COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon INFORMATION SHEET Data Processing is an organized procedure of accessing and updating records in computers.

Data is raw facts, numbers, letters, or symbols that the computer processes into meaningful information. It is collected and used for computation, analyzed that it attains its real value. It is processed to produce accurate records, of the companys expenditures, personnel wages, and other expenses. Examples of data: sales reports, inventory figures, test scores, customers names, addresses, weather reports. Data may be numerical or non-numerical.

Categories of Data Processing are: Manual, Mechanical or Electronic Data Processing. Data Processing Cycle regardless of data processed or kind of device or equipment used includes the three basic steps: input, processing, and output. Input is refers to enter data into computer, using input devices such as keyboard and mouse, that gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. Input medium is used to record input such as cards, tapes, disks and so on. Processing is the manipulation of data using a systematic series of actions or basic data processing operations. Data Processing Operations includes: recording, verifying, duplicating, classifying, sorting, calculating, summarizing and reporting, merging, storing, retrieving, feedback. Output is the result produced by the computer (examples: reports, graphs, and music). It is displays, prints, or transmits the result from the computer using output devices such as monitor or printers.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS History studies are extremely useful in evaluating that impact and understanding the process of change leads to even more advanced technologies. Classification of Computing Devices are as follows: manual-mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic. Manual-mechanical devices are simply mechanism powered by hand, abacus and slide rule are examples. Electromechanical is powered by an electric motor and used switches and relays Electronic devices such as modern digital computers, has its principal component known as its circuit boards, transistors, or silicon chips and the like.

LAB: Using Internet, search images of the following computing devices and explains its functions and some details on the inventions, listed below: Abacus is the first manual data processing which was developed in China in the 12th century A.D.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon

Napiers Bones developed by John Napier a Scottish mathematician who became famous for his invention of logarithms. Oughtreds Slide Rule is invented by an English mathematician William Oughtred. Pascals Calculator is developed by Blaised Pascal a French mathematicians and experimental physicist who was one of the first modern scientists to develop and build calculator. Leibnizs Calculator is developed by Gottfried Leibniz in 17th century. Babbages Analytical and Difference Engine is developed by Charles Babbage, an Englishman, and considered the father of modern computer in 19th century. Holleriths Punch-Card Machine is developed by Herman Hollerith, a statistician with the Bureau of the Census in 1880s. EARLY DEVELOPMENTS IN EARLY DATA PROCESSING All the early machines were single-purpose devices, except for Babbages Analytical Engine. The major innovation of the first modern-age machines was its capability to perform automatically a long sequence of varied arithmetical and logical operations. World War II is a fertile period for technological inventions according to historians and the development of general-purpose computers. Beginning in 1937, Howard Aiken set out to build an automatic calculating machine that combines established technology with the punched card of Hollerith which known to be the MARK I digital computer. MARK I is the first digital computer built as a secret wartime project between 1939 and 1946 at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering. This machine used vacuum tubes, was called the ENIAC or Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator computer. The following war, work began on the EDVAC or Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, a computer which worked on the stored-program concept. Since, 1940s several generations of computers have continuously evolved. From first generation to fourth generation, the trend has been to produces more powerful, less expensive, smaller, and more reliable computers. In computer industry, the word Generation is used as a term of general characterization rather than absolute distinction. The major developments in electronic data processing are: GENERATION First Generation (1951-1959) INNOVATIONS Vacuum tubes in place of relays as a means of storing data in memory and the use of the stored-program concepts. Punch card systems and calculators almost obsolete Wire board was replaced by computer programs written in a new language for processing.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon

Second Generation (1959-1964) -

Solid-State components (transistors and diodes) and magnetic core storage formed. Computers became smaller in size, faster and more reliable and much greater processing capacity. Built-in error detecting devices were installed in the computer. Accessories such as card readers and printers were being developed. Microsecond sec is the standard unit of measurement on computers accessing speed.

Third Generation (1965-1970) -

Integrated advances.

solid-state

circuitry,

improved

secondary

storage devices, and new I/O devices were important

The new circuitry increased the computer speed by a factor of about 10,000 over first generation. Arithmetic and logical operations are performed in sec and nanosec. Remote terminals were developed to disperse users to communicate with central computer.

Fourth Generation (1970-present) - microelectronics were the major innovation. Computer technology such as: multiprocessing, time-sharing, OS

multiprogramming,

miniaturization,

speed, and virtual storage. Advance I/O devices were employed such as optical readers, audio response terminals, and graphic display terminals.

THE COMPUTER A Computer is an electronic system designed to manipulate data. They are machines for storing, moving, adding and subtracting, and evaluating data. Computer is a machine that performs tasks, such mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions called a program.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon

FOUR BASIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTER In common: input, processing, storage and output.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER BY PURPOSE General-Purpose is design to perform variety of operations. Special-Purpose is design to perform a specific jobs or functions.

THREE TYPES OF COMPUTERS Analog Computers are used for measuring like electric current and voltage levels and hydraulic pressure for example. These are fast but not accurate since variables are changing and they can only give estimates of the result. Digital Computers perform calculations and provide an accurate result. Hybrid is a mix of analog and digital computer.

