
) (Let 0 1 18 81
0 1 18 81
0 1
) cos 1 (
) cos 1 ( 18
) cos (1
) cos 81(1
2
4
2
4 2
4 8
2
2
4
4
=
=
=
=
= = +
= +
= +
+
t
t
y
y
y t y y
t t

3
2
1
cos
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
cos
1
=
=
=
+
=

38.

0 sec sin
1 sec and 1 sin 0
II, quadrant in lies When
< +
< < <

0 sec sin
1 sec and 0 sin 1
III, quadrant in lies When
< +
< < <

0 sec sin
1 sec and 0 sin 1
IV, quadrant in lies When
> +
> < <

Quadrant I and IV are the possible quadrants.

39. (a) (i) AOC ABC = 2

12
6 2
1
=
|
\
|
= ABC

(ii)

(b) (i)

3 2
) 3 2 (
2
3
2 2
6
cos 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
+ =
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ =
|
\
|
+ =
r AB
r
r r
r r r AB

(ii)
3 2 2
1
3 2
2
12
sin
+
=
+
=
r
r

(iii)

3 2 2
3 2
2
2
3
1
3 2
2
3
3 2
12
sec
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
r r
r

65
fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 91 5
or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 52 . 3
3747 . 0 2 or 3747 . 0
(rejected)
2
3 1
or
2
3 1
sin
0 1 sin 2 sin 2
2
.
x
x
x
x x
=
+
+
=
=

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 89 . 5
8
2 or
8
8
cos cos
=
=
=
Exercise 4C (p. 4.37)

Level 1
1.

2.

rad ) 3218 . 0 ( or rad 3218 . 0
3
1
tan
3 cot
+
=
=

.
=

3.

3794 . 0 or 3794 . 0
7 . 2
1
sin
7 . 2 cosec

=
=

.
=

4.

2780 . 1 2 or 2780 . 1
3 2
1
cos
3 2 sec

=
=

or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 28 . 1 =

5.

18
cos ) 2 ( cos or
18
cos cos
)
18 2
( sin ) 2 ( cos or )
18 2
( sin cos
9
4
sin cos
= =
= =
=
x x
x x
x

18
35
or
18

= x

6.

6
11
or
6
5
6
2 or
6
3
1
tan
3 cot
3
tan cot

=
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x

7.

0 ) 1 cosec 4 )( 9 cosec (
0 9 cosec 35 cosec 4
2
= +
= +
x x
x x

111 . 0 2 or 111 . 0
9
1
sin
(rejected)
4
1
cosec or 9 cosec
0 1 cosec 4 or 0 9 cosec
+
=
= =
= = +
x
x
x x
x x

or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 25 . 3 = x

8.

9.

0 ) 3 sin 2 )( 1 sin 2 (
0 3 sin 4 sin 4
0 1 sin 4 sin 4 4
0 1 sin 4 cos 4
2
2
2
= +
= +
=
=
x x
x x
x x
x x

6
5
or
6
6
or
6
(rejected)
2
3
sin or
2
1
sin
0 3 sin 2 or 0 1 sin 2

=
=
= =
= + =
x
x x
x x

or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 524 . 0 = x

10.

0 ) 4 )(sec 3 (sec
0 12 sec 7 sec
0 13 sec 7 tan
2
2
=
= +
= +
x x
x x
x x

4
1
cos or
3
1
cos
4 sec or 3 sec
0 4 sec or 0 3 sec
= =
= =
= =
x x
x x
x x

When

052 . 5 or 231 . 1
1.231 2 or 231 . 1
,
3
1
cos

=
x
x
x

When

.965 4 or 318 . 1
1.318 2 or 318 . 1
,
4
1
cos

=
x
x
x

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor.
rad 05 . 5 or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 97 . 4
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor.
rad 32 . 1 fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 23 . 1 = x

66
0 ) sin )(cos sin cos 2 (
0 sin cos sin cos 2
0 ) cos (sin cos sin cos 3
0 1 cos sin cos 3
2 2
2 2 2
2
= +
= +
= + +
= +
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
0 ) 1 cot 3 )( 1 cot 2 (
0 1 cot cot 6
0 cot 6 6 cot 7
0 cosec 6 cot 7
2
2
2
= +
=
= +
= +
x x
x x
x x
x x
Level 2
11.

