Bhareli II

50 000 MW HYDROELECTRIC INITIATIVE
Government of India Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority
600 MW BHARELI-II H.E. PROJECT ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Preliminary Feasibility Report

December 2003
Consultant : ukFkZ bLVuZ bySfDVd ikoj dkWiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd.
ISO 9001-2000
(A Government of India Enterprise)
Government of India Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority

600 MW BHARELI-II H.E. PROJECT ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Preliminary Feasibility Report

December 2003
Consultant :
BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000
FOREWORD
With the objective of accelerating capacity addition and developing untapped hydro power potential in India in a phased and systematic manner, the Central Electricity Authority (CEA) had conducted Ranking Studies, based on inter-se-priority for their development, so as to have a shelf of prioritized schemes. A noble initiative towards development of such potential has been taken by the Honble Prime Minister of India, Shri A.B. Vajpayee, on May 24, 2003 at Vigyan Bhawan, by launching the 50,000 MW hydro electric initiative, to be taken up under the aegis of the Ministry of Power. North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Ltd. (NEEPCO) has been entrusted by CEA to prepare the Pre-Feasibility Reports for 18 hydro electric projects with an installed capacity of 4915 MW in the States of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. In the first stage of this ambitious programme, the Design & Engineering group of NEEPCO has prepared the Pre-Feasibility Reports of 6 projects with an installed capacity of 2460 MW. The enclosed Pre-Feasibility Report of Bhareli II Hydro Electric Project (600 MW) has been estimated at a cost of Rs 1698.35 Cores (including IDC) at September, 2003 price level, with a first year tariff of 1.67 Rs/kWh. I am highly indebted and thankful to Shri Anant G. Geete, Honble Union Minister of Power; Smt. Jayawanti Mehta, Honble Union Minister of State for Power; Shri R.V. Shahi, Secretary (Power), Govt. of India; and Shri H.L. Bajai, Chairman, CEA for the opportunity given to NEEPCO for undertaking the task and being a part of the Mission 2012: Power for all. I also thank Messrs Premier Mott MacDonald for rendering necessary support service to NEEPCO in preparation of the reports.
New Delhi December 2003
S.C. Sharma Chairman & Managing Director
PMs 50,000 MW initiative
SALIENT FEATURES
LOCATION State River Location of Dam and Dam Site Longitude Latitude Access to the project Nearest Rail head Nearest Airport HYDROLOGY Catchment area at Dam Site Maximum average discharge at dam site Minimum average discharge at dam site DIVERSION DAM Type Full reservoir level (FRL) Minimum draw down level (MDDL) Deepest River Bed Level Total length at top of dam Net Head SPILLWAY Type Width of spillway block No. of bays Crest level of spillway Spillway gates Energy dissipation system Design Flood SUBMERGENCE Villages submerged Area submerged Forest Pinjoli 357 ha Gated spillway 165 m 10 180 m 10 nos. 12 m x 12 m Flip bucket 23,607 cumecs Concrete straight gravity 214 m Run of river scheme 140 m 340 m 51 m 8540 sq.km 5148.67 cumecs 3.61 cumecs 92 36' 18" E 27 02' 35" N By road from Tezpur (Assam) via Balipara and Bhalukpong Bhalukpong Tezpur Arunachal Pradesh River Kameng
POWER HOUSE Installed Capacity Units Type of Turbine Annual Design Energy (90% dependable year) 600 MW 5 x 120 MW Francis 2344.62 GWh
Annual energy in 90% on 95% machine 2337.42 GWh availability Minimum TWL 160 m FINANCIAL ASPECT Total Project cost Tariff for 1 year Levelised Tariff Cost per MW installed CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
st
Rs. 1698.35 crore Rs. 1.67 per kWh Rs 1.34 per kWh Rs 2.83 crore 6 years (excluding 30 months of preconstruction activities)
CHAPTER-I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 1.1.1
INTRODUCTION The Bhareli-II Hydro Electric Project, located in the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, envisages utilization of water of the Kameng river, one of the major tributaries of the mighty Brahmaputra, for generation of electric power on a runof-the river type development harnessing a gross head of 54 m and design discharge of 256 cumec.
1.1.2
The project with a proposed installation of 600 MW (5120 MW) would produce an annual energy of 2345 MU in a 90% dependable year. The tariff from the project at September 2003 price level would be Rs. 1.34 per kWh (levelised).
1.1.3
The dam site is located on the state highway from Balipara (in Assam) to Bomdila (in West Kameng District of Arunachal Pradesh) at Latitude 27 02' 35" N and Longitude 92 36' 18" E at a distance of about 11 km from Bhalukpong on the border of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The nearest rail head is at Bhalukpong, the nearest airport is at Tezpur in Assam, and the nearest seaport is at Kolkata in West Bengal.
1.1.4
Upstream of the Bhareli-II HE Project, there will be four major power projects (one ongoing and three proposed) discharging to the Kameng river. A number of other proposed projects are also envisaged in the higher reaches on the main Kameng river and its tributaries. The four major projects, upstream of the Bhareli-II Hydroelectric Project, are a. Kameng Hydroelectric Project (600 MW): b. Tenga Hydroelectric Project (600 MW): c. Bhareli-I Hydroelectric Project (1120 MW): Ongoing Proposed Proposed
d. Kameng Dam Hydroelectric Project (600 MW): Proposed 1.2 1.2.1 SCOPE OF WORK The Bhareli-II HE project envisages construction of:
A 77 m high concrete straight gravity dam across the river Kameng upstream of
village Tippi. The FRL of the dam is at EL 214 m, the deepest river bed level at dam site is at about EL 140 m, the top of the dam is at EL 217 m, and the length of dam at the top is 340 m.
5 nos. of power intakes for the penstocks taking off from the power dam block (145
m long) of the diversion dam. Each intake is provided with trash racks and fixed wheel type vertical lift gate.
5 nos. of steel lined penstocks, each of 7.4 m diameter, and 110 m length. A surface power house at the toe of the dam, located on the right bank of the
Kameng river, with an installation of 5 Francis turbine driven generating units of 120 MW each, operating under a net head of 51m. 1.2.2 The power generated from the project would be stepped up to 400 kV and evacuated through 400 kV double circuit quad conductor lines to Bhalukpong pooling station to feed into the Grid which, in turn, will be connected to the National Grid. 1.2.3 A vicinity map showing 13 projects in Kameng basin is placed at Annexure 1.1 and a conceptual layout map at Annexure 1.2 1.3 HYDROLOGY The Kameng river drains a catchment area of about 8540 sq.km at the proposed dam site of Bhareli-II HE project. The water availability for the project has been assessed on the basis of daily discharge data series recorded at Bhalukpong for the period 19902002 after applying catchment area reduction factor. The computed 10-daily inflow series, which includes 12 years of observed data and 11 years of synthetically generated data, has been used for power potential studies. Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) considered is 439 mm, and the design flood, estimated by deriving Synthetic Unit Hydrograph, works out to 23,607 cumec. New Zero Elevation (NZE) after 25 and 70 years of sedimentation, worked out by the Empirical Area Reduction method and considering trapping of sediment by the proposed Kameng Dam reservoir in the upstream, are EL 171.0 m and EL. 192.9 m respectively. 1.4 1.4.1 POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES The derived inflow series for 23 years has been considered for assessment of power potential of the project. Installed capacity was finalized, and annual energy was assessed on the basis of 10-daily inflow series of 90% dependable year. The inflow pattern at Bhareli-II has been derived from the releases and operating characteristics of the power stations upstream. These upstream stations are proposed to be designed for
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operation at low load factor during lean season. This would release high discharges during peak hours and will provide 600 MW peak generating capacity at Bhareli-II power house. However, these power potential studies will be reviewed in greater detail before taking up execution of the project, considering discharges from all upstream power houses which are approved for execution.. 1.4.2 Based on above power potential studies, an installation of 600 MW, comprising 5 units of 120 MW each, has been proposed for the Bhareli-II HE Project. The annual energy that would be available in 90% dependable year is 2,344.62 GWh as given below: Particulars Annual Generation Annual Energy Generation (GWh) Annual Load Factor (%) Generation during Lean Flow Season (DecMar) Power output (MWc) Load Factor (%) 37.06 6.18 2,344.62 44.61 90% Dependable Year
1.4.3
Design energy for tariff at 95% availability in a 90% dependable year has been worked out as 2,337.42 GWh.
1.5
POWER EVACUATION ASPECTS The power generated from the project would be stepped up to 400 kV and evacuated through 400 kV double circuit quad conductor lines to Bhalukpong pooling station to feed into the Grid which, in turn, will be connected to the National Grid.
1.6
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS The predominant land use in the vicinity of project area is forest which is more than 77%. Dense forest constitutes about 62%, degraded forests/scrub account for more Submergence of than 15%, and flood plains constitute about 2% of the area. The proposed reservoir will lead to submergence of about 357 Ha. of land. protected/Reserved forests around the project will be minimal, due to very steep slopes of the banks of the river on the upstream of the dam site. The reservoir will submerge
parts of village Pinjoli and camp site of Border Roads Task Force (BRTF) named Elephant Flat. There are no sites or monuments of archeological or national importance which would be affected by the project activities. 1.7 ESTIMATES OF THE COST The project is estimated to cost Rs. 1,698.35 crores including IDC at September, 2003 price levels. The preliminary cost estimate of the project has been prepared as per guidelines of CEA / CWC. The break down of the cost estimates is given below. Civil works Electro Mechanical works Sub total (Generation) Transmission works Total (Hard Cost) Interest during Construction Grand Total 1.8 FINANCIAL ASPECTS As indicated above, the Bhareli-II HE project, with an estimated cost of Rs. 1,698.35 crores (including IDC of Rs. 315.75 crores) and design energy of 2,344.62 GWh in a 90% dependable year, is proposed to be completed in a period of 6 years (excluding 30 months for preconstruction activities). The tariff has been worked out considering a debt-equity ratio of 70:30, 16% returns on equity, and annual interest rate on loan at 10.5%. 12% of energy will be given as free power to Home State. The tariff at the power house busbars for first year and levelised tariff for 35 years work out to Rs. 1.67/kWh & Rs. 1.34/kWh respectively. 1.9 CONCLUSIONS Bhareli-II HE project involves simple civil works and is proposed to be completed in 6 years (excluding 30 months for preconstruction activities). The project would afford generation of annual energy of 2,344.62 GWh at the power house busbars in a 90% dependable year. The cost per MW installed works out to Rs. 2.830 crores. The Preliminary Feasibility Report indicates that the scheme merits consideration for taking up detailed Survey, Investigation and preparation of DPR. : : : : : : : Rs. 834.54 crores Rs. 548.06 crores Rs. 1,382.60 crores Nil Rs. 1,382.60 crores Rs. 315.75 crores Rs. 1,698.35 crores
CHAPTER - II
Project Background
2.1 2.1.1
ARUNACHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh the Land of the Rising Sun with an area of 83,743 sq. km. is the largest state in the North eastern region sharing international boundaries with Bhutan in the west, China in the north and Myanmar in the east. The states of Assam and Nagaland flank its Southern and South eastern borders. Forest covers about 82% area of the State and numerous turbulent streams, roaring rivers, deep gorges, lofty mountains, snow clad peaks and rich diversity of flora and fauna characterize the landscape. The climate varies from sub-tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the north with large areas experiencing snowfalls during winter. The heights of the mountain peaks vary the highest peak being Kangte (7090 above MSL) in West Kameng District. The major rivers that drain the area with their numerous tributaries are Siang, Kameng, Subansiri, Kamla, Lohit, Dibang, Noa - Dehing and Tirap. The State is administratively divided into 15 districts. The state capital is at Itanagar at an altitude of 530 m above MSL. It is named after the brick fort built by Ahom King of Assam in the 14th century.
2.1.2
A wide variety of altitudinal gradients and climatic conditions have given rise to varied eco-systems which form the habitat of diverse plant wealth and wild life in the State. Due to its high species diversity, the region has been identified as a global hot spot for bio-diversity conservation. The pre-dominant forest types occurring in the state are Tropical Semi Evergreen, Tropical Wet Evergreen, Sub-tropical, Pine, Temperate and Sub-Alpine / Alpine Forests. There are also degraded forests and grass lands.
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2.1.3
The State harbors a rich variety of wildlife which includes four major cats namely tiger, leopard clouded leopard and snow leopard. The region is home to seven species of primates, large mammals like elephants, gaur and wild buffalo. High altitude animals include musk deer, bharal, Himalayan black bear, red panda etc. The State animal is Mithun (Bos Frontails) existing both in wild and semi-domesticated form. This animal has religious significance and intimate relation with socio-cultural life of the people. The bird fauna of the State include more than 500 species. This is the richest state for pheasants with some species found at different altitudes. The rivers contain a wealth of fishes. The State also abounds in a variety of reptiles and amphibians.
2.1.4
The forests of the State cover about 82% of the States geographical area of which 960 sq.km have been set aside as protected area comprising two national parks (Namdapa and Mouling) and nine wildlife sanctuaries.
