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Related names: - 3.9G,Super 3G,HSOPA(Evolution of HSDPA/HSUPA with OFDM) - These terms are not standard, and may fade out soon.
LTE Core Network name: - It is called SAE (System Architecture Evolution). - It refers to the evolved core network.
99
Basic 3.84 Mcps W-CDMA (FDD & TDD) 1.28 Mcps TDD (aka TD-SCDMA) (LCR) HSDPA
Rel-6
Rel-7
2007
2008+
HSUPA (E-DCH)
HSPA+ (64QAM DL, MIMO, 16QAM UL). Many smaller features plus LTE & SAE Study items LTE Work item OFDMA air interface SAE Work item New IP core network Edge Evolution, more HSPA+ LTE Evolved MBMS, IMT-Advanced (4G)
Rel-8
09
Rel-9
Page 3
GSM
IS-136 TDMA
PDC
802.11b 802.11a
2.5G
HSCSD
GPRS
iMode
3G
cdma2000
W-CDMA FDD
3.5G
1xEV-DO Release 0
3.9G
UMB
HSPA+
WiBRO
4G
802.16m ?
Page 4
LTE in context
5 major new 3.9G wireless technologies
3GPP LTE 3GPP HSPA+ 3GPP Edge Evolution 3GPP2 UMB (similar to 802.20) IEEE WiMAX (802.16e / WiBRO) EDGE Evolution UMB cf 802.20 LTE E-UTRA HSPA+
3.9G Goals
Mobile WiMAXTM
802.16e
Spectral efficiency Highest single user data rates Less robust higher order modulation schemes and multi-antenna technology ranging from basic Tx and Rx diversity through to full MIMO
3.9G Techniques:
HSPA+ and EDGE Evolution are natural extensions to existing technologies LTE, UMB and WiMAX are new OFDM systems with no technical precedent other than the early implementation of WiBRO which is now a WiMAX profile.
GCF certification
Commercial release?
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Page 6
LTE at a glance
Page 7
UE categories
UE Category 1 2 3 4 5 Max downlink data rate 10 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 300 Mbps Number of DL Modulation of Max uplink data Modulation transmit data DL rate of UL streams 1 2 2 2 4 QPSK 16QAM 64QAM 5 Mbps 25 Mbps 50 Mbps 50 Mbps 75 Mbps QPSK 16QAM 64QAM QPSK 16QAM 20M RF Bandwidth
Page 8
Operating Band
DOCOMO
TX/RX Spacing
EARFCN
Channel Raster : 100k Hz
3GPP TS 36.300
PCRF
Rx+
UTRAN
IMS - IP multimedia subsystem Inter AS anchor Inter access system anchor MME - Mobility management entity Op. IP Serv. Operator IP service PCRF - Policy and charging rule control function UPE - User plane entity
HSS
S5b
3GPP Anchor
IASA
S6
SAE Anchor
Evolved RAN
S1
MME UPE
SGi
S2
S2
OFDM advantages
Wide channels are more resistant to fading and OFDM equalizers are much simpler to implement than CDMA Almost completely resistant to multi-path due to very long symbols Ideally suited to MIMO due to easy matching of transmit signals to the uncorrelated RF channels
OFDM disadvantages
Sensitive to frequency errors and phase noise due to close subcarrier spacing Sensitive to Doppler shift which creates interference between subcarriers Pure OFDM creates high PAR which is why SC-FDMA is used on UL More complex than CDMA for handling inter-cell interference at cell edge
OFDM
Transmission variable up to system bandwidth Symbol period is long defined by subcarrier spacing and independent of system bandwidth Users separated by FDMA & TDMA on the subcarriers
Next sub-carrier
Closely spaced carriers overlap Nulls in each carriers spectrum land at the center of all other carriers for Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
Tu=66.7us f=1/Tu=15kHz