3 tan or 2 tan
3
1
cot or
2
1
cot
0 1 cot 3 or 0 1 cot 2
= =
= =
= + =
x x
x x
x x

When

4.249 or 107 . 1
1.107 or 107 . 1
, 2 tan
+
=
x
x
x

When

5.034 or 893 . 1
249 1 2 or 249 . 1
, 3 tan

=
x
. x
x

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor.
rad 03 . 5 or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad .25 4
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor.
rad 89 . 1 fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 11 . 1 = x

12.

fig) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 5.50 or fig) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 4.25
fig), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 2.36 fig), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 11 . 1
1 tan or 2 tan
=
= =
x
x x

13.

4
1
cos
0 1 cos 4
0
sin
1
sin
cos 4
0 cosec cot 4
=
= +
= +
= +
x
x
x x
x
x x

4.460 or 824 . 1
1.318 or 318 . 1
+
x
x

or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad .82 1 = x

14.

x x x
x x
x x
2 2
cos 16 cos 2 24 18 sin 4
2 3 cos 4 sin 2
sec 2 3 4 tan 2
+ =
= +
= +

0 ) 1 cos 2 )( 7 cos 2 5 (
0 7 cos 2 12 cos 10
2
=
= +
x x
x x

2
1
cos or
2 5
7
cos
0 1 cos 2 or 0 7 cos 2 5
= =
= =
x x
x x

When

(rejected) 6.1413 or 1419 . 0
1419 . 0 2 or 1419 . 0
,
2 5
7
cos

=
x
x
x

When

(rejected) 5.4978 or 7854 . 0
7854 . 0 2 or 7854 . 0
,
2
1
cos

=
x
x
x

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad .785 0
or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad .142 0 = x

15.

4119 . 2 1
3
3
2
) 1
3
( sin
0 2 ) 1
3
( sin 3
=
= +
= +
= +
x
x
x
x

16.

2
1
3 sin
2 3 cosec
2 3 cosec 2
=
=
=
x
x
x

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad .97 4 or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad .45 4
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad .88 2 fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad .36 2
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad .785 0 fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad .262 0
9226 . 14 or 3518 . 13 , 6394 8 , 0686 . 7 , 3562 . 2 , 7854 . 0 3
=
=
x
. x

17. (a)

R.H.S.
1 sin sec
sec 2 sin 1
sec 2 cos
sec sec cos 2 cos
) sec (cos L.H.S.
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
=

(cos sec )
2
= sec
2
sin
2
1

(b)

1 or 1 cos
1 cos
sec cos
0 sec cos
0 ) sec (cos
0 1 sin sec
1 sin sec
2
2
2 2
2 2
=
=
=
=
=
=
+ =

2 or , 0 =

18. (a)

) 1 5 4 )( 1 2 (
1 2 5 10 4 8 1 3 6 8
2
2 2 3 2 3
+ + =
+ + = +
y y y
y y y y y y y y

2y 1 is a factor of 8y
3
+ 6y
2
3y 1.
(b)

1 or
4
1
cos or
2
1
cos
0 1 cos 5 cos 4 or 0 1 cos 2
0 1 cos 3 cos 6 cos 8
2
2 3
= =
= + + =
= +

67
cm 4 1 sin 3 3
2
1
of Area
2
2
=
= . OAB

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad .24 5
or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 46 4
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad .14 3
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 82 1
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 05 . 1
.
.
=

19. (a)

3 3 2 2
3
cot cot 3 cot 3 1
) cot 1 (
k k k
k
+ + + =
+

(b)

2
1
cot
0 ) cot 2 1 (
0 1 cot 6 cot 12 cot 8
3
2 3
=
= +
= + + +

.
=

Revision Exercise 4 (p. 4.41)
Level 1
1. (a)

rad
180
42 42
rad,
180
1 Since
. =
=
=

(b)

rad
180
147 147
rad,
180
1 Since
. =
=
=

(c)

rad
180
345 345
rad,
180
1 Since
. =
=
=

2. (a)

180
3 . 3 rad 3 . 3
,
180
rad 1 Since
=

(b)

21
180 13
21
13
, 180 rad Since
=

=
=

(c)

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 0 . 81
180
2 rad 2
,
180
rad 1 Since
=

3. (a) Let OA = r and AOB = rad.
The length of
)
AB is twice that of the radius.