2.1.5
The population of Arunachal Pradesh is 1091117 (2001 estimate). The people are of Mongoloid stock with heritage of arts and crafts, enchanting folk songs with their own distinct and diverse culture, dialects and lifestyles. There are 20 major tribes in the State namely Adi, Nyishi, Apatani, Bugun, Galo, Hrusso, Koro, Meyor, Monpa, Tagin, Mishmi, Sajolang, Sartang, Tai Khamti, Yobin, Singpho, Sherduken, Khamba, Tangshang and Memba. The State has a literacy rate of 54.74%.
2.2 2.2.1
THE RIVER SYSTEM The Kameng river which is also known as Jia - Bhareli in its lower reaches originates in the upper Himalayan ranges at an elevation of about 4800 m. The river has a total length of about 198 km. and drains about 12,500 sq. km. of catchment area into the Brahmaputra river about 10 km upstream of Tezpur town in Assam. During the course of its long journey it is joined by several major tributaries namely Bichom, Digien, Tenga, Pachuk and Pakke which originate at high altitudes. Map of Kameng River Basin is attached as Annexure 8.2.
2.2.2
The rainfall in the basin is quite high and varies from about 1000 mm in higher reaches to about 5750 mm in the foot hills spread over 8-9 months excepting the drier days in winter. The upper regions also receive precipitation from snow clad mountains which contribute to the river flow during lean period. On this account fairly high perennial discharge continues to be available in the river all the year around. Such a favorable river discharge pattern and the fact that a total fall of more than 3000 m is available in
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the river system make it very attractive for developing a series of hydro-electric power stations on the main river and its tributaries. A 600 MW hydro electric project is currently being constructed by NEEPCO which will bring waters from Bichom and Tenga rivers through a tunnel to a power station at Kimi with tail race discharging into Kameng river. 2.3 2.3.1 THE PROJECT Bhareli II H.E. Project is a run-of-the-river scheme which envisages a diversion dam about 77 m high across Jia Bhareli River and a dam toe power house on the right bank. The scheme is directly linked to Tezpur in Assam via a good metalled road constructed and maintained by Border Roads Task Force (BRTF). The scheme is almost on the roadside and easily accessible. A 600 MW power house is proposed at the dam toe. 2.3.2 The proposed reservoir would lead to submergence of about 357 Ha of land which will mainly comprise Reserve Forest under Doimara Reserve Forest, Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary and Eagle Nest Wild Life Sanctuary. It will also submerge parts of village Pinjoli and camp site of Border Roads Task Force (BRTF) named Elephant Flat. 2.4 2.4.1 POWER SCENARIO The per capita power consumption of Arunachal Pradesh is below 100 kWh as compared to the national average of 373 kWh. The State plans to harness its enormous natural resources like forests and hydro power and exploit its mineral wealth to usher in an era of economic development and raise the per capita electricity consumption to 500 kWh by the end of Eleventh Five year Plan period i.e. 2012. The States generating capacity was only 32.03 MW hydro and 28.63 MW diesel till now which has increased substantially with the completion of 405 MW Ranganadi hydro power project 600 MW Kameng hydro project and 200 MW Subansiri Project are under construction and these projects will provide electricity not only to Arunachal Pradesh and other states in the north-eastern region but also to other power starved regions of the country. 2.4.2 The power scenario has therefore to be viewed in the national perspective. According to 50000 MW Hydropower Initiative of the Ministry of Power, the energy requirement of the country in 2002-03 was 5,45,674 MkWh of which only 4,97,589 MkWh were available, leaving a shortfall of 8.8%. While the peaking requirement was 81,492 MW,
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a peak of only 71,547 MW could be met leaving a shortage of 12.2%. The regionwise shortage of energy and peaking capacity is depicted in the following graph:
Energy and Peak Load Shortages 25 20 15
10.7 19.1 14.4 13 7.5 8.6 7.9 3.1 -0.7 -1.6 -1.6 7.8
10 5 0
NR
WR
SR
ER
NERs
Overall
-5 Supply Shortages Peak Deficit
Source: Blue print for Power Sector Development MoP 2001
2.4.3
Against the present installed generating capacity of 1,07,973 MW, the share of hydro, with 26,910 MW capacity, is only 25%. Thermal (coal, gas and diesel) accounts for the maximum share of 71% with 76,607 MW. Nuclear capacity is about 2.5% with 2720 MW and wind 1,736 MW i.e. 1.6%. This is graphically depicted below:
Shares in Installed Capacity - March, 2003
25%
Hydro, 26910 MW Gas, 11633 MW Diesel, 1173 MW Wind, 1736 MW

58% 11% 1% 3% 2%
Nuclear, 2720 MW Coal, 63801 MW

Source : 50000 MW Hydro-electric Initiative May 2003
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2.4.4
Most of the regions of the country are suffering from power shortages leading to irregular and unreliable supply. The problem becomes acute during peak hours. Based on the projections made in the 16th Electric Power Survey, an additional generating capacity of over 100,000 MW needs to be added to ensure Power on Demand by 2012. This, in effect, means doubling the existing capacity which has been created in the last half a century in the next ten years. Not only has the capacity to be added but also the present hydro-thermal imbalance of 25:75 has to be corrected and brought to 40:60 to meet the peak load requirements, achieve frequency and voltage stability and provide system operating flexibility under changing seasonal and diurnal load pattern. For achieving a 40:60 hydro thermal ratio in an installed capacity of around 200,000 MW the total requirement of hydro capacity will be 80,000 MW which means that 53,000 MW additional hydro capacity has to be created in the next 10 years.
2.5 2.5.1
NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT According to categorization of schemes by CEA the Category A schemes in different river basins all over India total to 7800 MW as shown in the table below: River Basin-wise Summary of Categorisation of the Schemes Ranked by CEA S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. River System Indus Ganga Central Indian East Flowing West Flowing Brahmaputra Category A Nos 11 20 3 11 1 52 MW 4088 2023 283 1412 35 7800 Category B Nos 51 54 9 26 10 97 MW 8811 9616 1425 6469 958 42574 Category C Nos 17 1 1 2 14 19 MW 6080 600 186 88 1508 12954 79 75 13 39 25 168 Total Nos MW 18979 12239 1894 7969 2501 63328
Source: 50000 MW Hydro-electric Initiative May 2003
2.5.2
The entire Category A schemes needs to be taken up for completion by 2012. Out of the above, Arunachal Pradesh has 31 schemes with a total installed capacity of 5047 MW against which NEEPCO has been allotted 15 schemes with a total installed capacity of 3220 MW. There is therefore scope for development of all these projects subject to their technical and economic feasibility which is being studied by NEEPCO as per directive of the Government of India. Construction of 600 MW Bhareli II H.E. Project on high priority is justified on the basis of pre-feasibility studies carried out by NEEPCO.
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2.6 2.6.1
INFRASTRUCTURE Power Evacuation A 400 kV sub-station for evacuation of power from Rangnadi project has been constructed. Power will be transported to 400 kV Balipara substation already constructed by PGCIL from where it will be taken to other regions. A 400 kV substation is also planned at Khuppi for transmission of 600 MW power from Kameng hydro electric project power to Balipara and onwards to other regions. A power map of North-eastern region and Sikkim prepared by PGCI is attached as Annexure 8.1 in Chapter VIII Power Evacuation. The State government has also taken steps to construct a state grid at 132 kV covering all the districts and to electrify all villages up to the inter-state and international borders. The power evacuation facilities will need to be upgraded and augmented substantially as new projects are taken up. Power generated at Bhareli II H.E. Project is proposed to be evacuated to Balipara sub-station in Assam for export to other regions of the country. A conceptual scheme for evacuation of power from hydro electric projects proposed in Kameng valley at present is provided as Annexure 8.3 in Chapter VIII Power evacuation, Communications
2.6.2
The State has a network of about 15,000 km of roads including border roads for access to all areas of the State.
2.6.3
Bhareli II H.E. Project dam site is located about 700 m upstream of village Tippi which is about 10 km from Bhalukpong town and railway station. Bhalukpong town is connected to Balipara town in Assam by a state highway which is maintained by Border Roads Task Force (BRTF) of the Government of India. Balipara, in turn is connected to Tezpur on the National Highway No. 52. Tezpur which is also the nearest airport for Bhareli II H.E. Project, is about 60 km from Bhalukpong.
2.6.4
The State Highway from Balipara to Bhalukpong is generally adequate for movement of mechanized equipment and transport of heavy electro-mechanical equipment for Bhareli II H.E. Project. The road from Bhalukpong to dam site will need improvement and widening at curves for moving equipment for the project
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2.6.5
Telecommunication facilities in the State comprise 94 telephone exchanges, 70 of which have STD facilities. In addition 695 PCOs have STD facilities. Internet connections are also available.
2.6.6
Central assistance is being provided for infrastructural development in the State and is being utilized for accelerated development.
2.7 2.7.1
PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS Arunachal Pradesh is very rich in natural resources. The state has a strong base for mainstream and downstream industries based on: (a) (b) Abundant resources of hydro power potential, biodiversity of rich forests, tourism, horticulture and floriculture. Access to the large markets in south-east Asian countries if traditional trade routes are re-established and developed.
2.7.2
Rich Natural Resources Rich natural resources of the state can be converted into real goods if limitations, which the State is confronted with, are overcome. A study commissioned by the State Government has listed various limitations to the development. The important ones are: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Gestation period of the projects is much higher as compared to other States of the country. Prolonged rainy season leading to less effective working time per year for building infrastructure. Higher cost due to long distance of transportation. Inadequate industrial infrastructure, lack of industrial experience and nonavailability of technical expertise. Reluctance of investors. Prohibitive cost of laying power line for longer distances. Inadequate investment in exploration of untapped natural resources.
2.7.3
The State is fully seized of these problems and has taken various steps to encourage investment. The industrial policy encourages establishment of industries in the private and cooperative sectors for the accelerated development of the State. The incentives include: Central capital investment subsidy scheme; Transport subsidy scheme;
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2.7.4
Central interest subsidy scheme; Comprehensive insurance scheme, etc.
Incentives have also been announced by the State government to encourage private sector participation (both Indian and foreign) in the development of hydro-electric / gas based power projects. The state is thus poised for accelerated development and is an attractive destination for investment.
2.7.5
The submergence area of about 357 ha of land comprises mainly of Reserve Forest under Doimara Reserve Forest and Wildlife Sanctuary. The wildlife will need to be rehabilitated.
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CHAPTER - III
Project Area
18
3.1
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INCLUDING RIVER SYSTEM River System
3.1.1
Arunachal Pradesh is divided into five river valleys; the Kameng, the Subansiri, the Siang, the Lohit and the Tirap. All these are fed by snow from the Himalayas and countless rivers and rivulets. Kameng river basin covers almost the entire West Kameng and East Kameng districts as also a part of Lower Subansiri district. A number of tributaries like Bichom, Tenga, Pachi, Papu and Pachuk contribute to River Kameng before it joins River Brahmaputra about 10 kms upstream of Tezpur. The river acquires the name Jia-Bhareli in the last 50 km before it joins River Brahmaputra.
3.1.2
The river Kameng originates in the upper Himalayan ranges at an elevation of about 4800m and has a total length of about 200 Km upto its confluence with River Brahmaputra. The system is characterized by steep gradient of the order of 1:8 to 1:10 in its initial length of about 40 km from its origin and a much gentle gradient of the order of 1:200 or less in the lower reaches of about 140 km before joining River Brahmaputra. Bed slope curve of Kameng river is shown in the figure below: BED SLOPE OF KAMENG (BHARELI) RIVER
5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Elevation in meters
Distance in meters
3.1.3
Bhareli/Kameng River in its total route of about 200 km carries the discharge of all its major and minor tributaries and drains a total catchment of about 8,540 sq.km. upto the
19
proposed dam site. The catchment area extends across international border and some of the tributaries have origin in Bhutan/ Tibet. About 20% of the total catchment area in the upper reaches remains snow bound throughout the year and keeps contributing to the river flow during the lean months in the form of glacial melt. The remaining catchment area of about 80% is rain fed. The basin receives varying amounts of rainfall, ranging from a minimum of 1000 mm in the upper reaches to about 5700 mm in the foothills annually and the average rainfall is fairly high. The river flow in the Kameng river system is, therefore, quite large and the variation in river flows in different months is not as large as in the case of purely rain fed rivers. Comparatively less variation in flow and high discharge and bed slope make the river very suitable for setting up a number of hydro electric schemes. 3.1.4 The catchment is covered by thick forest which gives the advantage of maximum runoff of the rain water into the river and also ensures minimum in-flow of silt. The Kameng river system passes through a thick forest cover having rich bio-diversity. The area has a number of species of flora and fauna and abundant aquatic life in the river. The project area also falls under the reserve forest and the left bank of the river is a part of a wild life sanctuary (Project Tiger). 3.1.5 The Kameng in its upper reaches generally flows in north-south direction. Taking large turns in its course, Kameng River flows in narrow valleys upto Seppa town, the head quarters of East Kameng District after which it widens out. In the reach upto Seppa town, the river is joined by a number of tributaries viz Para, Pachi, Pache, Pachuk etc. About 18 km downstream of Seppa town, the river is joined by one of its major tributaries, the Bichom. The combined river then takes a turn and flows in the westerly direction. About 35 km downstream of the confluence of Bichom, the Kameng river takes a U bend and starts flowing in the easterly direction. Downstream of confluence of Dikhu Nala, the Kameng River takes a north south course and finally meets River Brahmaputra about 10 kms. upstream of Tezpur. 3.1.6 The Kameng basin spreads over an area of 12500 sq.km. The tributaries/ sub-tributaries drain catchment areas ranging from 4600 sq.km. to 280 sq.km. The drop in elevation from the origin to the confluence with the main river is from about 4800 m to about 120 m. The major tributaries of Kameng river, namely Bichom, Digien, Tenga, Pakke,
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Pachuk etc. originate at high altitudes and present good possibilities for the development of a number of large hydro electric projects. 3.1.7 From consideration of power development in Kameng river system, it has been observed that the main Kameng, Bichom and Tenga rivers have large possibilities both by regulation of water as well as development through run-of-the-river schemes. While the possibilities of regulation of water are more attractive on the main Kameng river, Bichom and Tenga are suited for development of run-of-the-river schemes. The U bend of the Bichom River in which it drops by more than 500 m. is particularly attractive from the consideration of hydro electric power development. This river bend has already been identified and included in the development of Kameng hydro electric scheme with an installed capacity of 600 MW which has already been taken up for construction. By and large, various rivers of Kameng basin lend themselves to hydro electric development as run-of-the-river or storage schemes by constructing diversion structures in the narrow gorges and diverting the river waters through tunnel/channel to the power house. Map of Kameng river system depicting locations of proposed hydro electric schemes is enclosed as Annexure 8.2. Project Features 3.1.8 Bhareli II H.E. Project is proposed in the lower reaches of Kameng River near village Tippi in Bhalukpong Circle of district West Kameng. At this site, the river presents typical characteristics of pre-confluence stage of Himalayan rivers. The river carries high discharges and passes through a wide valley. The river flow is laminar and calm with no major rapids/ falls in the river bed level in the vicinity. The proposed dam site is about 50 km upstream of rivers confluence with Brahmaputra. Due to flat gradient and absence of natural drop, a lift dam is proposed to harness the hydro potential. The dam site is depicted in the photograph below:
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3.1.9
A 77 m high concrete gravity dam is proposed with its deepest foundations at a level of EL 140 m to utilize a gross head of 54 m for hydro power generation. The left bank of the river in the project area falls under a wild life sanctuary and thus poses restriction in placing of permanent structures on this bank. A state highway of strategic importance, leading to Indo-China border runs along the right bank of the river and all the major structures/ project components are planned on this bank. Diversion arrangements required during construction are planned on the left bank.
