Chemistry 9

Ch: 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

1
Q.1: What is Science?

Fundamentals of Chemistry Book Short Questions

Ans: Science is the classified knowledge of facts gained through observations, generalizations, correlations and experimentations. Q.2: Define Chemistry? Ans: The branch of science which deals with the study of matter, its composition and structure, changes in matter and laws and principles which govern these changes. Q.3: Define Matter? Give examples? Ans: Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter. The examples of matter are air, gases, solutions of salts, etc. Q.4: Define Physical Chemistry? Ans: It deals with the relationship between the composition and physical properties of matter along with the changes in them. The properties such as structure of atom or formation of molecules, behavior of gases, liquids and solids etc. are studied under this branch. Q.5: Differentiate between Organic and Inorganic Chemistry? Ans: Organic Chemistry: It is the study of covalent compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. Inorganic Chemistry: It is the study of all elements and their compounds except hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Q.6: Define Analytical Chemistry? Ans: It deals with the separation and analysis of a sample to identify its components. The separation is carried out prior to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Q.7: Define Industrial Chemistry? Ans: It is the branch of chemistry which is related to industrial processes. In other words, the study of properties, uses and their techniques of preparation of industrial products on large scale are studied in industrial chemistry. Q.8: Define Environmental Chemistry? Ans: It is the branch of chemistry which deals with the chemicals and other pollutants in the environment resulting directly and indirectly from human activities. Q.9: Define Nuclear Chemistry? Ans: It is the branch of chemistry which deals with the radioactivity, nuclear processes and properties. The main concern of this branch is with the energy of the atom and its uses in daily life. Q.10: Define Bio-chemistry?

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Ans: It deals with the study of structure, composition and chemical reactions of substances found in living organisms. Q.11: What is the modern definition of Element? Give examples? Ans: Modern definition of element is that it is a substance made up of same type of atoms, having same atomic number and it cannot be decomposed into simpler substance by chemical means. Examples: hydrogen (H2), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu) etc. Q.12: Define Compound? Give examples? Ans: The substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined together in fixed ratio by mass Examples: hydrogen chloride (HCl), glucose (C6H12O6), etc. Q.13: Define Mixture? Give examples? Ans: When two or more elements or compounds mix-up physically without any fixed ratio, they form a mixture. For example, Air, Ice cream, etc. Q.14: How does homogeneous mixture differ from heterogeneous mixture? Ans: Homogeneous Mixture: The mixture which is clearly uniform throughout and in which particles of substances are evenly distributed into each other is called homogeneous mixture, e.g. air, ice cream. Heterogeneous Mixture: The mixture which is not uniform at all in its composition is called heterogeneous mixture, e.g. soil. Q.15: Define Substance? Give examples? Ans: A piece of matter in pure form is called as Substance. Every substance have fixed composition and fixed properties. All elements and compounds are substances. For example, carbon, water and alcohol are pure substances. Q.16: Differentiate between physical and chemical properties? Ans: The properties which are associated with the physical state of matter are called physical properties, like colour, taste smell etc. The properties which are associated with composition of matter when a substance undergoes a chemical change are called chemical properties. Q.17: Define Atomic Number? Give examples? Ans: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number. It is represented by Z. In a neutral atom; Atomic No. of an atom Z No of protons No of electrons For example, Atomic No. of hydrogen = 1, because it has only one proton. Q.18: Define Mass number? Give examples? Ans: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called mass number. It is also called Nucleon number. It is represented by A. In an neutral atom; Mass Number = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons A = Z + N For example, Mass number of hydrogen is 1, and for Oxygen is 16.

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We can find No. of neutrons, if we subtract Z (Atomic number) from A (Mass number). N = A -Z Q.19: Define Atomic Mass Unit ( amu) ? Ans: One atomic mass unit is of the mass of C12 atom. Its symbol is amu.