Closely spaced carriers overlap Nulls in each carriers spectrum land at the center of all other carriers for Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
Page 18 Group/Prese
User 3
Symbols (Time)
Frequency domain
Time domain
DFT
N TX symbols
IFFT
CP insertion
Size - N TX
Size - N FFT
OFDM modulation
QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers
Each of N subcarriers is encoded with one QPSK symbol
-1,1 Q 1,1
-1,-1
1,-1
The amplitude of the combined 4 carrier signal varies widely depending on the symbol data being transmitted
With many subcarriers the waveform becomes Gaussian not sinusoidal Null created by transmitting 1,1 -1,-1 -1,1 1,-1
SC-FDMA modulation
QPSK example using N=4 subcarriers
To transmit the sequence:
V(I)
1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1
1,-1
-1,1
V(Q)
1,1
I
+1
+1
using SC-FDMA first create a time domain representation of the IQ baseband sequence Perform a DFT of length N and sample rate N/(symbol period) to create N FFT bins spaced by 15 kHz
-1
-1,-1
V,
1,-1
Frequency
Shift the N subcarriers to the desired allocation within the system bandwidth
-1,1 1,1
Frequency
Perform IFFT to create time domain signal of the frequency shifted original
Important Note:
-1,-1
1,-1
CP
CP
fc
Frequency 15 kHz
fc
60 kHz
Frequency
OFDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for one OFDMA symbol period
SC-FDMA
Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for 1/N SC-FDMA symbol periods
These graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1
#0
#1
#2
#3
#18
#19
FDD: Uplink and downlink are transmitted separately Ts = 1 / (15000x2048)=32.552nsec Ts: Time clock unit for definitions
30720Ts
Subframe #2
Subframe #3
Subframe #4
Subframe #5
Subframe #7
Subframe #8
Subframe #9
UpPTS
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
Uplink and downlink configurations TDD: Subframe 0 and 5 for downlink, others are either downlink or uplink
Uplink-downlink configuration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Downlink-to-Uplink Switch-point periodicity 5 ms 5 ms 5 ms 10 ms 10 ms 10 ms 5 ms 0 D D D D D D D 1 S S S S S S S Subframe number 2 U U U U U U U 3 U U D U U D U 4 U D D U D D U 5 D D D D D D D 6 S S S D D D S 7 U U U D D D U 8 U U D D D D U 9 U D D D D D D
Problem: If transmitted symbol interval = receiver capture time the system even a little delay spread causes problem.
Solution: extend the symbol interval time..
Cyclic Prefix Each and every symbol has a guard time at the beginning of the symbol
which allows the receiver to collect multipath from the previous symbol Tb = useful symbol time. Contains all the information of the burst and is created from the 256 Inverse-FFT
Tu
The complete symbol is created in the time domain by duplicating the back portion of the useful symbol and transmitting this first. By duplicating this portion of the time record, this portion of the waveform is effectively transmitted twice. Ts=Tu + Tcp this is a ready to transmit symbol
CP Tcp
Ts Tu
The cyclic-prefix length Tcp should cover the maximum length of the timedispersion expected to be experienced.
1,Cyclic-prefix insertion makes an OFDM signal insensitive to time dispersion as long as the span of the time dispersion. 2,More power loss in demodulation since only a fraction Tu/(Tu + Tcp) of receiver power is actually utilized by OFDM demodulator.
