Cyber-bullying has been defined as "when the Internet, cell phones or other devices are used to send or post

text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person". Other researchers use similar language to describe the phenomenon.

Cyber-bullying can be as simple as continuing to send e-mail to someone who has said they want no further contact with the sender, but it may also include threats, sexual remarks, pejorative labels (i.e., hate speech), ganging up on victims by making them the subject of ridicule in forums, and posting false statements as fact aimed at humiliation.

Cyber-bullies may disclose victims' personal data (e.g. real name, address, or workplace/schools) at websites or forums or may pose as the identity of a victim for the purpose of publishing material in their name that defames or ridicules them. Some cyber-bullies may also send threatening and harassing emails and instant messages to the victims, while other post rumors or gossip and instigate others to dislike and gang up on the target.

Kids report being mean to each other online beginning as young as 2nd grade. According to research, boys initiate mean online activity earlier than girls do. However, by middle school, girls are more likely to engage in cyber-bullying than boys do. Whether the bully is male or female, their purpose is to intentionally embarrass others, harass, intimidate, or make threats online to one another. This bullying occurs via email, text messaging, posts to blogs, and Web sites.

Though the use of sexual remarks and threats are sometimes present in cyberbullying, it is not the same as sexual harassment and does not necessarily involve sexual predators.

About 400 to 600 coping strategies have been identified. Classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not yet been agreed upon. Common distinctions are often been made between various contrasting strategies, for example: problem-focused versus emotion-focused; engagement versus disengagement; cognitive versus behavioural. The psychology textbook by Whiten has provided a useful summary of three broad types of coping strategies: Appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive) Problem-focused (adaptive behavioural) Emotion-focused. Appraisal-focused strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing denial, or distancing oneself from the problem. People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their goals and values, such as by seeing the humour in a situation: 'some have suggested that humour may play a greater role as a stress moderator among women than men'. People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their problem. They do this by finding out information on the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem. Problemfocused coping is aimed at changing the source of the stress. Emotion-focused strategies involve releasing pent-up emotions, distracting one, managing hostile feelings, meditating or using systematic relaxation procedures. Emotion-focused coping is oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stresses. Typically, people use a mixture of all three types of coping strategies, and coping skills will usually change over time. All these methods can prove useful, but some claim that those using problemfocused coping strategies will adjust better to life.[8] Problem-focused coping mechanisms may allow an individual greater perceived control over their problem, whereas emotion-focused coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in perceived control (maladaptive coping). Folk man and Lazarus identified six emotion-focused coping strategies: Disclaiming Escape-avoidance Accepting responsibility or blame Exercising self-control Seeking social support Positive reappraisal and two problem-focused coping strategies: 'taking action to try to get rid of the problem is a problem-focused strategy, but so is making a list of the steps to take'.

Losing someone or something you love is very painful. After a significant loss, you may experience all kinds of difficult and surprising emotions, such as shock, anger, and guilt. Sometimes it may feel like the sadness will never let up. While these feelings can be frightening and overwhelming, they are normal reactions to loss. Accepting them as part of the grieving process and allowing yourself to feel what you feel is necessary for healing. There is no right or wrong way to grieve but there are healthy ways to cope with the pain. You can get through it! Grief that is expressed and experienced has a potential for healing that eventually can strengthen and enrich life. Grief is a natural response to loss. Its the emotional suffering you feel when something or someone you love is taken away. You may associate grief with the death of a loved one and this type of loss does often cause the most intense grief. But any loss can cause grief, including: A relationship breakup Loss of health Losing a job Loss of financial stability A miscarriage Death of a pet Loss of a cherished dream A loved ones serious illness Loss of a friendship Loss of safety after a trauma The more significant the loss, the more intense the grief. However, even subtle losses can lead to grief. For example, you might experience grief after moving away from home, graduating from college, changing jobs, selling your family home, or retiring from a career you loved.