2
2
=
=
r r

rad 2 = AOB

(b)

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 60 5
10
10 (2)
2
1
cm 10 sector of Area
2
2
2
. r
r
r
OAB
=
=
=
=

The radius of the sector is 5.60 cm.

4. (a)

(b)

Area of the shaded region

cm ) 435 . 4 4 . 1 3
2
1
(
2
2 2
=
=

5. (a)

525 = 360 + 165
The angle 525 lies in quadrant II.
(b)

22
7
2
3
11
20
+ =
The angle
11
20
(c)

)
12
5
(
12
17
+ =
The angle
12
17

6. (a)

Let r be the length of OP. Then,
. 85 9 ) 2 (
2 2
= + = r

9
2
cot
2
85
sec
9
85
cosec
2
9
tan
85
2
cos
85
9
sin
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
y
x
x
r
y
r
x
y
r
x
r
y

(b)

Let r be the length of OP. Then,
. 6 ) 2 ( 2
2 2
= + = r
68
R.H.S.
sin sin
sin sin
sin
sin
sin
sin
1
sin
sin
sin
sin
1
) sin (sin
sin
1
sin
1
) sin )(sin cosec cosec ( L.H.S.
2 2
=
=
=
+ =
|
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
y x
y x
x
y
y
x
y
x
x
y
y x
y x
y x y x

2
2
2
cot
2
3
2
6
sec
3
2
6
cosec
2
1
2
2
tan
3
2
6
2
cos
3
1
6
2
sin
=
= =
= = =
=
= =
=
= =
= = =
=
= =
y
x
x
r
y
r
x
y
r
x
r
y

7. sec is negative.
cosec is negative.
lies in quadrant III or quadrant IV.

8.

2
3
< <

11
2
cos =
Since lies in quadrant III, y < 0.

117
) 2 ( 11
2 2
2 2
=
=
= x r y

117
2
117
2
cot
=

=

9. cosec = 6 > 0
sec < 0
must lie in quadrant II.

cosec = 6
Since lies in quadrant II, x < 0.

35
1 6
2 2
2 2
=
=
= y r x

cot = 35 ,
6
1
sin = ,
35
6
sec =

35
34
)
35
6
(
6
1
35 sec sin cot
=
=

10. (a)

x
x x x
cosec 2
sin
2
cosec ) 1 (cos
2
2
= =

(b)

sec
cos sin
cos 1
sin
cos
cos sin
1
cot ) cosec
cos sin
1
(
2
2
2 2 2
=
=
=

11. (a)

y x
y x
y x y x
sin sin
sin sin
) sin )(sin cosec cosec (
2 2
=
+

(b)

L.H.S.
sec ) (
sec ) 1 (tan
sec tan
) sec tan )( sec tan ( R.H.S.
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ + =

b a
b a
a b a
a b a b a

2
2 2 2
) sec tan )( sec tan (
sec ) (
a b a b a
b a
+ + =

69
2
) 2 ( ) 2 ( 1 ) 1 (
4
cosec
4
sec
4
cot
4
tan
4
3
2 cosec
4
5
2 sec
4
7
2 cot
4
tan
4
3
cosec
4
5
sec
4
7
cot
4
3
tan
=
=
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
\
|

|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
|
\
|
|
\
|

6 2 16
1
3
2
4 2
3
1
2
1
3
cosec 4
4
sec
3
cot
6
sin
3
10
4 cosec 4
4
sec
3
2 cot
6
sin
3
10
cosec 4
4
21
sec
3
5
cot
6
7
sin
=
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
+ |
\
|
+
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
=
|
\
|
+

2
cos
2
sin
2
cot
2
sin
2 2
tan
2
sin
2
tan
2
sin
2
tan L.H.S.
C
C C
C C
C C
C B A
=
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
+
=
12. (a)
2
3 3 1
2
) 3 (
2
1
) 30 180 ( cosec
60 tan
45 sin
) 210 360 ( cosec
) 60 360 ( tan
) 45 180 ( sin
) 210 cosec(
420 tan
225 sin
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
+
=
+
|
|
\
|
=