3.1.10 Exposed sand stone rocks are present on both the banks of the river. Steep slope of both the banks indicate presence of stable rocks on both the banks. 3.1.11 Due to large catchment area it is estimated that the project will get an annual average inflow of about 1,20,000 MCM and the design flood for the project is estimated at 23,607 cumecs. As the project is planned downstream of ongoing 600 MW Kameng Hydro-electric project from where it will get a regulated discharge, the availability of the discharge at the proposed site will be the regulated discharge of Kameng river plus regulated discharge of river Tenga from Tenga power station release from Kimi power station plus the runoff in the catchment between Kameng Dam and Bhareli II H.E. Projects. The installed capacity of Bhareli II H.E. Project will be 600 MW, 3.1.12 The 77 m high concrete gravity type Bhareli II H.E. Project will have its deepest foundation level at EL 140 m and the top at EL 217 m. The length of the dam at top will be around 340 m with an overflow section of 165 m. To pass the design flood of 23,607 cumecs, ten numbers of radial gates of size 12 m x 12 m. will be provided. Crest level of the spillway is proposed at EL 180 m. Diversion arrangements are proposed on the left bank through 2 nos. of 8.25 m diameter diversion tunnels. 3.1.13 Discharge from the dam is proposed to be carried through five penstocks of 7.4 m diameter each into the power house, on the non-overflow section. Planned on the right side of the spillway block, the proposed length of power house is 136 m to accommodate five generating units of 120 MW each with a spacing of 22 m between adjacent units. The layout of the power house is planned in such a way that the tail race discharge through the power house is parallel to the river flow.
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3.2 3.2.1
SOCIO ECONOMIC AND OTHER ASPECTS On 15th August 1947 when India became an independent nation, North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) became a Union Territory and acquired the name of Arunachal Pradesh. In 1975 it acquired a legislature and finally on 20th February 1987 it became the 25th State of the Union of India. The State has an area of 83,743 sq. km and a population of 1,09,117 (according to 2001 census) giving an average density of just 13 people per sq. km. The State has been developing steadily through Five Year Plans with emphasis on development of infrastructure such as roads and bridges, buildings, educational institutions, hospitals and health care units etc. The economy of the State is largely agrarian. Other areas important to the economy of the state are horticulture, forest and small and medium scale industries.
3.2.2
The state of Arunachal Pradesh is bestowed with rich natural resources which include rich forest area, mineral resources like dolomite, limestone, graphite, marble etc. Development of hydro projects will give ample scope for development of agro- based industries and industries with basic mineral resources. Other socio-economic benefits to the people, from these projects will include employment to workers, development of communications, markets and other benefits consequent to large scale construction activity.
3.2.3
The Gross State Domestic Product of the State during 2000-01 as per quick estimates was estimated as follows: (Rs. in lakhs) Particulars Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector GSDP At current prices 65,186 36,796 76,318 178,300 At constant prices 39,062 24,919 46,598 1,10,579
The per capita income during 2000-01 at current prices was Rs. 16,343 and at constant prices Rs. 10,136. The share of primary sector has come down from 46.19% in 1990-91 to 35.33% in 2000-01 while that of tertiary (services) sector has increased from 32.25% to 42.14% during the same period. The share of the secondary sector (manufacturing, construction etc.) has remained almost the same. Transport, tourism and public administration has contributed to the increase in the tertiary sector.
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3.2.4
Arunachal Pradesh is largely rural with 94 percent of its population living in villages scattered all over the state. The indigenous people are tribes with rich and glorious heritage of arts and crafts. The State has 20 major tribes and a number of sub-tribes having their own ethos, dialects and cultural identities which present a unique scenario of unity in diversity. Most of the tribal communities are ethnically similar having derived from an original common stock but their geographical isolation from each other has brought amongst them certain distinctive characteristics in language, dress and customs.
3.2.5
The total literacy in the State has risen from 41.57% in 1991 to 54.74% in 2001. The State has 12 towns and 3649 villages. As against the decadal (1991-2001) growth rate of 2% at the national level, population of the State has grown by 26.21%. The sex ratio of Arunachal Pradesh at 901 female to 1000 males is lower than the national average of 933. Tribes
3.2.6
There are about 20 major tribes with a number of sub-tribes in Arunachal Pradesh. Larger tribes are Adi, Akas, Apatanis, Buguns, Singhpos, Membas, Mishmis, Mijis, Thongsas, Hrusso, Monpas, Nyishi, Sherdukpens, Tagins, Khamti, Yobin, Wanchos, Noctes. Cultural Group
3.2.7
The people of Arunachal Pradesh may be divided into three cultural groups on the basis of their socio-religious activities. (i) The Monpas and Shertukpens of Tawang and West Kameng districts follow the lamaistic tradition of Mahayana Buddhism. These communities have richly decorated Buddhist temples called Gompas. They practice terrace cultivation and also breed herds of Yak and mountain sheep. Membas and Khambas living in northern borders are culturally similar. Khamtis and Singphos inhabiting the eastern part of the State are Buddhists of Hinayana sect. (ii) The Adis, Akas, Apatinis, Bangnis, Nishis, Mishmis, Mijis, Thongsas, etc. worship Sun and Moon Gods (Donyi-Polo and Abo-Tani), and are the original ancestors for most tribes. They traditionally practice Jhumming or shifting cultivation and paddy-cum-pisiculture.
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(iii)
Noctes and Wanchos adjoining Nagaland practice elementary form of Vaishnavism
Social Structure 3.2.8 The tribals of Arunachal Pradesh have highly ordered and organized system of functioning in their village. All matters relating to the community as a whole are decided at the village level. The traditional village Panchayat of an Adi Village is locally known as Kebang. It is a judicio-administrative body consisting of mature and influential elders and looks after the administration of justice in the society by settling all matters of dispute. Similar self-governing institutions exist among other tribes. They are variously called as Jong among the Shertukpens, Mel among the Akas, Buliang among the Apatanis etc. Economic Development 3.2.9 Arunachal Pradesh could be justifiably called the power house of India with a total untapped hydro power potential of 49,126 MW from 89 identified schemes. The State and Central Governments encourage private sector participation (both Indian and Foreign) in the development of hydro-electric power projects. National Hydro-electric Power Corporation (NHPC) a Government of India enterprise and North East Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO) also a Government of India enterprise for power development in the north-eastern region have been entrusted with the task of developing hydro as well as gas based power projects. NHPC has already completed 405 MW Ranganadi hydro-electric power project and has taken up 2000 MW Subansiri project. NEEPCO is developing 600 MW Kameng Hydro-electric power project from the waters of Bichom / Tenga rivers which are tributaries of Kameng river. In addition 31 schemes with power potential of 5047 MW which have been identified as Category A schemes are being investigated in Arunachal Pradesh. Out of these, 15 schemes with a power potential of 3945 MW are being investigated by NEEPCO. All these schemes are on Kameng river system. All these projects are planned to be completed by the year 2012. The state is therefore poised to become a major exporter of power to other regions of the country. 3.2.10 The state has also prepared its own State development plan and proposes to increase the present per capita consumption of about 100 kWh of electricity to 500 kWh by the time the above mentioned hydro projects are completed. The State is already in the process
25
of creating 132 kV State power grid with distribution centres in every district. 400 kV lines and switchyards will also be constructed for evacuation of power from hydro electric projects to various distribution centres and also outside the Sate for which the Power Grid Corporation of India is preparing a plan of action. The State Government has decided to electrify all its villages by conventional or non-conventional energy by the year 2012 and provide electricity to all. 3.2.11 On completion, Bhareli II H.E. Project will provide 600 MW of peak power to generate 2344.62 million units of electricity in a 90% dependable year. The project will provide benefits of free power to Arunachal Pradesh amounting to 12% of power generated. The development of the project will enhance the quality of life of the people living in and around the project by way of development of roads and communication, availability of reliable, dependable, uninterrupted power for development of small / medium industries, development of tourism etc. 3.2.12 The State has rich tourism potential with high snow clad mountains, numerous turbulent streams, roaring rivers, deep gorges, endless variety of flora and fauna and places of scenic beauty. Being conscious of the importance of tourism as a vehicle of economic development the State has recognized tourism as a thrust area and has opened up a number of tourist circuits including the Tawang monastery on the Indo-China border. Mineral Resources 3.2.13 Geologically, Arunachal Pradesh is the least explored state but preliminary studies of geological formations promise important mineral deposits in considerable quantities. Coal occurs in Kameng, Subansiri, Siang and Lohit districts; graphite in Lohit and Subansiri districts and flux grade limestone in Lohit district. Marble is also available. Oil has been reported from Kharsang, Manubhun, Ningpru and a few wells have turned oil producing. The mineral resources are capable of supporting following industries:

Fertilizer plant, refractory unit based on dolomite deposits Calcium carbide and cement manufacturing plant Gasification and coking plants Refractory, pencil and abrasives units based on graphite deposits Cutting and polishing units of decorative and building stones like granite, granodiorite, marble and gemstones
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Agro-industries 3.2.14 The industries identified are (i) sugar mill, (ii) alcohol based on molasses, (iii) beer brewing, (iv) dehydrated ginger (v) frozen vegetables and spices (vi) mushroom processing (vii) mini-paper plant (viii) newsprint from bamboo, bamboo board and tiles and (ix) medicines based on wide variety of medicinal plants. Art and Craft 3.2.15 Arunachal Pradesh is a land of beautiful handicrafts comprising a wide range and variety. Different tribes specialize in different articles. The main products are: i) Weaving is the occupation of women folk and products exhibit beautiful sense of colour combination. Notable products are Sherdukpen shawls, Apatini jackets and scarves, Adi skirts, jackets and bags, Mishmi shawls, blouses and jackets and Wancho bags. ii) Cane and bamboo work of very high standard including hats of different shapes and sizes, baskets, elaborately woven brassiere of cane and fiber, bamboo mugs etc. iii) iv) v) vi) Carpet making is the specialty of the Monpas. They produce unique combinations of colour and design. Wood carving by Monpas consisting of beautiful cups, dishes, fruit bowls etc. Wooden masks are also carved by Khambas and Membas of West Siang. Ornaments are mostly made of beads. Notches and Wanchos weave them into attractive designs. Silver ornaments are a specialty of the Mishmis. Wood carving unique and artistic articles are produced in Tirap, Upper and West Siang, Lohit and Tawang. 3.3 Bhareli II H.E. Project will thus provide the much needed infrastructure to the State for its all round development and improvement in the quality of life of its people. The project will also be a valuable source of hydro power to the rest of the country.
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Chapter IV
Topographical and Geotechnical Aspects
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4.1 4.1.1
INTRODUCTION A 77 m high dam is proposed across Bhareli or Kameng river at a site just upstream of its confluence with Tippi nala about 11 km from Bhalukpong, in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh. The Scheme envisages generation of 600 MW at a powerhouse located at the toe of the dam. This dam is the terminal dam across Bhareli River before it enters the Assam plains to meet River Brahmputra and is about 20 km downstream of Bhareli I H.E. Project. The dam site is approachable by an all- weather black-topped road. As a matter of fact, the right abutment of the dam cuts across the road and it shall need to be realigned. The left bank in not approachable and forms parts of Pakhui Wild Life Sanctuary. Thus, the Scheme shall need clearance from MOE&F.
