CHAPTER 16: DIGESTION 1. Name the organs of the digestive system.

Distinguish between the organs of the tube and the accessory organs. Tube Organs o Oral cavity, teeth, tongue o Pharynx o Esophagus o Stomach o Large intestine o Small intestine Accessory Organs o Salivary glands o Liver o Gall bladder o Pancreas Tube organs make up the digestive tract to digest food while the accessory organs help digest food.

a. Trace the route of food from the mouth to the anus, naming each organ that food passes through. Oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine anus

2. Name the four accessory organs of the digestive system and the substances they produce and/or contribute to the digestive process. Salivary glands- they secrete fluid containing enzymes to break down carbohydrates Liver- It secretes bile, stores nutrients, and performs many other vital functions Gallbladder- It stores and concentrates bile Pancreas- Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

3. Describe the nature and functions of saliva. What enzyme is present in it? Saliva is an acidic, watery secretion that produces mucus, which lubricates the bolus to make swallowing easier. Saliva also cleans oral cavity structures. The enzyme salivary amylase, which catalyzes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates, is present. Saliva uses lysosome and antibodies to inhibit bacterial growth. Saliva also dissolves food molecules to allow taste.

4. What is the function of the epiglottis? Where is it located? The epiglottis, attached to the dorsal and superior surface of the thyroid cartilage, folds over the larynx during swallowing. 5. Describe, in detail the epithelium of the stomach, including the types of cells and their secretions. The stomach contains simple columnar epithelium dominated by mucous cells. 5a. Distinguish between pepsinogen and pepsin. Pepsinogen is a protein that chief cells secret into the stomach lumen. Pepsin, a protein- digesting enzyme, is converted from a pepsinogen when hydrochloric acid is released by parietal cells. 6. What is the function of the acid secreted by the stomach? What produces it? 7. Describe the anatomy of the small intestine, including the names of each section and the structure of the lining. 8. What do the plicae and the millions of villi do to the surface area of the small intestine? 9. Discuss absorption of monomers by the villi, including the lacteals. 10. Describe the anatomy of the large intestine (colon). What are the common bacterial inhabitants, and how do they benefit us? What is absorbed in the large intestine? What leaves the large intestine by way of the anus?