+ =

+
+ + =

+

(b)

(c)

13. (a)
A
A
A A
C B A
2
2
cosec
1 cot
1 ) ( cot cot
1 ) ( cot cot L.H.S.
=
=
=
+ =

A
A
A
A
A
A
A A
A
A A
A
C B A
2
cosec
sin
sin
cos
cos
1
sin
cot sec
sin
) ( cot sec
sin
) ( cot sec
R.H.S.
=

=
=
+
=

A
C B A
C B A
sin
) ( cot sec
1 ) ( cot cot
R.H.S. L.H.S.
+
= +
=

(b)

2
cos
2 2
sin
2
sin
2
sin R.H.S.
C
C
C
B A
=
|
\
|
=
|
\
|
=
+
=

2
sin
2
sin
2
tan
R.H.S. L.H.S.
B A C B A +
=
+
=

14.

2
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
2 cot

x y is a periodic function with period
2
.

15.

y = 1 + cosec 2x is a periodic function with period .

70
185 . 2 cot
2 tan cot
=
=
=
16. Draw the straight line y = 2 on the graph of

2
sec
x
y = .

3
2
= x for 0 x 2.
The solution of 2
2
sec =
x
for 0 x 2 is
3
2
= x .

17.
975 . 0 sin
7
4
sin sin
=
=
=

18.
or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 10 9 0 . 0
11 cosec
=
=

19.

20.
(rejected)
5
1
or 1 cosec
0 ) cosec 5 1 )( cosec 1 (
0 cosec 5 cosec 4 1
2
=
=
= +
=

21.
0 ) 2 sin 3 )( 1 sin 3 (
0 2 sin 9 sin 9
0 11 sin 9 cos 9
2
2
=
= +
= +

3
2
or
3
1
sin
=
=

22.
0 ) 2 cosec 3 )( 15 cosec (
0 30 cosec 43 cosec 3
0 27 cosec 43 cot 3
2
2
= +
=
=

(rejected)
3
2
or 15 cosec
=
=

Level 2
23. Let OA = r cm and AOB = rad.

) 2 ......( 5
2
1
) 1 ......( 12 2
2
=
= +
r
r r

From (1), ) 3 .....( 2
2 1
=
r

By substituting (3) into (2), we have

1 or 5
0 ) 1 )( 5 (
0 5 6
10 2 12
5 2
12
2
1
2
2
2
=
=
= +
=
= |
\
|

r
r r
r r
r r
r
r

When r = 5,
5
2
2
5
12
= =
When r = 1, 10 2
1
12
= = (rejected)
rad
5
2
= AOB

24. (a) (i) Area of
2 2
m sin
2
1
x OCF =
(ii) Area of ABCDEF

2 2 2
2 2 2
m sin
2
1
) (
2
1
20
m sin
2
1
) (
2
1
10 2
(
+ + =
(
+ + =

x y x
x y x

(b) x + y = 80
In ODE,

=
= +
05 . 44
cos ) 80 ( 2 60 80 80
2 2 2 2

In OCF,

667 . 2
05 . 44 cos 2 2
2 2 2 2
=
= +
x
x x x

Area of ABCDEF

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. m 2480
m
05 . 44 sin ) 667 . 2 (
2
1
05 . 44
180
) 80 (
2
1
20
2
2
2
2
=
(
(
(
(
\
|
+
=

71
25. (a)

2
.
y = cot 2x + 1 is a periodic function with period
2
.
(b) From the graph, y = cot 2x + 1 does not have
maximum or minimum values. Thus, the range is
< cot 2x + 1 < +.

26. (a)

y = cosec 2x 1 is a periodic function with
period .
(b) From the graph, y = cosec 2x 1 does not have
any value in the interval (2, 0). Thus, the range is
< cosec 2x 1 2 or 0 cosec 2x 1 < +.

27.
2 sec
2
1
cos
2
1
cos 1
2
1
sin
cosec sin 2
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x
x x

Draw the straight line y = 2 on the graph of y = sec
2
x.

