LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

Linux is a fast, stable, free open source, UNIX clone OS for PCs that was originally developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. LINUX is distributed freely under a GNU General Public License as specified by the free software foundation making it available to anyone who wants to use it. As an operating system Linux performs many of functions same as UNIX, Macintosh, Windows and Windows NT. The main difference about Linux operating system is that Linux is a free, including the network servers and GUI desktops. Linux is a multi-user, multitasking system, means you can ask several task at multithe same time and no. of users work at same time. Along with Linuxs operating system capabilities come powerful networking features, including support for internet, intranet, windows networking. Linux is distributed with fast, efficient and stable internet servers like web ,FTP,DNS servers.

Linux provides K Desktop environment (KDE) and the GNU network object model environment (Gnome), also it provides a completely integrated GUI surfaces. Linux has a full set of program development utilities, such as C++ compilers and debuggers.

WHY LINUX IS BETTER THAN OTHER OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Reduces the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome

When Linux is properly installed, there no longer a need to use the mouse. Chances of you using a mouse are close to zero.

2. Use the extra cash for rewards Linux is 100% free while Windows Vista Ultimate costs $398.99 at the time of writing. Companies that pay a licensing annually could have used the money for other things like buying an additional server to reduce the load or even give a bigger bonus to its loyal employees. employees. 3. Formats are free, freedom is preserved Linux file formats can be accessed in a variety of ways because they are free. Windows on the other hand makes you lock your own data in secret formats that can only be accessed with tools leased to you at the vendors price. What we will get with Microsoft is a three-year lease on a health record we threeneed to keep for 100 years 4. Zero risk in violating license agreements Linux is open source so you are unlikely to violate any license agreement. All the software is happily yours. 5. Transparent vs. Proprietary MS Windows is based on DOS, Linux is based on UNIX. MS Windows Graphical User Interface (GUI) is based on Microsoft-own marketing-driven Microsoftmarketingspecifications. Linux GUI is based on industry-standard network-transparent industrynetworkX-Windows.

6. Better network, processing capabilities

Linux beats Windows hands down on network features, as a development platform, in data processing capabilities, and as a scientific workstation.

7. Customizable
Linux is customizable in a way that Windows is not. For example, NASlite is a version of Linux that runs off a single floppy disk and converts an old computer into a file server. This ultra small edition of Linux is capable of networking, file sharing and being a web server.

8. Flexibility
Windows must boot from a primary partition. Linux can boot from either a primary partition or a logical partition inside an extended partition. Windows must boot from the first hard disk. Linux can boot from any hard disk in the computer.

9. Mobility
Windows allows programs to store user information (files and settings) anywhere. This makes it impossibly hard to backup user data files and settings and to switch to a new computer. In contrast, Linux stores all user data in the home directory making it much easier to migrate from an old computer to a new one. If home directories are segregated in their own partition, you can even upgrade from one version of Linux to another without having to migrate user data and settings.

10. Proven Security

Why isnt Linux affected by viruses? Simply because its code has been open source for more than a decade, tested by people all around the world, and not by a single development team like in the case of Windows. This leads to a lightning fast finding and fixing for exploitable holes in Linux. So that Linux as having an extremely enhanced security and lesser chances of exploits compared to Window

LINUX INSTALLATION & PARTITION

The installation screens are structured differently acc to the distribution you are installing. we have to follow no. of steps during installation of system. Firstly installer will ask you to set up and designate the Linux partitions you want to use on hard drive. Partition is of two types: 1. Root partition 2.swap partition Root partition: partition: The Root partition is where the Linux system & applications files are installed. If you are sharing a large hard drive with systems, such as windows, you can install the Linux root partition anywhere on the hard drive. Swap partition: partition: Expect for swap partition, when the settings up a Linux you must specify a mount point. A mountpoint is a directory where the files on that partition are connected to overall Linux file structures for your system. The mountpoint for your boot by a single slash /. The mountpoint for your boot partition is the path/boot. For a users, partition, it would be home.

BOOT LOADERS

Once yours partitions are prepared, you install a boot loader. You can choose either LILO (Linux loader) or GRUB (Grand unified boot loader). We use boot loader to start Linux from your hard drive. You can also use it to start any other operating system. You may have installed on your computer, like windows. You have two choices either installed from MBR (Master boot record) or root Partition. These loaders will help you for either choosing Linux or other operating system ,during starting a system

ARCHITECTURE OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

COMPONENTS
SHELL KERNELS APPLICATION

PROGRAMS

SHELL
Shell is a command line interface ,which consist of a prompt at which you type a command. It is of different types like Bourne shell, c shell, korne shell etc.

Kernel

Kernel is the core programs that runs the programs and manages hardware devices, such as disks and printers. shell receives command from the user and sends to the kernel for execution.

 APPLICATIN

PROGRAMS

Linux distributions typically come with several useful application programs as standard. Examples include the emacs editor, xv (an image viewer), gcc (a C compiler), g++ (a C++ compiler), xfig (a drawing package), latex (a powerful typesetting language) and soffice (StarOffice, which is an MS-Office style clone that can read and write Word, Excel and PowerPoint files).

DIAGRAM

LINUX COMMANDS
Command Description DOSequivalent

ls cd cd.. mkdir rmdir Cp Mv Rm Passwd cat More

lists the content of a directory change directory parent directory creates a new directory eliminates a directory copy a file Moves a file Remove a file Change the users password Display the files contents Displays the files contents with pauses

dir cd cd.. md deltree Copy, xcopy move del type Type!more

lpr traceroute ftp [machine] [port] Get Put quit talk mesg

Prints the requested file Traces the root b/w local and distant machine transfers the file between the local machine and the target machine Recovers a file Sends a file Quit the ftp session Talk user authorized or rejects the talk command Mesg n: starts receiving talk messages Mesg y: allows the receipt of allow messages disconnection

print

logout

chmod

changes the attribute of a file Chmod XXX file XXX= User/Group/Others where x represents an integer 1<X<7 read=4, Write=2, Run=1 X=Read+Write+Run 0 means no rights 1 means running right 2 means writing right 3 means writing and running rights 4 means reading right 5 means reading and running rights 6 means reading and writing rights 7 means all rights

LINUX USER MANAGEMENT

First

step of the administrator

In case several people have access to a system, it is necessary for the administrator to manage the users. To do so, the usual commands and the files to be configured must be known. You should know the following important files:

the file /etc/passwd the file /et In case several people have access to a system, it is necessary for the administrator to manage the users. To do so, the usual commands and the files to be configured muc/group

The

file /etc/passwd

The file /etc/passwd contains all information regarding the user (login, passwords, etc.). Only the superuser (root) must be able to change it. It is therefore necessary to change the rights of this file so that it can only be ready by the other users.

The file /etc/group

The file /etc/group contains a list of the users who belong to the different groups. As a matter of fact, whenever a large number of users may have access to the system, they are frequently placed in different groups, each of which has it own access rights to the files and directories.

FILE STRUCTURE

File structure used in linux ix ext1, ext2 etc. Linux organise files into hierarical connected sets of directories Linux file structure branches into several directories beginning with root directory,/. Root directory also called home that contains the home directory of all the users in the system Each user contains the directories the user ahs made of their own use.Each of these could also contain directories.such nested directories would branch out from the users home directory.

THANK YOU