Q.20: Define Relative Atomic Mass? Ans: The average mass of atoms of that element as compared to as relative atomic mass. Its unit is amu. Q.21: Define Chemical Formula? Ans: A representation of the composition of a substance (element or molecule) using symbols is called Chemical Formula. OR The shorthand notation of a compound is called a Chemical Formula. For example Chemical formula of water is H2O. Q.22: Define Molecular Formula? Ans: The formula which represents the actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of the substance is called Molecular Formula. For example, Molecular Formula of water is H2O. Q.23: Define Empirical Formula? Ans: The formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio between atoms of each element present in one molecule of a substance is called Empirical Formula. For example, the molecular formula of Benzene is (C6H6) but its empirical formula is (CH). Q.24: What is the relation between Molecular Formula and Empirical Formula? Ans: The molecular formula and empirical formula are related as follows: Molecular Formula = ( Empirical Formula ) Where n is 1,2,3 and so on. Q.25: Define Molecule? Give examples? Ans: A molecule is the smallest particle of a covalent compound or an element which has an independent existence. A molecule may consist of a single or more atoms. Examples: ( H2 ) is the molecule of hydrogen, ( H2O ) is the molecule of water. Q.26: What is Formula Unit? Ans: The formula which shows the minimum (simplest) ratio between the ions of the ionic compound is called Formula Unit. For example Formula of Sodium Chloride is NaCl, which shows the simplest ratio between the ions of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl) ions. Q.27: Define Molecular Mass? Ans: The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of a molecular compound is called its molecular mass. It unit is amu. Jadeed Dastgir Ideal High School
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n

of the mass of C-12atom is known

Chemistry 9

Ch: 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Q.28: What is Formula Mass? Ans: The sum of the atomic mass of all the atoms present in the one formula unit of a substance is called Formula Mass. Ionic Compounds and network covalent compounds have formula units, so we use Formula Mass for these compounds. Such as Silica (SiO2) , Sodium Chloride (NaCl). It has formula mass 58.8 amu. Q.29: Define homoatomic molecule? Ans: A molecule consists of same type of atoms is called homoatomic molecule. Examples are H2, S8, Cl2 Q.30: Define hetroatomic molecule? Ans: A molecule consists of different types of atoms is called hetroatomic molecule. Examples: H2O, CO2 Q.31: Define monoatomic molecule? Ans: A molecule consists of only one atom is called monoatomic molecule. Examples: Inert gases, i.e. Helium (He), neon (Ne). Q.32: Define diatomic molecule? Ans: A molecule consists of two atoms is called diatomic molecule. Examples: H2, N2, HCl Q.33: Define triatomic molecule? Ans: a molecule consists of three atoms is called triatomic molecule. Examples: CO2, H2O Q.34: Define Cation or Positive Ion? Ans: An atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it is called Cation. When an atom loses electron it forms cation. Ao A 1e e.g. Na+, Ca2+, Al3+ neutral atom Cation

Q.35: Define Anion or Negative Ion? Ans: An atom or group of atoms having negative charge on it is called Anion. When an atom gains electron it forms anion. Ao 1e A neutral atom e.g. O , S , Cl Ans:
2 2 1

Anion

Q.36: What is Valency? It is combining capacity of an element with the other elements. It depends upon the number of electrons in the outermost shell. e.g. Sodium has one valance electron so its valency is 1. Q.37: What is molecular Ion? Ans: A molecule having positive or negative charge is called Molecular ion. It is also called a radical. When molecule loses or gains an electron it forms molecular ion. e.g. NH4+, NO31. Q.38: Define Free Radical? Jadeed Dastgir Ideal High School
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Ans:

Atoms or group of atoms possessing an odd (unpaired) electron. It is represented by putting a dot over the symbol of an element. Examples: Methyl free radical CH , Chlorine free radical Cl . 3

Q.39: Define Avogadros number? Or how mole is related to Avogadros number? Ans; The number of atoms, molecules, ions or formula units in an element, compound in one mole of substance is called Avogadros number. Its value is 6.02 1023. It is denoted by NA e.g One mole of O2 molecule = 32g = 6.02 1023 molecules One mole of NaCl formula unit = 58.5 g = 6.02 1023 formula units

Q.40: Define Mole? Ans: Mole is the amount (mass) of a substance that contains 6.02 1023 number of particles (atoms, ions, molecules or formula units). e.g One mole of O2 molecule = 32g = 6.02 1023 molecules One mole of NaCl formula unit = 58.5 g = 6.02 1023 formula units

Q.41: How many particles are there in one mole of a substance? Ans: 6.02 1023 particles.