You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
#5 #4 #3 #2 #1 #0 Power
The minimum allocation of resources is one Resource Block = 12 adjacent subcarriers for one 0.5ms slot
NBWRB subcarriers (=12)
1.4 6
3 15
5 25
10 50
15 75
20 100
3GPP TS 36.101
Uplink Feature
-Physical channelUplink Physical Layer PUSCH Demodulation reference signal for PUSCH PUCCH Demodulation reference signal for PUCCH PRACH Capability
Carries data with QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM Localized/Distributed (Hopping) is possible qth Zadoff-Chu sequence Group (u) /Sequence (v) Hopping, Cyclic shift change by DCI, Broadcast value and PRS Carries ACK/NACK, CQI with BPSK, QPSK or BPSK+QPSK by Format 1,1a,1b,2,2a,2b qth Zadoff-Chu sequence Group (u) /Sequence (v) Hopping Cyclic shift change at every slot and symbol uth Zadoff-Chu sequence 1.25kHz subcarrier spacing Format 0 ~ 3 (FDD), Format 4 (TDD) Used for UL timing adjustment Allocated at first or last symbol Cyclic shift change by higher layer
Cyclic Prefix
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0
1 2 3 4 5 1 6
2 3 4 5 6
PCFICH/PHICH/PDCCH
Subframe 0
Subframe 1
1 frame
13 Aug 2007
1slot = 15360
144 2048 (x Ts)
1 slot
Cyclic Prefix
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 sub-frame
=2 slots =1 ms
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
1 frame
=10 sub-frames =10 ms
Agilent Confidential
Page 39 Group/Prese
13 Aug 2007
Note 1: When no PUCCH or PUSCH is scheduled in the uplink, the eNB can request transmission of the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), which allows the eNB to estimate the uplink channel characteristics
Note 2: PRACH and SRS not shown for clarity
The S-TMSI (SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) is replacing TMSI & P-TMSI in 2G & 3G networks
RA-RNTI (Random Access Radio Network Temporary Identifier) - is used during the some transient states.
You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
Page 42
Receive Antennas
Transmit Antennas
Receive Antennas
SISO
Single Input Single Output
SIMO
MISO
MIMO
MIMO principles
Transmitting multiple data streams in the same space and time used to be called interference! So how does MIMO work?
1. 2. 3. MIMO capacity gains come from taking advantage of spatial diversity in the radio channel Depending on channel conditions and noise levels, the rank (number of simultaneous streams) can be varied The performance can be optimized using precoding
These three MIMO principles can seem complex to understand particularly abstract mathematical descriptions But we intuitively already know these MIMO principles in the way they apply to our perception of audio
You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
SISO
SIMO
MISO
Note, the combination of SIMO and MISO further improves robustness but does not provide any MIMO capacity gain since there is only one stream of data
Page 45
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
Interference!
Interference!
Interference!
MIMO!
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
Page 47
Solution!
L + NL, R + NR Problem!
You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
Page 49
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
Page 50
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
Channel H R0 1 0
T0
T1
ch4
R1
By simple observation it follows that R0 = T0 and R1 = T1 This is one case that creates double the capacity But suppose we create a simple static channel like this: How do we know if it will provide capacity gain? This requires deeper analysis
Channel H
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
Page 51
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
T0
T1
Channel H R0
1
1
1
1
ch4
R1
R0 = T0 - T1 and R1 = T1 + T0 -1 1 thus T0 = (R0 + R1)/2 and T1 = -(R0 - R1)/2 The original signal is completely recovered even though the apparently unwanted ch2 and ch3 exist
Page 52
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
We can recover the original signal In fact any H matrix other than the unity matrix can be resolved PROVIDED there is no external or internal noise! So what kinds of channels are robust to noise?
Page 53
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
The RS transmits a known amplitude and phase at different subcarriers and times for each MIMO antenna from which the receiver can calculate the complex channel matrix H
Page 54
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
T0 = 1.15 (R0 + N0) + 0.39 (R1 + N1) T0 = 27.3 (R0 + N0) + 16.5 (R1 + N1)
Errors in T0 recovery happen due to estimation errors in the coefficients or large coefficients amplifying noise N0 and N1 It is possible to analyze the channel matrix H to determine the sensitivity to noise for signal recovery
Page 55
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
R0 = 0.8 T0 + 0.3 T1
R1 = -0.9 T1 + 0.2 T0
0.8 0.2
0.3 -0.9
The dB value of approximates the increase in SNR required to recover the signal
Page 56
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
MIMO needs better SNR than SISO High increases SNR requirements further
The extra SNR required to achieve the same recovered signal quality as SISO rises as the condition number rises
Page 57
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
0 dB
Page 58
Taking LTE MIMO from Standards to Starbucks Moray Rumney 10th June 2009
Reselection
E-UTRA RRC_IDLE
GSM_Idle/GPRS Packet_Idle
CONNECTED
Connection Establish/ release
eHRPD
2
3
Connection Establish/ release
LTE
IDLE
eHRPD
LTE 2G
Cell Re-selection
Serving eNB
eHRPD AN
S2a provides a data plane tunnel for forwarding IP data traffic S101 provides a control plane tunnel for establishing an eHRPD session
You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
Serving eNB
eHRPD AN
Initiate handover
eHRPD AN
Agilent is working in collaboration with Verizon to implement the LTE CDMA (eHRPD) Compliance (Performance) Test Plan
The plan is being implemented with Agilent IFT and operates with the E6621A PXT and 8960 The automated test package will enable Verizon to qualify LTE UE for use on their network Agilent will make the test scripts available to UE makers to pre-qualify UE before submission to Verizon During the development phase, Agilent is collaborating with UE vendors with leading InterRAT UE capability.