4.1.2
Originally, a site was proposed about 14 km from Bhalukpong. A review of the toposheet showed that there are two water- springs on the downstream. This could lead to reservoir leakage as a result of groundwater getting charged by reservoir. Hence, this site was rejected and a site downstream of these springs was recommended (the present site).
4.1.3
On the Right Bank the rocks exposed are buff coloured, coarse grained, thick bedded (60cm 90cm) (Photo- BR 4.1), sandstone. They are interbedded with thin (10cm 30cm) beds of fine grained micaceous siltstone. On the Left Bank, at the water level in the river, random sandstones are observed.
4.1.4 On the right bank, the sandstones strike N 50 E S 50 W and dip at 15 - 20 in a northwesterly direction i.e. towards upstream. Prominent joints observed are: (i) (ii) Strike N 80E S 80W to E W; dips 40 -65, north wards Strike N 15E - S 15 W; dips 65 northwest wards.
On the left bank they are seen apparently to dip into the left abutment (Plate BR 4.1).
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4.2 4.2.1
LOCATION The dam site is located at Latitude Dam Site Toposheet No: 83 A/12. 27 02' 35" N Longitude 92 36' 18" E
4.2.2
As revealed by the Toposheet, there are no saddles on either abutment. Hence the Main Dam including the Spillway shall have to be kept in the river section itself. The left abutment rises steeply; - locating the powerhouse on this bank shall involve extensive cutting, whereas on the right bank, Tippi nala provides space for locating the power house and the switch yard. Thus the diversion tunnels required during construction shall have to be located into the left abutment. Since the powerhouse is a surface powerhouse, a divide wall between it and the spillway bucket/stilling basin shall be required.
4.3 4.3.1
GEOMORPHOLOGY / PHYSIOGRAPHY The dam site area is densely forested and forms parts of the Pakhui Wild Life Sanctuary. The State Highway leading to district headquarters skirts the right bank of the river.
4.3.2
The river at the dam site flows through a narrow gorge. The deepest river bed level is reported to be at about EL 140 m whereas the left abutment rises steeply to an altitude of over 800 m, the right abutment rises comparatively gently to a height of about 600 m. Upstream of the dam site on the right abutment, two water-springs are shown in the toposheet. The dam site is itself bounded by two waterfalls;-one each on the left abutment which is about 47 m high (Photo-BR 4.2) and the other on the right abutment, which is about 50 m high (Photo-BR 4.3).
4.3.3
The left abutment is drained by small cascading nalas which meet the river directly. The right abutment is drained by the Tippi Nala. The River itself generally flows in a straight course and cuts across the strike of the rocks. No significant land slips are observed along the river course.
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4.4 4.4.1
REGIONAL TOPOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh as the name implies is the eastern-most part of the Indian subcontinent, lying between lat. 26o40' & 29o25' N and long. 91o35' & 97o25' E, having an area of about 83,743 sq.km. Four physiographical distinct divisions can be distinguished: Brahmputra Plains. Naga-Patkoi Ranges Mishmi Hills, and The Himalayan Ranges
4.4.2
From the Brahmputra Plains at an average elevation of 100m, the Himalayas attain an elevation of 7089m.The Himalayas themselves can be further sub-divided into physiotectonic zones: (i) The sub-Himalayan zone rising abruptly from the Brahmputra Plains along a tectonic plane-the Foot Hill Fault. It is about 10 -20 km wide but narrows down to 1 -2 km in the Dibang valley. (ii) The Lesser or Lower Himalayas: Elev 2500-4000m.and 80-90 km wide. Takes a syntaxial bend towards SE to abut against Mishmi Hills. Its southern limit is defined by the Main Boundary Fault. (iii) The Greater or Higher Himalayas. A zone of very high relief with heights greater than 6000 m having precipitous slopes and deep gorges. This zone is generally devoid of vegetation. Its southern limits are defined by the Main Central Thrust. (iv) Trans-Himalayan Tibetan or the Thethyan zone: The northern-most zone. It is about 30-40 km wide and of low relief (Elev. 3000 6000m). All important Passes are located in this zone.
4.4.3
All the major tributaries of the river Brahmputra; - the Kameng or Bhareli; the Subansiri; the Dihang or Siang; the Dibang or Sikang and the Lohit drain the mountainous tracts of the State.
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4.4.4
Due to the ruggedness of the topography, accessibility in general has been restricted. As a result Arunachal Pradesh has been a terra-incognita. In general the geology of the Eastern Himalayas can be divided into three physiographic-cum-structural domains;the sub-Himalayan Sivaliks; the Lesser Himalayan Gondwanas and moderately metamorphosed pre-Gondwanas and Great Himalayan high grade metamorphics , gneisses and granites.(Map-BR 4.1)
4.4.5
In the Kameng-Subansari-Siang Himalayas, the general stratigraphic sequence of rocks has been worked out by the GSI: Alluvium & Terrace deposits Recent to sub-Recent Upper Sivaliks Pliesto-Pliocene ------------ (Unconformity) -------Mid. & Lr. Sivaliks Miocene ------------ (Unconformity) -------Kimi beds Oligo-Palaeocene (?) ------------(?)---------------------Basic Traps & Quartzites Mesozoic (?) ------------- (Thrust) -----------Gondwanas Permian ------------ (Thrust) --------------------Bichom Group Permo-Carb to Carb ----------- (Unconfirmity) --------------Miri Formation Silurian to Devonian Abor volcanics & Quartzites Lr. Carb ------------ (Thrust) -------------Tenga Formation Buxas & Dalings Lr. Palaeozoic ---------- (Fault - ?) ------------------------------Bomdila Gr Dalings & Darjeelings Early Palaeo Pre Camb ------------- (Thrust) -------------------Sela Gr Palaeo Pre Camb
4.4.6
In the Kameng-Subansari-Siang sector, the Tertiaries, Gondwanas, Bichom and the Metamorphites are regionally disposed in an ENE-WSW to NE-SW trends. In the Lower Himalayas NNE-SSW to N-S trends are superimposed on the regional trends. The vast areas occupied by the Metamorphites are folded and locally window-like structures expose underlying sediments.
4.4.7
The general tectonic pattern in the Tertiaries is dominant regional NW-SE trending reverse faults associated with folding showing steep limbs and sometimes northward inversion. The high angled thrust at the base of Gondwanas marks the northern limits of
32
Sivaliks. No Tertiaries are found north of this thrust and it marks their boundary. Hence called The Main Boundary Fault/Thrust. 4.4.8 The metamorphic belts of Arunachal display evidence of more than one or two phases of deformation, metamorphism and granitic activity. Volcanic activity is of platform type and is accompanied by sedimentries. The amphibolites and meta-basics seen in the gneisses and schists are of hypabyssal phase. 4.5 4.5.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY The Project area is bounded on the south by the Brahmputra Alluvium and on the north by a system of frontal faults and the Main Boundary Thrust/Fault. Hence the principal rock types developed in the area are Sivaliks (Tertiaries).These rocks can be broadly divided into two blocks separated by a fault. The southern block comprises silty clays, sand- rocks and massive sandstones, while the northern block consists of hard whitish sandstones, grayish shales, grey micaceous sandstone and greenish grey to brownish clays. Lenses of coaly material seen in the massive sandstones in the massive sandstones have probably been derived from the older Gondwanas. 4.5.2 The Sivaliks in the Project area (Map- BR 4.2) generally strike in an ENE-WSW to NE-SW direction and have northerly to northwesterly dips. The Sivaliks are deformed into open folds trending parallel to the strike of rocks and are dissected by many reverse faults. The northern block is thrust against the southern block, while its base possibly represents the up- thrusted wedges of the pre-Miocene rocks. 4.5.3 A photo-geological interpretation (without field checks) of the satellite imagery IRS ID PAN of the Project area (Map-BR 4.3) shows that the area is of high relief and densely forested. It is cut-up by a number of minor (local) cross faults and fractures. They are generally occupied by small local nalas. Thus the drainage system is structurally controlled (subsequent). 4.5.4 The dam site area is bounded by two major faults/thrusts;-the one to the north of the dam site is the Main Boundary Fault/Thrust and the other in the south is the Tippi Thrust. Both these thrusts have a near parallel strike in an ENE-WSW direction. While the former is occupied by the Pinjoli nala, the latter is occupied by the Tippi nala. Both these thrusts are seen to continue across the river.
33
4.5.5 Between the two thrusts the river course is controlled by a series of curvilinear cross faults extending from the confluence of Pinjoli nala on the upstream of the dam site to Bhalukpong on the downstream. This fault trending from almost in an N-S direction to NW-SE direction cuts across the dam site. As a result the sandstones which show an arcuate strike on the right bank have been cut-off .However, lithologically the rock type on both the abutments is sandstone and dip upstream. 4.6 4.6.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL / GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS As has been pointed out in para 3(b), the dam site is located in a narrow gorge of the river Bhareli and hence the project-components shall need to be located as described in para 2 (c). 4.6.2 At the dam site, on the right abutment, the rock types observed are thick-bedded sandstones with silty partings. These dip towards the up-stream. This shall not only provide sliding resistance, but also help in reducing seepage. However possibility of seepage along joint striking N15E-S15W, which is sub-parallel to the river flow, needs to be evaluated. The Sivalik sandstones are coarse-grained sand rock and are anticipated to be pervious. It is suggested that permeability characteristics of the sandstones in the abutments is checked. 4.6.3 The Left Abutment does not expose any rock outcrops. The sandstones observed at the water level indicate that they apparently dip into the left abutment. It is therefore inferred that the river at the dam site flows along the crest of an open anticlinal fold/flexure (Plate-BR 4.2). 4.6.4 Two water springs on the right bank of the river are shown in the toposheet of the area. This indicates effluent ground water conditions in the right abutment. It can lead to reservoir leakage. Two waterfalls were observed at the dam site; - one on the upstream on the left bank is about 47 m high (Photo- BR 4.2), while the other on the downstream on the right bank is about 50 m high (Photo-BR 4.3). Both these waterfalls showed heavy discharges. Since the area had already received monsoon rains prior to the site visit, it was not possible to confirm presence of water-springs. Hence it shall be necessary to confirm presence of these springs to ensure the reservoir tightness in the right abutment. No landslips are observed. The waterfalls indicate presence of hard sandstones at least up to TBL (Top Bund Level) of the dam.
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4.6.5
Photo-geological studies have shown that the dam site straddles across a fault As a matter of fact any site between Pinjoli nala and Bhalukpong will have to lie across a fault. Even further north of Pinjoli nala, the river flows along local transverse fractures. Thus the entire river course in the Project area is along faults and/or fractures. However, in all the sites the rocks in the abutments shall be coarse-grained sandstones belonging to Sivaliks. These rocks have an upstream dip. The dips of rocks are favourable both for seepage control and sliding resistance, but presence of the fault may lead to problems of foundation seepage as well of deep scouring in the spillway channel.
4.6.6
The surface power house and its appurtenant structures are suggested to be located on the right bank, where sufficient space is available. The non-overflow power dam blocks and the power house are expected to be founded on sandstones. A divide-wall separating the spillway and the power house area shall be required. This too, is expected to be founded on sandstone. The Tippi nala fault shall restrict the location of the power house, which shall have to be kept upstream of it.
4.6.7
The diversion tunnels are suggested to be located into the left abutment. These shall be driven through sandstones. These tunnels shall cut across the Tippi nala Fault.
4.6.8
There are no saddles on either bank. Hence the spillway shall have to be located in the main gorge of river. Here the sandstones are faulted. This shall require selective elaborate foundation treatment.
4.7 4.7.1
SEISMICITY & SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE AREA Seismically the North-eastern parts of the Himalayas are one of the most active zones in the world. It is located at the tri-junction of three tectonic plates;-the Indian, the Indo-Burmese and the Eurasian. These plates are constantly in collision with each other as a result the rocks of this area has undergone repeated intense folding, faulting and thrusting in a highly complex way so much so that many of the rock sequences have either been eliminated or repeated. The structural pattern has at most of the times controlled the drainage pattern of the rivers. This pattern is generally elongated in a ENE-WSW to NE-SW direction but many transverse structural features have modified them.
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4.7.2
Neo-tectonic activity is identifiable in form of rejuvenation of existing tectonic lineaments and development of cross- faults. It is these cross-faults that have controlled the sedimentation of the Older (Mid. To Lr Pleistocene) and the Newer (Holocene) Alluviums and have off-set the major thrusts; viz the MCT(Main Central Thrust), the MBF( Main Boundary Fault) and the FHF(Foot Hills Fault).Almost all the epicenters of earthquakes are concentrated along major cross faults whereas no evidence of activity is observed along the latter. One such major cross lineament/fault is the Bomdila Lineament, which has been recorded as the Jai Bhareli Fault. This fault has offset the MBF. Epicentres of a few major earthquakes are located close to this lineament and form a zone with a peak value of 17.