Q.42 Define Gram Atomic Mass? Ans: The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called gram atomic mass or gram atom. It is also called a mole. e.g. 1 gram atom of hydrogen (H) = 1.008 grams = 1 mole of hydrogen Q.43 What is Gram Molecular Mass? Ans: The molecular mass of a molecular substance expressed in grams is known as gram molecular mass or gram molecule. It is also called a mole. e.g. 1 gram molecule of water (H2O) = 18.0 grams = 1 mole of water molecule.

Q.44 What is Gram Formula mass? Ans: The formula mass of an ionic compound is expressed in grams is known as gram formula mass or gram formula of substance. It is also called a mole. e.g 1 gram formula of NaCl = 58.8 grams = 1 mole of NaCl formula unit. Exercise Short Questions Q.1: Define Industrial and Analytical Chemistry? Ans: Industrial Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that deals with the manufacturing of chemical compounds on commercial scale. Analytical Chemistry: It deals with the separation and analysis of sample to identify its components. Q.2: Differentiate between Organic and Inorganic Chemistry?

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Chemistry 9

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Ans: Organic Chemistry: It is the study of covalent compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons) and their derivatives. Inorganic Chemistry: It is the study of all elements and their compounds except hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Q.3: Give the scope of Biochemistry? Ans: It covers all chemical process taking in living organisms, e.g. synthesis and metabolism of biomolecules, biological changes occurring during a disease. It aids the fields of medicine, food sciences and agriculture. Q.4: How does homogeneous mixture differ from heterogeneous mixture? Ans: Homogeneous Mixture: The mixture which is clearly uniform throughout and in which particles of substances are evenly distributed into each other is called homogeneous mixture, e.g. air, ice cream. Heterogeneous Mixture: The mixture which is not uniform at all in its composition is called heterogeneous mixture, e.g. soil. Q.5: What is the relative atomic mass? How it is related with gram? Ans: The average mass of the atoms of an element as compared to known as relative atomic mass. Its unit is amu. Relation: when atomic mass unit is expressed in grams, it is of the mass of C-12atom is

1 amu = 1.6610-24 g
Q.6: Define Empirical formula with example? Ans: The formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio between atoms of each element present in one molecule of a substance is called Empirical Formula. For example, the molecular formula of Benzene is (C6H6) but its empirical formula is (CH). Q.7: State three reasons why do you think air is mixture and water a compound? Ans: (i) In water, elements are chemically combined together in a fixed ratio by mass but in air does not have any fixed ratio. (ii) It has a chemical formula H2O and air does not have any chemical formula. (iii) It has a fixed boiling point, 100 C0 and air does not have any fixed boiling point. Q.8: Explain why are hydrogen and oxygen considered elements and water is a compound? Ans: Hydrogen and Oxygen both are elements because they cannot be broken down into simple units, Whereas, Water is a compound as it is decomposable into simple units, hydrogen and oxygen. Q.9: What is the significance of the symbol of an element? Ans: It is shorthand notation to express an element. These abbreviations are helpful to show how a chemical change is undergoing producing new compounds. Q.10: State the reasons: Soft drink is a mixture and water is a compound. Ans: Soft drink is a mixture of carbonated water, sugar and flavor which retain their properties. Water is formed by chemical combination of oxygen and hydrogen, which lose their properties, water has its own properites. Components of soft drink can be saperated by physical menas whereas components of water cannot be saperated by physical means. Jadeed Dastgir Ideal High School
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Q.11: Classify the following into elements, compound and mixture: (i) He and H2 (ii) CO and Co (iii) Water and Milk (iv) Gold and Brass (v) Iron and Steel Ans: (i) He is an element and H2 is a compound. (ii) CO is a compound and Co is an element. (iii) Water is a compound and Milk is a mixture. (iv) Gold is an element and Brass is a mixture. (v) Iron is an element and Steel is a mixture. Q.12: Define Atomic Mass Unit (amu)? Why is it needed? Ans: The mass equal to of the mass of C12 atom is called Atomic Mass Unit. Its symbol is amu. Atom is very tiny particle and at this level, gram is not suitable. There was a need of a separate unit for this purpose, so amu was formulated. Q.13: State the nature and name of the substance formed by combining the following?
i. Zinc + Copper ii. Water + Sugar iii. Aluminum + Sulphur iv. Iron+Chromium+nickel