THREE DISTINCT CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Speed is refers to processing speed of computer essential that provides us a quick service that we have to expect. Reliability means computers are extremely reliable. Some stories, tells it encounters computer errors, but most errors made by computer are really human errors. Storage Capability of computer systems can store tremendous amount of data, which can be located and retrieved efficiently.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon

BASIC CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER Do repetitive works computers will not stop as long as it is connected to a power source. Operate at very high speeds computers will compute that takes a several seconds. Compute accurately computers will never make mistakes, except there are errors in the program itself. Do logical instructions computers will obey instructions strictly, and will stick to the program given it no matter what.

AREAS OF COMPUTER USE are:

Education, Graphics, Retailing, Energy, Law Enforcement,

Transportation, Money, Agriculture, Government, Homes, Health and Medicine, Robotics, Human connection, Sciences, Connectivity, Training, Paperwork and many more.

THREE IMPORTANT PARTS OF COMPUTER 1. Hardware refers to physical aspect of computer. FOUR CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE Input Devices used to instruct the computer of activity to perform. Processing Devices is where instructions are processed Output Devices is where the result is processing proceeds to Storage Units is where computer programs and files are stored. 2. Software is refers to computer programs installed in the computer. The software performs a variety of functions like file maintenance, word processing, entertainment, etc. 3. Peopleware is refers to the users of computers.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon HOW DOES COMPUTER WORKS

COMPUTER CATEGORIES Categorizing computers is a way of grouping them according to criteria such as usage, cost, size, and capability. Knowing how a computer has been categorized provides an indication of its best potential use. To reflect todays computer technology, below is the appropriate: Personal Computers Handheld Computers Workstations Videogame Consoles Mainframes, Supercomputer, and Servers

LAB:

Use a search engine and search for images and latest previews on this computer

technology advances. Make a PowerPoint presentation focuses on this topics.

FOCUS ON PERSONAL COMPUTER Personal Computer (PCs) or Computer Systems usually includes the following equipments, listed and define below.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon

Fig. 1-1 A Typical Personal Computer or PC (Tower Casing)

THE SYSTEM UNIT

System Unit is the most complicated part of a PC. It houses the actual computing power of the
system, provides connections to all the peripherals, and holds the disk drives where you insert removable storage media such as CDs and floppy disks. Port is a generic term for connection points.

Keyboard port

Power input Mouse port

USB ports Serial ports

Parallel port

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon

Fig. 1-2 A Typical System Unit ( Rear View )

Power Input -is where you plug in the PCs electrical power cord. Keyboard port this special dedicated port is just for the keyboard. Mouse port - this dedicated port is just for the mouse. USB ports universal serial bus (USB) ports are general-purpose connectors found on newer PCs. The more unusual the peripheral, the more likely it will use USB port. Serial ports these 9-pin connectors is one of the oldest and most universal port found in the back of a PC. Before the introduction of USB in the mid 1990s, serial ports where heavily used. Parallel port virtually as old as the serial port, the 25pin parallel port has been updated a number of times over the ye3ars. Despite the growing prominence of USB, parallel ports remain a popular means for connecting printers.

Video port this unique three-row, 15-pin connector is where the monitor connects to the system unit. Audio ports these are used to connect speakers, microphones, and other audio devices.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon

Game port also known as a joystick port, this 15-pin connector can be used both for joysticks and for MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) musical devices. Modem port this looks like a telephone jack, and for a good reason thats whats it is. Modem enables your computer to communicate with other computers via telephone line. Notice that there are two connectors. One is an IN jack, and the other is an OUT jack, which you can use to plug in a telephone. Network interface the network interface is normally called just that, and not a port. It is sometimes referred to as an Ethernet connector. It connects your PC to other PCs in a Local Area Network.

CABLE CONNECTIONS DB-9

DB-9 is a standard connection for a COM cable (serial cable). Contains 9 pins.

DB-25
DB-25 is the other standard connection for Serial cables. Serial communications only use 9 of the available 25 pins.

Parallel (IEEE 1284)

A 25 pin connector on the computer side and a 36 pin connector on the printer side. Most printers are moving to a standard Ethernet or USB connection.

RJ-11
RJ-11 is a standard telephone type connection. It is 4 or 6 wire and some networking equipment has used RJ-11, though RJ-45 is more common.

RJ-45
RJ-45 is the most popular network cable/connection type. RJ-45 is similar to the RJ-11 type connector, though it has 8 wires.

BNC
BNC is a type of network connection most commonly used in 10 Base 2 networks. BNC is primarily used with a coaxial cable.

PS2/MINI-DIN
PS2 is a standard developed by IBM for keyboards, mice, and input devices. Uses a DIN connection with 6 pins.

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon 10

USB
Universal Serial Bus, or USB, is the new standard for peripheral connection to PCs. USB devices range from scanners to printers to storage devices. Supports data transfer up to 12 mbps and each port can support up to 127 devices.

IEEE 1394
IEEE 1394 is the standard for what is commonly referred to as Firewire. Apple Computer coined the term when they began adding Firewire ports to their Macintosh computers. MORE IEEE 1394, or Firewire, is a high speed connector for data intensive applications such as video editing or external storage devices.

BASIC INTERNAL PARTS OF SYSTEM UNIT

Power Supply

CD-ROM or DVD-ROM Drive Hard drive Floppy Drive Port Drive Bay Expansion Card Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Expansion Slot

System Board

Random Access Memory (RAM)

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS by Lornilo S. Alimpuangon 11

F F FIG 1-3 Basic Internal Parts of a System Unit