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 6 6.1 6.2 7 7.1 7.2 8 8.1 9 10 10.1
CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE CELL SELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE CELL RESELECTION WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT/HRPD DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION AND MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD AND PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT AVAILABLE A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON TARGET EHRPD AND NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH PREVIOUS SESSION ON SOURCE EHRPD WITH NO SAVED PARTIAL HSGW CONTEXT A13 NOT AVAILABLE RRC RELEASE WITH REDIRECTION NO MEASUREMENT GAPS SCHEDULED WITH NO PREVIOUS SESSION ON EHRPD LTE ACTIVE TO 1XRTT/HRPD IDLE CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST CELL SELECTION TO 1XRTT/HRPD DUE TO LTE SYSTEM LOST EHRPD DORMANT TO LTE IDLE MORE PREFERRED SYSTEM RESELECTION CELL RESELECTION HRPD/1XRTT DORMANT TO LTE IDLE MORE PREFERRED SYSTEM RESELECTION LTE DATA THROUGHPUT PERFORMANCE WITH INTERRAT OPERATIONS - FUTURE LTE SUPPLEMENTARY SIGNALING CONFORMANCE FOR LTE-CDMA INTERRAT CAPABLE DEVICES RRC UE FEATURE GROUP SUPPORT
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
LAN
Proprietary i/f
RF
USB
UE under test
network It will take time for all networks to support this For networks which do not support IMS several technologies are being considered, namely:-
CSFB (Circuit Switched Fall Back) SVLTE (Simultaneous Voice and Data LTE) VoLGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) VoLGA involves sending the CS data over an LTE PS bearer- this is not discussed further in this paper
SRVCC will be natural in 3GPP through IMS ,also named as Voice over LTE , VoLTE strongly supported by GSMA
1xCS WS
cdma Network LTE Network
S102
MME
1xCSFB UE S1-MME S102 E-UTRAN S1-U
S11 Serving/PD N GW
SGi
*CS Fallback to 1xRTT and IMS-Based services shall be able to co-exist in the same operators network You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
SVLTE
CDMA Voice CDMA BTS BSC/ MSC
CS Core Network
LTE Data
EUTRAN
MME
IP
UE
Broadcast neighbour cell info
Serving eNB
CDMA BTS
UTRAN
Lu-PS Gb
SGSN Gs
Lu-CS A S 3 MSC server
LTE/UMT S UE
Um
UMTS Network
LTE Network
GERAN
LTE/UMT S UE
LTE-Uu
EUTRAN
S1-MME MME
SGs
*CS Fallback and IMS-Based services shall be able to co-exist in the same operators network You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
GERAN/ UTRAN
Lu-CS/A
MSC server
Sv
Gb/Lu-PS
SGSN
S3
S6a
IM S HSS
MME
S1-MME
LTE/UMT S UE
LTE-Uu
EUTRAN
S1-U
SGi
Bearer path before HO Bearer path after HO SIP Signaling path before HO
You take LTE forward. Agilent leads the way
Thanks!
Page 81