Ans: i. zinc + copper Brass (mixture) ii. water + sugar Sugar solution (mixture) iii. Aluminum + Sulphur Aluminum Sulphate (compound) iv. Iron + Chromium + Nickel Nichrome (mixture) Q.14: Differentiate between molecular mass and formula mass, which of the following will be molecular formula? H2O , NaCl , KI , H2SO4 Ans: The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms present in one molecule of a molecular compound is called its molecular mass. H2O and H2SO4 have molecular mass. The sum of the atomic mass of all the atoms present in the one formula unit of a substance is called formula mass. NaCl and KI have formula mass because these are ionic compounds. Q.15: Which one has more atoms: 10 g of Al or 10 g of Fe? Ans: 10 g of Al has more atoms than 10 g of Fe. 10 10 g of Al has moles = = 0.37 mol 27 10 10 g of Fe has moles = = 0.17 mol 56 Now, no. of atoms = no. of moles NA no. of atoms in Al = 0.37 6.02 1023 = 2.22 1023 atoms no. of atoms in Fe = 0.178 6.021023 = 1.07 1023 atom Q.16: Which one has more molecules: 9 gram of water or 9 g of sugar (C11H22O11)? Ans: 9 g of water has more molecule than 9 g of suger. 9 9 g of water has moles = = 0.5 mol 18 9 9 g of suger has moles = = 0.0263 mol 342 Now, no. of molecules = no. of moles NA Jadeed Dastgir Ideal High School
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mole-mass calculations no. of moles = known mass

molar mass

mole- particle calculations number of particles no. of moles = NA

Chemistry 9

Ch: 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

no. of molecules in water = 0.5 6.02 1023 = 3.011023 molecules no. of moleucles in suger = 0.0263 6.02 1023 = 0.1581023 = 1.581022 molecules Q.17: Which one has more formula units: 1 g of NaCl of 1g of KCl? Ans: 1 g of NaCl has more formula units than 1g of KCl. 1 g of NaCl has moles = 1 g of KCl has moles = Now,
1 = 0.017 mol 58.5 1 = 0.0134 mol 74.5

no. of formula units = no. of moles NA = 0.0134 6.02 1023 = 0.0801023 = 0.081022 formula units

no. of formula units in NaCl = 0.017 6.02 1023 = 0.1021023 = 1.021022 formula units no. of formula units in KCl

Q.18: Differentiate between homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules with examples? Ans: A molecule consists of same type of atoms is called homoatomic molecule. Examples: H2, S8, Cl2 A molecule consists of different types of atoms is called hetroatomic molecule. Examples: H2O, CO2

Q.19: In which of the following cases the number of hydrogen atoms is more: 2 moles of HCl or 1 mole of NH3 ? Ans: 1 mole of NH3 contains more number of hydrogen atoms than 2 moles of HCl. 2 moles of HCl has moles of hydrogen = 2 moles 1 moles of NH3 has moles of hydrogen = 3 moles Now, no. of atoms = no. of moles NA

number of atoms of hydrogen in HCl = 2 6.02 1023 = 12.04 1023 = 1.20 1024 atoms number of atoms of hydrogen in NH3 = 3 6.02 1023 = 18.061023 = 1.801024 atoms

Remember The term Molecule is always used for covalent compounds and term Formula unit is used for Ionic compounds. The term Molecular mass is always used for covalent compound and term Formula mass is used for Ionic compounds.

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