4.7.3
As per the Seismic Zoning Map of India (IS 1893(Pt-1):2002), the whole of the Northeast including Arunachal Pradesh has been placed in Zone V. This Zone is susceptible to major earthquakes. Between 1897 and 1984 about 20 major earthquakes with magnitude greater than 7 (Richter), and 5 with more than 8.0 (Richter) have been recorded in the area. While the former (M >7) have a return period of 11 - 17 years, the latter (M>8) it is 23 - 27 years. Although the IS Code suggests design seismic coefficient based on Maximum Considered Earthquake, yet these values may be taken only for preliminary designs. As per BIS classification of dams (IS: 11223-1985), this dam falls under the category of Major Dams. Hence, it is essential that seismic history of the project is properly evaluated in terms of its tectonic set up.
4.8 4.8.1
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL The available construction material at the dam site is the sandstone for use as concrete aggregate. Its suitability therefore needs to be determined. For other construction materials, such as sand it is suggested to explore the area near Bhalukpong. Based on the reconnaissance survey conducted during site visit it was observed that sufficient quantity of material of suitable quality would be available for use in concrete as coarse and fine aggregate subject to testing of material from identified potential sources for complete range of physical parameters like abrasion, impact, crushing values, alkali aggregate reaction, flakiness index, elongation index, specific gravity, water absorption, fineness modulus, silt and clay contents and organic impurities. Further a portion of excavated rock from the diversion tunnel is also proposed to be used for construction.
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4.8.2
River sand deposits would be tested for its suitability for use as fine aggregate in concrete and crushed sand may also be used to obtain well graded sand.
4.9 4.9.1
CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS A 77 m high dam is proposed across Bhareli or Kameng River at a site about 7 kms from Bhalukpong, in the West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh for generating 600 MW power at a power house at its toe. The dam site lies in a Wild Life Sanctuary. It shall need clearance on environmental aspects. The original site about 11 km upstream of Bhalukpong was rejected apprehending doubtful reservoir competency due to effluent geo-hydrological conditions on its the downstream.
4.9.2
The rock types exposed at the dam site are thick-bedded sandstones belonging to the Sivalik Group of rocks. These strike in an N50oE- S50oW and dip 15o-20o in a NW direction; i.e. the rocks strike across the river and dip in an upstream direction. An open anticlinal flexure is inferred with its axial plane along the river and plunging towards upstream. The sandstones are considered competent for the foundations of the dam. The structural disposition shall provide sliding resistance as well help in reducing seepage. The two waterfalls;-one each on either bank indicates presence of hard sandstones in the abutments. However, as the Sivalik sandstones are coarse-grained sand rock, they may be porous. It is therefore desirable that their permeability characteristics are determined.
4.9.3
As the left abutment is steep and the river gorge is narrow, the power house and its appurtenant structures;-the power blocks of the dam;- the divide wall between the spillway and the main dam; etc, shall need to be kept on the right bank, where sufficient space is available. These too shall have sandstones for their foundations.
4.9.4
The diversion tunnels required during construction shall therefore have to be kept into the left abutment. They shall be driven through sandstones.
4.9.5
From the regional geological set up it is inferred that the dam site area is bounded by thrusts within the Sivaliks. A photo- geological appraisal done using satellite imageries has confirmed the presence of the Main Boundary Fault/Thrust on the upstream and the Tippi Thrust on the downstream, with the latter passing close to the power house site. The entire course of river between these two thrusts is occupied by a curvilinear
37
transverse fault. Even further north of Pinjoli nala, the river course is structurally controlled and occupied by faults. Thus any site across Bhareli river between Pinjoli nala and Bhalukpong shall be across a fault in the river gorge. However, the rocks across the river shall be sandstones with upstream dips. 4.9.5 The Project lies in a highly active seismic area, where earthquakes of magnitude 7 (Richter) have a very short return-period. Detailed studies are recommended for proper design safety factor. 4.9.6 To asses the sub-surface geological conditions it is suggested that the following geophysical investigations are carried out. These investigations shall also assist in planning the exploratory programme of drilling and/or drifting: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) Along the dam axis extending to 4H (where H is the hydraulic head to be created by the dam) i.e. about 200 m into each abutment Along a parallel line across the river channel at the toe of the dam. Another parallel line across the river channel at the energy dissipater site. Along the river channel/gorge through the spillway site extending from heel of the dam to the confluence of Tippi nala. Across the power-dam blocks (on the right abutment) extending from heel of dam to the confluence with Tippi nala. This traverse line should pass through the C/L of PH site. (vi) Across the left abutment extending from inlet to the outlet portal of the diversion tunnel (through the left abutment). 4.9.7 It is recommended that shallow Resistivity Sounding with Profiling and shallow Seismic Refraction are carried out to obtain depth to bed rock, structural conditions of the bed rock including the fault zones and ground water profile. Close spaced (say 50m) observations shall be required due to ruggedness of topography. 4.9.8 A preliminary appraisal by Geological survey of India for Pre-Feasibility report is enclosed. Power output, coordinates etc. is modified.
38
CHAPTER-V
Hydrology
39
5.1
LOCATION Bhareli II H.E. Project is located in Kameng Basin in Arunachal Pradesh with its Latitude 270 02' 35" N and Longitude 920 36' 18" E. The project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam 77 m high across river Bhareli and drawing the water through 5 nos. of penstocks embedded in the body of the dam to a surface power house located at the toe of the dam on the right bank of the river Bhareli. The power house will have installation of 5 units of 120 MW working under a gross head of 54 m. Index Map of Bhareli II H.E. Project is shown in Figure-I and Layout of the Project Components in Figure-II.
5.2
RIVER SYSTEM In the upper reaches, Bhareli River is called Kameng. The main tributary of Kameng is Bichom, which joins on the right bank of the river Kameng just upstream of the Kameng dam site. Main tributary joining on left bank is river Papu. The river altitude in greater Himalayas varies from 5500 to 6000 m, and in the plains, its altitude varies from 200 m to 300 m. The river Kameng in lower reaches is called Jia-Bhareli. It ultimately joins Brahmputra in the plains of Assam near Tezpur.
5.3 5.3.1
CATCHMENT AREA CHARACTERISTICS The catchment Area of Bhareli II HE project has been measured from the Toposheets of Survey of India on a scale 1:50,000 with contour intervals at 40m/20m. Digital Planimeter was used to measure the catchment area, which works out to 8540 sq.km. (Figure - III). Since few toposheets were not available assumptions has been made for the catchment area involved in them. However, when the same catchment area was worked out using satellite imageries it was found to be 8851 sq. km. As the catchment area of 8540 sq. km and the water availability calculated on its basis is on conservative side hence the same has been adopted for this PFR which will be further reviewed at the time of preparation of DPR.
5.3.2
The river bed slope was measured from the Survey of India toposheets on a scale of 1:50,000. The slope varies from 1:4.5 to 1:8 in upper reaches to 1:60 to 1:128 in lower reaches.
40
5.4 5.4.1
METEOROLOGICAL PROPERTIES The Himalayas function as a barrier dividing climatic condition. In the North, it serves as a barrier to the intense cold continental air blowing south wards and during monsoon months the rain bearing winds are forced towards the mountain range so that most of the precipitation takes place in the mountains.
5.4.2
The South West Monsoon commences in the month of May and continues till the end of October with heavy rains in July and August. During non monsoon period (November to April), thunderstorms occur frequently and with the advancement of hot season, the frequency of thunderstorm increases.
5.4.3
The winter precipitation is caused by the passage of Western disturbances moving from West to East during November to April. The orography of the catchment area is complex. A detailed study would be possible only with a dense network of observation stations. Rainfall Data
5.4.4
There are eight hydro meteorological stations in the catchment of Kameng Basin. Their locations are shown in Figure IV. The everyday rainfalls at rain gauge stations have been recorded during several years. The data as shown in Table I have been considered for hydro meteorological studies. Table-I Hydrological Data Series considered for Analysis S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Station Buragaon Bichom Jamiri Point Khuppi Bomdila Seppa Lumla Bhalukpong Data Available Rainfall Type 1971 to 1981 Daily 1969 to 1981 Daily 1977 to 1981 Daily 1969 to 1981 Daily 1970 to 1976 Daily 1993 to 2002 Daily 1999 to 2002 Daily 1985 to 2003 Daily
5.5
DISCHARGE DATA The status of the discharge data is given in the following table
41
The discharge data of Bhalukpong G&D site has been obtained from Middle Brahmaputra Division, Central Water Commission, Guwahati. The methodology about discharge observation is not mentioned in the ready discharge data sheets. S.No. 1. Station Bichom dam site Data Available Discharge 3/1969 to 7/1981 3/1989 to 5/1989 1/1990 to 12/1990 1/1991 to 12/1991 1/1992 to 12/1992 1/1969 to 7/1981 1/1990 to 6/1990 9/1990 to 12/1990 1/1991 to 11/1991 1/1992 to 12/1992 4/2001 to 5/2001 1/1969 to 5/1972 2/1989, 4/1989 to 5/1989 and 7/1990 5/1990 to 5/2002 Type Daily
2.
Jamiri Point
Daily
3. 4. 5.6 5.6.1
Tenga dam site Bhalukpong
Daily Daily
CHECK FOR CONSISTENCY OF DATA The areal catchment rainfall cannot be worked out for the project, because all the rainfall stations shown in above table I do not have the concurrent rainfall data.
5.6.2
The annual average discharge of Bhalukpong for the year 1990-2002 works out to 298056.53 cumecs, the average rainfall and runoff for the concurrent period works out to 4252.02 mm and 3015.47 mm respectively.
5.6.3
The average monthly rainfall and runoff at Bhalukpong station is shown in the table below: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Month May June July August September October November December January February March April Total Runoff (mm) 222.88 413.26 539.38 499.46 410.08 255.89 131.35 114.44 103.66 89.58 105.79 129.66 3015.47 Rainfall (mm) 378.76 821.43 860.12 783.69 741.93 356.70 38.95 23.30 35.33 55.58 36.75 119.48 4252.02
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5.6.4
From the above table it can be seen that the average monthly monsoon (May to October) runoff is less than the corresponding average monthly rainfall. But for the lean season, the average monthly runoff is greater than the average monthly rainfall, which is expected; because the major part of the stream flow consists of the ground water flow as well as some snow melt contribution. The contribution of surface flow due to rain during lean season is negligible.
5.6.5
As it is clear from the table I that rainfall and runoff data for the concurrent period is available only at Bhalukpong, the runoff coefficient which works out to be 0.71 for the Bhalukpong G&D site. The rainfall data of Bhalukpong and Seppa rain gauge stations have been compared as shown in the following table:
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5.6.6
Month May June July August September October November December January February March April Total
Seppa Rainfall (mm) 322.06 438.89 396.35 398.97 291.85 174.03 63.07 18.32 19.52 32.41 37.68 170.58 2363.73
Bhalukpong Rainfall (mm) 378.76 821.43 860.12 718.38 680.10 326.98 39.12 23.30 37.63 55.58 33.69 109.53 4084.62
From the above table, it is well obvious that rainfall variations between these two stations are very large for most of the months. But to consider the Seppa rain gauge station, the mean monthly rainfall for the concurrent period of above two rain gauge stations as well as mean monthly runoff of Bhalukpong for the corresponding period is shown in the table below: S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Month May June July August September October November Average Rainfall (mm) 379.74 606.64 620.98 611.83 487.99 271.06 53.51 Average Runoff (mm) 213.1536 420.291 541.0926 5163 413.9561 237.1728 127.9557
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S. No. 8 9 10 11 12 5.6.7
Month December January February March April Total
Average Rainfall (mm) 16.84 22.13 35.98 38.80 151.43 3296.92
Average Runoff (mm) 101.8995 89.88363 79.72462 93.5564 114.8563 2944.89
From the above table, it is clear that for the monsoon period, the runoff value is higher than the rainfall values, as expected. For the other months, runoff is more than the rainfall, which happens in most of the cases for Indian catchments. The runoff factor worked out from this table is 0.89.
5.6.8
These coefficients appear to be a little bit on the higher side, but there is no other way to validate the runoff data. The physiographic as well as orographic characteristics seem to be responsible for higher runoff coefficient. The mean runoff factor is 0.80, which may be considered reasonable for PFR purpose. As more observed data will be available, the study will be revised accordingly at DPR stage.
5.6.9
Therefore, the Bhalukpong yield series has been used to finalize the flow sequences for the Bhareli II H.E. Project on the proportionate catchment area basis.