4
5
,
4
3
,
4

= x and
4
7
for 0 x 2.
The solutions of 2 sin x = cosec x for 0 x 2 are
4
5
,
4
3
,
4

= x or
4
7
.

28.
13
5
or 1 cot
0 ) 5 cot 13 )( 1 (cot
0 5 cot 8 cot 13
0 cosec 13 cot 8 18
2
2
=
= +
=
= +

or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 3.93
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 1.94
fig.), sig. 3 to (cor. rad 0.785 =

29.

2 2
2 2
sin 4 sin 28 9 4 sin 45 45
sin 4 sin 28 9 4 cos 45
sin 2 7 cos 45
7 cos 45 sin 2
sec 7 45 tan 2
+ =
+ =
=
= +
= +

(rejected) 2.85
or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 290 . 0
7
2
sin
0 ) 2 sin 7 (
0 4 sin 28 sin 49
2
2
=
=
=
= +

rad 0.290 =

30.
6
19
or
6
17
,
6
7
,
6
5
2
2
3
2 cos
3
2
2 sec
3
cosec 2 sec

=
=
=
=

12
19
or
12
17
,
12
7
,
12
5
=

31. (a)
2 2 2
) 2 ( 4 4 y x y xy x + = + +

(b)
L.H.S.
4 cos sin 4 sin 3
3 sin cos cos sin 4 sin 3
3 cos cos sin 4 sin 4 R.H.S.
2
2 2 2
2 2
=
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + + =

3 cos cos sin 4
sin 4 4 cos sin 4 sin 3
2
2 2
+ +
+ = + +

(c)
3 ) cos sin (2
3 cos cos sin 4 sin 4
4 cos sin 4 sin 3 ) (
2
2 2
2
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + =

f

If f() attains its minimum value, (2 sin + cos )
2

attain minimum value.
i.e. 0 ) cos sin (2
2
= +
72
cm tan 4 r
OP OC
=
=

fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 82 . 5
or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. 68 . 2
2
1
tan
=
=

Minimum value of 3 ) ( = f

32. (a)
2
1
2
2
1
tan
tan 2
tan 1
tan
cos sin 2
sin cos
2
2
2
2 2
+ =
=
t
t
t
t
y

(b) (i)
3
4 1
2
2
1
2
2 tan
cos sin 2
sin cos
2
2
2
2 2
=
=
= +
=
t
t
t

The equation has 2 tan
cos sin 2
sin cos
2 2
=

no solutions.

(ii)

2 or , 0
0 tan
0
0
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
tan
cos sin 2
sin cos
1 tan
cos sin
sin cos
cos sin tan ) sin (cos
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
=
=
=
=
= +
=
=
t
t
t

The equation
cos sin tan ) sin (cos
2 2
=
has 3 solutions.

33. (a)
1
cosec sin
=
= n

(b)
4 cosec sin
4 ) cosec (sin
cosec sin 4 ) cosec (sin ) cosec (sin
cosec sin
2
2 2
2 2
=
=
+ =
= +
m
m
m

(c)
=
= +
) 2 ......( 4 cosec sin
) 1 ......( cosec sin
2
m
m

(1) + (2) :
2
4
sin
2
+
=
m m

(d) If m = 3,

2
4 3 3
sin
2
+
=

or fig.) sig. 3 to (cor. rad 53 . 3 =

34. (a)

(b) Area of trapezium ABCD

) tan
8
1
(tan 4
tan ) tan 4 tan 4 (
2
1
) (
2
1
2 2

+ =
+ + =
+ =
r
r r r r
OA BC AD

(c) Area of trapezium ABCD = 64 cm
2

) tan
8
1
)(tan 4(4 64
2 2
+ =

(rejected)
16
257 1
or
16
257 1
tan
0 8 tan tan 8
2

+
=
= +

754 . 0 = (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

4 More About Trigonometric Functions (I) : OAD, We Have

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NSS Mathematics in Action Module 2 Vol.

(b) Let r be the length of OP. Then, 13 3 ) 2 (

Exercise 4C (p. 4.37)

16. Draw the straight line y = 2 on the graph of

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