1

1
Reservoir Engineering
Geophysics
Geology
Petrophysics
Economics
Production
Process Engineering
Platform Design
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Dr. Rossmary Villegas
Introduction to Petroleum Engineering
Field development
2
Overview: Fundamental of Petroleum Engineering
Multidisciplinary projects
Units conversions
Static and dynamic data.
Analytical vs Simulation models.
Fluid types in reservoirs
Gradient of pressure
2
3
Reservoir Engineering
Petrophysics
Reservoir structure
Properties maps
Reservoir connectivity
Faults..
STATIC PROPERTIES: DYNAMIC PROPERTIES:
Production data
Pressure data
Fluid properties
Relative permeability, Pc..
Geophysics
Geology
Geomechanic
Drilling eng.
Production eng.
Fluid Analysis
Reservoir Analysis
and Assesment
Reserves Estimation
Analytical models
Development plan
4
HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR
A petroleum reservoir or an oil and gas
reservoir (or system), is a subsurface pool
of hydrocarbons contained in porous rock
formations.
Rock Water Oil and/or Gas
POROUS MEDIUM
3
5
RESERVOIR SIMULATION
MORE
STATIC
DATA
SEISMIC
Rock Water Oil and/or Gas
LOGS
WATER FLOODING PROCESS
PERMEABILITY (K)
POROSITY ()
+
PARAMETER DISTRIBUTION MAPS
(K or )
+
REPRESENT
POROUS MEDIUM
IS DESCRIBED BY
HISTORY
MATCHING
PRODUCTION
HISTORY
- REAL
- SIMULATED
WATER PRODUCTION
CHANGE K TO MATCH THE REAL DATA
6
RESERVOIR DATA
STATIC PROPERTY:
Reservoir structure
Properties maps
Reservoir connectivity
Faults..
DYNAMIC PROPERTY:
Production data
Pressure data
Fluid properties
Relative permeability..
4
7
[ ]
w z w w
w
rw w
Q ge p
k
K
t
S
+
(

+ =

.
[ ]
o z o o
o
ro o
Q ge p
k
K
t
S
+
(

+ =

.
FORWARD NUMERICAL MODEL : Two phase flow (w-o)
o w
Q Q ,
o w
S S ,
o w
p p ,
: Saturations
: Pressures
: Permeability
: Production (DATA)
K
1 =
l
S
w o cwo
p p p =
[ ]
z
r
e g p
k
K u
r r

+ =
Darcy law
MODELS TO PREDICT PRODUCTION
ANALYTICAL MODEL : Two phase flow (w-o)
|
|

\
|
=
2
1
ln
2
w
e o
wf
r
r
kh
B q
P P

8
From: http://www.spe.org/industry/reference/unit_conversions.php
UNIT CONVERSIONS
5
9
From:
http://www.spe.org/industry/referen
ce/unit_conversions.php
UNIT CONVERSIONS
10
A
liquid
Gas
Two phase region
a
b
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
volume
a: bubble point curve
b: dew point curve
FLUIDS
P-V diagram
1 2
3
1
3
2
Dead oil
Gas
Black oil
6
11
FLUIDS
12
FLUIDS
Categorising reservoir fluids (five main types)
5 . 131
60 . .
5 . 141
=
F at Gr Sp
API
o
From American Petroleum Institute
GOR: Gas oil ratio (SCF/STB), is the relative amount of gas to oil
Surface conditions:
14.7 psia or 101.3 kPa
and
60
o
F or 298 K
Gas Condensate Volatile Oil Black Oil
API
GOR 3000-15000 2500-3000 100-2500
50-70 40-50 <40
7
13
FLUIDS
14
FLUIDS
BLACK OIL
8
15
FLUIDS
VOLATILE OIL
16
FLUIDS
RETROGRADE GAS CONDENSATE
9
17
FLUIDS
WET GAS DRY GAS
18
PRESSURE
RFT (Repeat Formation Test)
10
19
FLUIDS
20
FLUIDS & PRESSURE
11
21
FLUIDS
22
REFERENCES
Craft, B.C and Hawkins, M.F. Applied reservoir engineering,
Prentice Hall. 1959
Dake, L.P, The Practice of Reservoir Engineering, Elselvier.
1994.
Archer, J.S, and Wall, C.G. Petroleum Engineering Principles
and Practise, Graham and Trotman, 1986
McCain, W.D., The Properties of Petroleum Fluids. Pennwell
Books, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 1990