5.6.10 Presently, the detail of the snow covered area is not worked out due to the non availability of the toposheets of the higher reaches of the catchment. But it will be incorporated at the DPR stage, when detail survey will be carried out for the whole catchment. 5.7 5.7.1 WATER AVAILABILITY STUDY The yield series for the project has been finalized on the catchment area proportionate basis by using the flow series of Bhalukpong site, which is about 11 km downstream of the project site. The flow data of Bichom dam site and Jameri point cannot be used, because in between project site and these sites a number of tributaries and nalas join the Kameng River. Therefore, there is no point to compare the average annual runoff at the Bhareli II H.E. Project site, obtained on the catchment area proportionate basis from the Bichom and Bhalukpong site. The other important aspect of using the Bhalukpong discharge data is that the concurrent rainfall data is also available for it, which is not
44
available for the other discharge sites. Therefore, the data can be validated roughly only for the Bhalukpong. The flow series of Bhalukpong is placed as Annexure 5.1. 5.7.2 Since it is a storage scheme an average monthly/ 10-daily yield series for a period of 20-25 years is required. But the observed yield series is only for a period of 12 years. Therefore, the 12 years average monthly/10 daily flow series at Bhareli has been obtained on catchment area proportionate basis by using the flow sequences of Bhalukpong (Annexure 5.2). The additional 11 years flow series for the Bhareli has been generated by using monthly flow series of Bhalukpong through Thomas-Fiering model. The generated and observed series have almost similar statistical properties. The final yield series for a period of 23 years (Annexure-5.3) has been finalized for the project, which includes 12 years of observed yield series and 11 years of developed series. The statistical detail of analysis is shown in table below: Statistical Analysis of Input Data: Month May June Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr Mean 1570.0 1430.0 1807.0 1673.0 1419.0 857.1 454.6 383.3 347.2 332.2 354.3 448.7 Standard deviation 556.8 463.4 664.9 726.1 252.6 289.2 128.0 132.7 129.6 116.8 121.0 150.8 Correlation Coefficient -0.1632 0.8346 0.8586 0.8275 0.3446 0.2552 0.8763 0.8460 0.9124 0.9580 0.8689 0.8917 Regression Coefficient -0.6028 0.6946 1.2321 0.9036 0.1199 0.2922 0.3879 0.8765 0.8913 0.8634 0.9005 1.1108 Number of data 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Statistical Parameters For Generated Series Month May June Jul Aug Sep
Mean 1591.0 1433.0 1835.0 1758.0 1549.0
Standard deviation 640.4 365.6 561.1 615.2 246.7
Correlation Coefficient -0.5033 0.7986 0.7314 0.8307 0.3940
Regression Coefficient -1.4094 0.4560 1.1223 0.9109 0.1580
Number of data 12 12 12 12 12
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Month Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr 5.7.3
Mean 849.1 445.8 396.0 345.9 326.5 328.9 419.7
Standard deviation 363.6 165.6 185.9 174.8 161.7 175.2 228.7
Correlation Coefficient 0.7958 0.9316 0.9749 0.9296 0.9848 0.9577 0.9423
Regression Coefficient 1.1728 0.4242 1.0943 0.8744 0.9107 1.0378 1.2301
Number of data 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
The Average monthly flow and Calculation of dependable year is shown in Annexure 5.4 and 5.5 respectively. The 90%, 75% and 50% dependable discharges have been shown in Annexure 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 respectively.
5.8 5.8.1
FLOOD ANALYSIS According to the criteria laid down by CWC for classification of dams in the country, Bhareli comes under the category of large dams. In the absence of short interval rainfall run off data, the synthetic approach has been used in design flood estimation.
5.8.2
The catchment area of Bhareli is 8540 sq. km., which is more than 5000 sq. km. and the flood routing method is normally adopted for the calculation of design flood. But being the PFR stage and considering time constraint, the flood routing method will be followed at the DPR stage. Storm Studies
5.8.3
The maximum observed one day rainfall 462 mm at Seppa has been used for arriving one day PMP value. The final PMP value worked out is 439 mm. Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
5.8.4
Synthetic UHG has been derived by using Flood Estimation Report for North Brahmputra Basin (sub zone 2a) 1991, CWC. The details of the SUG are shown in Annexure 5.9. Flood Hydrograph
5.8.5
The flood hydrograph has been worked out by using 2 bells per day approach. The detail is shown in Annexure 5.10 and final PMF works out to 23,607 cumec, which is much lower than that that of Kameng Dam HEP (38,000 cumec). The justification for
46
this may be attributed to large variations in the parameters of derived Synthetic Unit Graph (SUG) for both the project sites as Unit Graph (UG) is one of the basic inputs in arriving at the design flood hydrograph through convolution. 5.8.6 The following table shows the values of two important parameters of unit graph for both the project sites i.e. peak (Qp) and base width (TB) of unit graph. SUG Parameter Qp (cumec) TB (Hour) 1262 683 44 80
S. No. 1. 2. 5.8.7
Scheme Kameng Dam HEP Bhareli-II HEP
From the above table, it is obvious that if both the UG are convoluted for the same storm input, as is the case for these two schemes, then UG for the Kameng Dam HEP will result in the higher design flood peak than the design flood peak for Bhareli-II HEP. Therefore, the large value of PMF for Kameng Dam than the Bhareli-II HEP arrived at using Synthetic Unit Graph approach is correct and justified.
5.8.8
However, the PMF value of 23,607 cumecs will again be reviewed during DPR stage when large scale topographical maps covering the areas downstream of Bhareli-I upto Bhareli-II pondage will be available. At that time, it will be possible to make analysis of routing of spillway discharge from Bhareli-I under its own PMF in the wide river valley between about half a kilometer downstream of Bhareli-I upto a length of about 8 km downstream from that location. As per visual observation it was found that river valley in that stretch was sufficiently wide.
5.9
SEDIMENTATION STUDIES The proposed HE scheme is a storage type. As per IS: 12182-1987, the studies has been carried out to work out the long term average annual sedimentation rate, New Zero Elevation after 70 years of sedimentation as well as revised Elevation Area-Capacity table after 25 years of sedimentation. Elevation Area Capacity Data
5.9.1
Data has been derived from toposheets of Survey of India for the PFR purpose. The detail of the data is given in table I. The detail site specific survey data will be available
47
at the DPR stage. The gross storage capacity of the dam at the FRL 705 m is 527.53 M cum and water spread area 14.89 sq km. Sediment Data Availability 5.9.2 The details of the sediment data is given in the following table: Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Station Bichom Jamiri Point Tenga Type Once in month Once in month Once in month Period 1969-80 1970-80 1969
Average Annual Sedimentation Rate 5.9.3 The long term average sedimentation rate for this scheme has been taken as 0.20 mm/year. This rate has taken in to account the sediment trapped by the upstream Kameng Dam reservoir having catchment area 7514 km2. The trapping efficiency of Kameng reservoir lies in between 86% to 81% on an average. Therefore, it is assumed that 16% of the sediments are not being trapped by this upstream reservoir planned at the 0.42 mm/year sedimentation rate. The intermediate catchment area of 1026 km2 ( 8540- 7514= 1026 km2) is assumed to contribute the sediments at the rate of 1.0 mm/year, and 16% of the 0.42 mm/year is assumed to be contributed by the upstream reservoir having total catchment area 7514 km2. The weighted sedimentation rate for this scheme comes out 0.20 mm/year and this rate has been used to finalize the sediment parameters. New Zero Elevation (NZE) and Revised Elevation-Area-Capacity Table 5.9.4 The NZE after 25 and 70 years of sedimentation have been worked out by the Empirical Area Reduction Method. The details of the po parameters for both the years are shown in the fig. V. The worked out NZE after 25 years and 70 years are 171.0 m and 192.88 m respectively. The details are shown in the table given below. TABLE I ELEVATION-AREA-CAPACITY TABLE Elevation Area ( sq km) (m) 150 0.00 160 0.86 170 1.07 180 1.21 190 1.37 200 3.04
Capacity (Mm3) 0.00 5.67 9.63 11.40 12.91 22.02

48
Elevation (m) 211 212 213 214
Area ( sq km) 3.45 3.49 3.53 3.57
Capacity (Mm3) 33.84 34.71 35.12 35.51
TABLE II REVISED ELEVATION - AREA - CAPACITY TABLE Empirical Area Reduction Method Type of reservoir = IV 25 and 70 yrs expected sediment volume = 3382.00 ha m and 6422.00 ha m FRL = 214 m Bed level = 140m Height = 74.00 m Catchment Area = 8540 Km2 Average annual sediment rate = 0.20 mm/year Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 5.9.5 Elevation (m) 150 152 154 156 158 160 170 171 180 190 200 210 211 213 214 Area (ha) 0 0.2 0.38 0.58 0.75 0.86 1.07 1.10 1.21 1.37 3.04 3.32 3.45 3.53 3.57 Capacity (ha m) 0.00 1.25 2.70 4.50 5.00 5.67 15.30 16.00 26.70 39.61 61.63 93.39 127.23 197.06 232.56 Revised Area (ha) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.77 1.11 2.92 3.30 3.44 3.53 3.57 Revised capacity (ha m) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.15 8.41 28.54 59.61 93.43 163.24 198.74
The hydrological studies presented in this report has been examined and vetted by CWC as per copy attached as Annexure 5.11
5.10
RECOMMENDATION Site specific discharge, sediment data and relevant meteorological data will have to be collected during detailed investigation stage before preparation of FR/DPR and the Hydrological inferences drawn herein will be firmed up.
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Chapter VI
Conceptual Layout and Planning
50
6.1
INTRODUCTION Bhareli II HE Project is located in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is planned as a run of the river scheme across river Bhareli (Kameng). The scheme envisages construction of a 77 m high dam upstream of village Tippi. The deepest bed level of the river at dam site is around EL 140 m. The power house is located on the right bank at the toe of the dam. The FRL of the dam is kept at EL 214.0 m so as to get sufficient width for accommodating overflow portion and power dam portion. The diameter of the penstock is 7.4 m. The general layout of the project is shown in drawing no. NP-PFR-BR-601.
6.2 6.2.1
RIVER DIVERSION WORK No record regarding small floods which might have occurred during lean season of the year is available. Record of derived 10-daily average discharge data for 23 years is available. From the record of average 10-daily discharge data for the lean months from November to May it is seen that out of 23 years 10-daily average discharge of May exceeded 1000 cumecs, maximum being 2466 cumecs, during 8 years. Average discharge during remaining months of 23 lean seasons was below 100 cumecs. Occurrence of small floods of brief duration during lean seasons cannot be ruled out. It was therefore considered to go for a diversion system which will be able to handle 1500 cumecs of flows of non-monsoon months. General topography of dam site and slope of hill sides do not encourage very much to select channel for diversion of lean period flows.
6.2.2
Considering those facts the diversion system has been contemplated to be consisted of a diversion tunnel along with upstream and downstream coffer dams so that lean season flows upto 1570 cumecs can pass through the diversion tunnel without spilling over the coffer dam. The corresponding velocity in diversion tunnel under that condition will be around 14.3 m/sec.
6.2.3
The present location was selected on the basis of 1:50,000 scale toposheets and observations during visit to site. Outcrops of sandstone were found to be on the hills on both banks of Bhareli river. Outcrops of rock adjacent to waterway were also visible
51
from which it could be referred that fresh rock will perhaps be available at shallow depth in river bed as well. 6.2.4 Considering the topography, wider length of the valley in right side which favors the location of power house at the toe of nonover flow section of dam in that side and availability of road communication, the water conductor system has been planned through the body of non overflow blocks in the right bank of the river. In view of these facts the diversion tunnels have been considered on the left side. The detailed layout of two diversion tunnels will however be made during DPR / Pre construction stage when field investigation works will be over. The diversion system has been designed on the consideration of adopting a method which will ensure quick completion and at the same time requisite standard to provide a reasonable durability unless; there occurs some exceptionally high flood during construction period and also cost effectiveness. 6.2.5 The river diversion works is proposed to be consisted of two concrete lined diversion tunnels of 8.25 m diameter on the left bank, an upstream coffer dam and a downstream coffer dam. When concreting of blocks of dam will be started, if it is considered necessary at that time, suitable construction sluice of sizes 2.5 m x 1.5 m could be left in one or two blocks in order to create defined path for flow of a significant part of monsoon flood so that the remaining volume passes only through two diversion tunnels. During lean season whole flow will pass through two diversion tunnels without flowing over the top of coffer dam. The system will therefore ensure working in riverbed, more or less uninterruptedly during the entire lean season of the year. 6.2.6 The diversion tunnel is expected to pass through sand stones. These tunnels will cut across the Tippi nala fault. In view of this, initial/immediate support is proposed to be provided by 75 mm thick (average) shotcrete followed by 25 mm diameter, 4 m long rock bolts provided both transversely and longitudinally at appropriate spacing as required by site condition. 300 mm thick concrete lining has been proposed throughout the length of the tunnel with M-20 concrete. The tunnel inlet is proposed with a gate of 8.25 m x 8.25 m. The gate will be operated by means of a rope drum hoist at the time of plugging the diversion tunnels. Subsequent to concrete lining, the rock behind the liner will be suitably grouted by drilling holes at suitable intervals.
52
6.2.7
In case construction sluices are made on the body of the dam necessary arrangements will be left on the upstream face around the sluice so that gate could lowered from the top and proper plugging of sluices can then be done.
6.2.8
Suitable coffer dams located approximately 200 m upstream and 200 m downstream from the dam axis have been proposed. The top of the coffer dam has been kept as 4 m so as to provide sufficient space for movement of vehicles during construction of the dam. The upstream coffer dam will be of 13 m high with a base width of 24 m. The downstream coffer dam will be of 11 m high with a base width of 22 m. Both the coffer dams will be of cellular masonry structure filled with boulders colcrete.
6.3 6.3.1
CONCRETE DAM Dam The valley at dam site is neither wide nor narrow. It is sufficient to accommodate the spillway and power dam blocks with two blocks of non-overflow section on the left bank. The rock types exposed at the dam site are thick bedded sand stones belonging to the Sivalik Group of rocks. These strikes in a N 50E S50W and dip 15 to 20 in NW direction i.e. the rocks strike across the river and dip in an upstream direction. The left abutment is steep. Presence of main boundary fault / thrust on the upstream and the Tippi thrust on the downstream have been noticed. Photo geological studies have shown that the dam site saddles across a fault. As a matter of fact any site between Pinjoli nala and Bhalukpong will have to lie across a fault. Even further north of Pinjoli nala, the river flows along local transverse fractures. Thus the entire river course in the project area is along faults and/or fractures. However, in all the sites the rocks in the abutments shall be coarse grained sand stones belonging to Sivaliks. These rocks have an upstream dips. The dips of rocks are favorable both for seepage control and sliding resistance. Presence of fault may however lead to foundation seepage or even some scouring in spillway. During DPR stage, scheme regarding suitable foundation treatment necessary in this regard shall be worked out on the basis of information and data obtained from field investigation. In view of exposed rocks on both the abutments and expected shallow thickness of overburden in the riverbed, a concrete gravity dam with a central spillway is found to be the best choice for the dam at this site. During reconnaissance survey a few sites were seen and on the basis of those site observations on width of the river, general conditions of abutment and river bed, the present location
53
has been selected. However, during DPR stage detailed investigation would be carried out not only at this site but also at other locations which could have existed but might have been missed during reconnaissance. It is proposed to construct a straight gravity type concrete dam 77 m high across river Kameng upstream of village Tippi. The average river bed level at dam site is EL 140 m. FRL is fixed at EL 214 m and the top of the dam is at EL 217 m. The length of the dam at top works out to 340 m consisting of 165 m of overflow section, 145 m of power dam section and 30 m of non-overflow section. The cross sections of overflow and L section of the dam are shown in drawing no. NP-PFR-BR-604. Reservoir 6.3.2 The full reservoir level (FRL) is fixed at EL 214 m. Since the dam is proposed to create pondage and the gross head is only 54 m, no MDDL has been proposed. The project will be operated as a run of the river scheme. From the reconnaissance and overview of the area by the officers of NEEPCO and also from GSI report on regional geology, it has been found that there appears to be no apprehension regarding either the presence of karstic limestone or coal bands or other frival materials which in presence of impounded water may create water path for huge leakage of water from the reservoir. Considering, these facts, it is observed that the site is competent to hold a reservoir. Spillway 6.3.3 The overflow section is 165 m long. The spillway has 10 bays comprising 12 m clear opening and 5 m wide piers. The spillway is controlled by sluice type 10 nos. radial gates each of size 12m x 12m operated by means of hydraulic hoists. The spillway is designed to pass a probable maximum flood of 23,607 cumec (this value of PMF has already been cleared by CWC). The crest of the spillway has been kept at EL 180m. The spillway has been given a parabolic shape profile corresponding to the equation x1.85=40y. A road bridge at the top with EL 217 m over the spillway bays has been provided. Provision has been made to lower a bulkhead gate on the upstream side of any of those spillway gates whenever necessary. One bulkhead gate is envisaged for 10 no. gates which will be operated by means of a gantry crane moving over rails on the top of the dam. The bottom level of intake of penstock is above the bottom of the sluice spillway. Therefore no separate arrangement has been made for silt flushing.
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Nevertheless the requirement for silt flushing arrangement will be examined during DPR stage when more realistic data regarding silt will be available. Energy Dissipation Arrangement 6.3.4 A flip bucket type energy dissipation arrangement has been provided downstream of the spillway. Since the power house is at the toe of right hand non-overflow portion of the dam it would have been advantageous if a long stilling basin could have been provided in the spillway portion for dissipation of energy. However, it has been found that for high discharges the jump heights appreciably fall short of the expected tail water depth of the river, due to which the released water will sweep over the basin with super critical velocity which may endanger the floor slab of the basin as well as appreciable scouring of the river bed. Therefore a flip bucket with mild curve towards left side and a little super elevation at the end of the bucket towards left side has been tentatively proposed. In addition a gap of 20 m has been provided between right hand extreme end of spillway and the spillway end side of power house. The throw of jet from bucket tip comes to around 88 m which is well beyond power house area. Nevertheless the arrangement has been proposed just for the purpose of making drawing of pre-feasibility stage. Final shape and details will be made on the basis of detailed topographical and geological survey and model study. Non-Overflow Section 6.3.5 The non-overflow section will consist of two blocks of 15 m length on the left bank. The top width of non-overflow section has been kept as 5 m and the downstream slope of the dam is kept as 0.7:1. Copper and PVC/rubber joint seals are provided in the contraction joints between overflow and non-overflow and power dam sections. The project area falls in seismic zone V of India and an earthquake parameter of 0.24g acceleration for horizontal and 0.15g acceleration for vertical have been considered. However, during DPR / Pre construction stage, site specific seismic studies will be carried out and information so derived will be kept in view at the time of preparation of construction level design works. 6.4 6.4.1 POWER DAM BLOCK Intake Structure Power dam will consist of 5 intakes for the penstocks. Length of the power dam will be 145 m. Centre to centre distance of intakes will be 22 m. Each intake structure will
55
comprise one intake opening of 7.4 m x 7.4 m in the body of the dam to convey a discharge of 256.4 cumec through 7.4 m diameter penstock embedded in the dam. The intake will be provided with a semi-circular trash rack. The openings between rack bars will be at 100 mm c/c to prevent debris and trash entering into the penstock. Each intake will be provided with one fixed wheel type vertical lift gate of size 7.4 m x 7.4 m operated by means of a hydraulic hoist. For the maintenance of intake gate, provision will be made to lower a bulk head gate of same size upstream of the intake gate. One bulk head gate will be provided for 5 intake gates and will be operated by means of a gantry crane moving over the rails at the top of the dam. The details of the intake structure are shown in DRG No. ND-PFR-BR-602 6.5 PENSTOCKS There are 5 number of power intakes in the body of the dam on right side non-overflow section. From each intake a penstock of 7.4 m diameter takes off through the body of the dam. The length of each penstock will be 110 m. The steel liner will conform to ASTM 537 grade B and the maximum thickness of liner envisaged is 20 mm. Velocity through the penstock will be 6 m/sec. Penstock will be provided with anchor blocks at the locations where change of direction takes place. Entire length will run over the downstream face of the dam and embedded in the concrete. At the downstream end of each penstock, a spherical valve will be provided to stop the flow in case of sudden closure or tripping of the unit (s). Cross section of power dam block along with longitudinal section of penstock is shown in DRG No. ND-PFR-BR-603. 6.6 6.6.1 POWER HOUSE The surface power house is located on the right bank of Kameng River at the toe of the dam. The surface power house and its appurtenant structures are located on the right bank because sufficient space is available on the right bank. The non over flow power dam blocks and the power house are expected to be founded on sand stones. A divide wall separating the spillway and the power house area shall be provided. 6.6.2 The power house will have installation of 5 generating units of 120 MW each with Francis type turbine. The units are spaced at 22.0 m centre to centre. The centre line of distributor is kept at EL 158.4 m. The minimum tail water level (TWL) is envisaged as EL 159.50 m. The generator floor is at elevation 170.4m. The main entry to power house is at this level. The level of river bed at power house site is slightly less than
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140m. the river is sufficiently wide and it is reasonable to expect that even under probable maximum flood of 23,607 cumecs, the water level is not likely to rise above 18/19 m, river bed and therefore the max TWL of power house under no circumstances is likely to rise above elevation 160 m or at the worst, say 162 m. One number electrically operated overhead traveling crane of suitable capacity (EOT) is provided for handling the heavy parts. In addition to generator and turbine floor, the machine hall will be provided with 2 more floors. All the floors will be suitably connected by staircases and elevator. The width of the machine hall is kept as 22 m; the length of service bay is kept as 19 m and is connected by an approach road from the main road. The control room, LT room, battery room, cable spreading room, stores etc. are located on the upstream side of the machine hall. Each unit will be provided with a spherical valve at the inlet. 6.6.3 For the maintenance of the units, sliding type gate with hydraulic hoist has been proposed for each unit. 6.6.4 16 nos., 11/3 / 400/3 kV, single phase, 50 MVA step up transformers, one 400/33 kV, 10 MVA station auxiliary transformer and two 33/11 kV, 5 MVA station transformers will be located on the draft tube side of the power house. A 400 kV switchyard will be located on the downstream side of the power house for evacuation of power from Bhareli II H.E. Project. Cross section and plan at turbine floor of the power house are shown in drawing no. NP-PFR-BR-605 and NP-PFR-BR-606. A conceptual single line diagram of the switchyard is given in Chapter VIII on power evacuation. 6.7 6.7.1 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Vertical shaft Francis type turbine of 120 MW rating with synchronous speed of 125 rpm and bhp of 172000 is proposed for the available design head of 51m and design discharge of 256.4 m3/sec. The runner exit diameter is around 5750 mm and inlet diameter is 5000 mm. Provision will be made to remove the runner from the bottom side for repairs/ replacement as and when needed. Rotor weight is expected to be 335 MT. 6.7.2 Requirement of Tail Water Level above distributor centre line under one unit opening at full load condition is found to be 1.1 m. The distributor centre line is kept at EL
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158.4 m. and minimum TWL thus comes to 159.5 m. The stator frame diameter may be as big as 10.25 or so. The lowest level of the draft tube will be around El. 144.0 m. 6.8 TAIL RACE CHANNEL A short length of tail race channel will discharge the tail waters of Bhareli power house back to Kameng river. It has not been possible to work out the layout of tail race on the basis of 1:50000 maps available at present. This will be done during DPR stage when larger scale toposheets will be available.
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Chapter VII
Power Potential Studies
59
7.1
INTRODUCTION Proposed Bhareli II H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme across river Bhareli (Kameng) in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. The project is located between longitude 92 36' 18" E and latitude 27 02' 35" N. A 77 m high dam is proposed on river Bhareli upstream of village Tippi. The deepest bed level of the river at dam site is around EL 140 m. The power house is proposed at the toe of the dam. The FRL of the dam is kept at EL 214.0 m so as to get sufficient width for over flow portion and for accommodating Power dam portion.
7.2
FIXATION OF FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL (FRL) The width of the river at EL 214 is around 320m. The overflow section of the dam is provided with 10 numbers of radial gates of size 12 m X 12 m in spillway sluices to pass the design flood of 23,607 cumecs. The width of the overflow section including the pier width works out to165 m. The length of power dam to accommodate 5 numbers of penstock of 7.4 m diameter works out to 145 m. Hence to accommodate overflow section, power dam and a small portion of non-overflow section a minimum width of 340 m at top is required. Considering this FRL of EL 214 m is arrived at.
7.3
FIXATION OF TAIL WATER LEVEL (TWL) The deepest bed level of the river is EL140 m. From the site visit it is observed that the level of water in the river during dry weather flow is expected to be not less than EL 143 m to EL 144 m. Considering the elaborate dewatering arrangements to be made and water retaining structures to be built to keep the power house pit dry even during the dry weather flow, the lowest level of the power house is kept around EL142.5m. With a provision of 1.5m thick concrete below draft tube, the lowest level of draft tube will be around EL 144m. By a rough estimate for a Francis type unit of 120MW capacity, the height of distributor centre line from the lowest level of the draft tube will be around 14.4m. With that the centre line of distributor works out to EL 158.4m. Keeping a provision of 1.1m above centre line of distributor, the minimum Tail Water Level works out to EL 159.5m say 160m. Corresponding to FRL of EL 214m and TWL of EL 160m, the gross head works out to 54m. Considering the fact that the dam is only a lift dam to raise the water level and the gross head is only 54m no provision for
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storage is provided. The scheme will be operated purely as a ROR scheme without provision for Minimum Draw down Level (MDDL) 7.4 7.4.1 DISCHARGE DATA No gauge discharge measurement site has been established at the project and hence no discharge measurement is available. However, on the same river, discharge measurements for 12 years (from 1990-91 to 2001-02) is available at Bhalukpong which is 7 km downstream. Since Bhareli II H.E. Project and G&D site at Bhalukpong are on the same river (Bhareli) and falls on the same catchment, Bhalukpong gauge discharge data for 12 years have been used to derive ten daily average discharge for 12 years period on proportionate catchment area basis and further extended to another 11 years by using Thomas Fiering model. It may be seen from Kameng river system that Bichom river is joining Kameng river upstream of Kameng Dam HE Project. Similarly river Papu another tributary of Kameng river is joining Kameng (Bhareli) river between Kameng dam HE Project and Bhareli II H.E. Project. When Papu Hydro Electric is taken up, with 200 MW installations, the entire water of Papu will be utilized for power generation and discharged from Papu Power station upstream of Kameng dam HE Project. Further, the tail water from Kimi power station of on-going 600 MW Kameng hydro electric project will be discharged into Bhareli river upstream of Bhareli II H.E. Project but downstream of Kimi power station. Accordingly, discharge data to be used for power generation study of Bhareli II H.E. Project will be addition of the following: (i) River Bharelis flow in the catchment between Bhareli II H.E. Project and Kameng dam HE Project i.e. discharge data derived for Bhareli minus discharge data derived for Kameng dam HE Project minus discharge data derived for Papu hydro electric project. (ii) (iii) (iv) 7.4.2 Discharge from power house of 600 MW Kameng hydro electric project. Regulated discharge from Kameng Dam HE Project. Regulated discharge from power house of Tenga hydro electric project
Discharge data thus arrived for 90% dependable year as well as for average year have been used for carrying out power potential studies. The discharge data for 90% dependable year and 50% dependable year arrived at as mentioned above are given in Tables 7.1 and 7.2. Head loss in the penstock corresponding to a discharge of 1000 cumecs has been computed approximately as 3 m.
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7.4.3
The discharge data arrived at is on the basis of release of discharge from upstream projects without considering peaking. All the up-stream Hydro-electric Projects namely (a) (b) (c.) 600MW ongoing Kameng HE Project Proposed Tenga HE Project Kameng Dam HE Project
are proposed to be designed for operation at low load factor during lean season. This would result in maximum discharge during peak hours with some time lag due to travel distance of water from release point. Considering the anticipated peak discharge from the upstream projects with an assumed travel time (considering that all the projects commence generation at the same time) a flow chart showing discharges vs. time is plotted as table 7.3. 7.5 7.5.1 OPERATING HEAD The bed level of the river at dam site is approximately EL 140m. Based on topographical conditions and width required the spillway portion and for accommodating the power dam section, the FRL of the dam has been fixed at EL 214m. The tail water level of the power house is expected to be at EL 160m. Accordingly the net head works out to 214-160-3m (loss of head) = 51 m. 7.5.2 In the absence of tail water rating curve, variation in the level of tail water has not been considered in power potential studies. Even during the monsoon season the water level in the river is not likely to raise above EL 161.5m say 162m. However, during DPR stage this would be taken into account. 7.6 7.6.1 INSTALLED CAPACITY On the basis of average 10 daily in flows of Bhareli river, the annual energy in million units available during 90% and 50% dependable years are presented in Table 7.4 and 7.5 respectively. From these tables it can be seen that 10 daily average power varies from 139.32 MW to 678.93 MW in a 90% dependable year and from 192.59 MW to 624.49 MW in a 50% year. However the flow pattern will depend upon the release of water from the power stations of upstream schemes. It may be seen from Table 7.3 that during the lean season based on peak discharge, maximum power output will be 543MW for 1.78 hours followed by 500 MW for 4.5 hours, 107 MW for 1 hour and 72MW for another 1 hour.
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7.6.2
However during monsoon season upon completion of all the upstream schemes, Bhareli II H.E. Project will more or less operate at full capacity without spilling water. In order to optimise generation from all the schemes, a reservoir management scheme needs to be developed. Keeping the above in view an installed capacity of 600 MW is selected for Bhareli II H.E. Project to fully utilize regulated release from upstream projects both during monsoon and lean season.
7.6.3
Incase Bhareli II H.E. Project is taken up prior to Kameng Dam HE Project and Tenga HE Project the power output and unrestricted energy generation from Bhareli II H.E. Project in a 90% and 50% dependable years will be as shown in Tables 7.4 and 7.5 respectively. The power output varies from 139.32 MW to 678.93 MW in a 90% dependable year. Hence the selected installed capacity of 600 MW will utilize almost the entire inflow in a 90% dependable year without spilling water.
7.7
ENERGY GENERATION Total energy generation from Bhareli II H.E. Project independent of upstream Hydro Schemes for 600 MW installed capacity in a 90% dependable year and 50% dependable year is 2344.62 MU and 2789.20 MU respectively. Energy generation unrestricted and restricted to 600 MW installed capacity for other 21 years out of 23 years of synthetic discharge series derived on proportionate basis based on 90% and 50% dependable discharges arrived at for Bhareli II H.E. Project are shown in Table 7.6 to 7.26 respectively.
7.8 7.8.1
SELECTION OF UNIT SIZE Bhareli II H.E. Project envisages accommodation of power house at the toe of right side of non-over flow portion of the Dam. Therefore that part is to have sufficient length to meet the requirement. At the same time, the project has a high value of design flood requiring 165 m length for accommodating radial gates with sluice type spillway. In view of these two requirements, attempts were made to reduce the number of units keeping the total installed size at 600 MW. Ultimately the choice was confined to 4 x 150 MW and 5 x 120 MW keeping in view that the operating head is only 51m.
7.8.2
Unit size of 150MW would have been ideal but the same is presenting problems regarding the huge dimensions of various parts. The following table showing the
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comparison between the sizes of various parts of 150 MW and 120 MW speaks for selection of 5 X 120 MW installation. S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7.9 Component/ Description Discharge Penstock Diameter Synchronus Speed (n) No. of poles Runner inlet diameter (D1) Runner outlet Diameter (D2) Stator frame Diameter Rotor weight 120MW 256.4 cumecs 7.4 m 125 rpm 48 5m 5.75 m 10.25 m 335 Ton 150MW 320.60 cumecs 8.25 m 107 rpm 56 5.6 m 6.5 m 14.2 m 550 Ton
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Bhareli II H.E. Project is concerned as a run of the river scheme. Water availability in a 90% dependable year = 18896.80 Project envisages 77 m high dam with a dam toe power house. FRL = EL 214 m; TWL = EL 160 m Net Head = 51 m Installation = 5x120 MW Energy generation in a 90% dependable year = 2344.62 MU Energy for Tariff (90% dependable year) = 2337.42 MU When the upstream schemes viz Kameng Dam P.H., Tenga HE Project and Kameng HE Project, are completed, Bhareli II H.E. Project will be able to generate peak power as per release of regulated discharge from the above projects during the lean season (Please refer Table 7.3). Even during the monsoon season, this project will utilize the entire flow to generate maximum power without spilling water in a 90% dependable year.
7.10
FURTHER STUDIES Presently the discharge data is derived from G&D data of Bhalukpong. Hence a G&D site needs to be established near proposed dam site to collect discharge and silt data.
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Bhareli II H.E. Project needs to be taken up prior to Kameng Dam HE Project and Tenga HE Project in order to take advantage of dry weather flow for construction of dam and Power house. Once the Kameng Dam HE Project and Tenga HE Project projects are constructed, the inflow in the river will be high during the time of peak generation. With the high inflow in the river, construction of dam and power house may require elaborate arrangements.
Pakhui wild life sanctuary and Eagle Nest wild life sanctuary are falling in the submergence area (6% only) of the project which needs to be addressed. In case the capacity of Kameng Dam HE Project goes upwards from 600 MW. The installed capacity of Bhareli II H.E. Project will also go up. To optimise generation from all the schemes a Reservoir Management Scheme needs to be developed. In case Bhareli II H.E. Project is taken up prior to construction of upstream schemes namely Kameng Dam HE Project, Tenga HE Project and Kameng HE Project, Bhareli II H.E. Project with 600 MW installation will be able to utilize the inflow without more or less spilling the water (spilling will be only for 10 days) in a 90% dependable year.
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CHAPTER - VIII
Power Evacuation
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8.1 8.1.1
APPRAISAL OF EXISTING POWER EVACUATION FACILITIES Arunachal Pradesh has an installed capacity of 437.03 MW of hydro-electric power (including the recently commissioned 405 MW Ranganadi Hydro-electric Project) and 28.63 MW of diesel power. 600 MW Kameng Hydro-power project is under construction. NHPC has also started work on 2000 MW Subansiri project located close to Arunachal-Assam border for which independent power evacuation measures to Siliguri in West Bengal will be needed. Power from Ranganadi and Kameng projects is proposed to be evacuated through independent 400 kV transmission lines to 400 kV Balipara sub-station of Power Grid Corporation (PGCIL) in Assam north of River Brahmaputra. Bhalukpong will be the pooling station from which power from Northeastern region will be transmitted to other regions of the country. Bhalukpong pooling point can be connected to Balipara 400 kV substation by a 400 kV double circuit line and the major power may be taken outside the region from Bhalukpong pooling point itself or through Balipara substation over HVDC/800 kV lines as may be determined through detailed system studies keeping in view the limitations of availability of corridor through the chicken neck. A 400 kV double circuit line connects Balipara to Bongaigaon in Assam and from Bongaigaon it connects Malda sub-station in West Bengal in the Eastern Grid. The local requirements of Arunachal Pradesh are met from 132 kV transmission lines already existing between Ranganadi hydro electric project and Nirjuli and Ziro.
8.1.2
A power map of North-eastern region prepared by PGCIL is enclosed Annexure 8.1 which shows 400 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV transmission systems already existing and under construction in Arunachal Pradesh. The132 kV network is proposed to cover all parts of the State. This 132 kV state grid will be augmented as necessary for supplying power to different parts of the SEB from new hydro-electric projects.
8.2 8.2.1
PROPOSED EVACUATION SYSTEM TO NEAREST FACILITY The 50,000 MW Hydro-electric Power initiative prepared by the Ministry of Power, Government of India has identified 41 hydro-electric projects with a total capacity of 5718 MW for development in the North-eastern region as Category A schemes. Out of these, 31 schemes with a capacity of 5047 MW are in Arunachal Pradesh. NEEPCO has
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been entrusted with the preparation of pre-feasibility studies for 18 schemes in the Northeastern region out of which 15 schemes are in Kameng basin in Arunachal Pradesh. 8.2.2 The peak load requirement of Arunachal Pradesh at the end of tenth plan has been assessed by CEA in Sixteenth Electric Power Survey as 97 MW and as 136 MW at end of eleventh plan. The requirements for north-east region as a whole are assessed as 1875 MW at end of tenth plan and 2789 MW at end of eleventh plan. As the total power generated from all hydro-electric schemes in the north-east region will be around 33,000 MW, it is clear that the bulk of the power generated by these hydro-electric projects including those in Arunachal Pradesh will have to be exported to different load centers of Northern, Southern and Western regions of the country for meeting peak loads in a predominantly thermal power grid. The power generated from the Kameng Basin schemes will therefore need to be brought to Bhalukpong for transmission to other regions on PGCIL network. 8.2.3 It has been indicated by PGCIL that power generated by the various hydro electric schemes in Arunachal Pradesh will have to be pooled at strategic locations from where they can be brought to Bhalukpong/Balipara sub-station through high capacity transmission system for onward transmission outside the region. For these high capacity lines, technologies like 800 kV, 600 kV HVDC bipole lines and other state of art technologies like multi-circuit towers, very high conductor temperature lines using conductors like INVAR will need to be explored. PGCIL in due course will decide appropriate technologies for maximum utilization of the limited right of way available in the chicken neck area in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal where national highways, railway lines and existing transmission lines are already jostling for space. 8.2.4 The power from Bhareli II H.E. Project will be pooled at Bhalukpong through 400 kV double circuit quad conductor lines to provide the required transmission system security and reliability. Location of the proposed schemes on the Kameng river system is shown as Annexure 8.2 This scheme is only indicative and the voltage levels, line configuration and routing etc. will be determined by detailed power system studies on the basis of total power to be transmitted when all the 15 schemes proposed in the valley materialize, which may necessitate adjustments in voltage levels or configuration of the transmission system. Since the transmission lines will pass through mountainous
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terrain and thick forest area, right of way problems will have to be taken into consideration for determining the line route and configuration etc. 8.2.5 The construction power for Bhareli-II HE project is proposed to be supplied from Bhalukpong pooling substation on 33 kV line. 8.2.6 A detailed conceptual layout of power evacuation plan for all the schemes in Kameng basin including 600 MW Kameng Hydro electric projects (under construction) is attached as Annexure 8.3. Power from Bhareli-II hydro electric project is proposed to be evacuated through 400 kV double circuit quad conductor lines to Bhalukpong pooling point as shown in the attached conceptual layout. 8.2.7 A single line diagram showing the proposed 400 kV surface switchyard configuration at Bhareli II H. E. Project is attached as Annexure 8.4. 8.2.8 The power evacuation scheme proposed in this report has been examined and vetted by CEA as per copy attached as Annexure 8.5
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CHAPTER - IX
Environment Studies
70
9.1
GENERAL INFORMATION The salient features of the proposed 600 MW Bhareli II H.E. Project are briefly described below. Site Information
9.1.1
Bhareli II H.E. Project is the lowermost scheme among the various projects proposed in Kameng (Bhareli) river basin and is located upstream of Bhalukpong town in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. The proposed scheme is located between longitude 92 36' 18" E and latitude 27 02' 35" N. A 77m high dam is proposed on the river Bhareli upstream of village Tippi at EL 140 m. The power house is proposed at the toe of the dam with envisaged power generation of 600 MW.
9.1.2
Geographical Location Village Tehsil/Circle District State : : : : Tippi Bhalukpong West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh
The dam site is about 700m upstream of Tippi village, which is linked with Tezpur town by a metalled road via Bhalukpong the nearest town about 5 km from the dam site. The location of the dam site and powerhouse is given in Figures 9.1 & 9.2. 9.2 SUBMERGENCE AREA The proposed reservoir would lead to submergence of about 357 ha of land which is mainly comprised of Reserve Forest under Doimara Reserve Forest, Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary and Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary. It would also submerge parts of village Pinjoli and camp site of Border Roads Task Force (BRTF) named Elephant Flat. 9.3 RIVER SYSTEM Bhareli river (Kameng) rises in Greater Himalayan region at an altitude of about 6,000m with Bichom river as its major tributary. The catchment area of Bhareli river up to the proposed dam site is 8,540 sq km. Total length of the river from its origin up to dam site is about 150 km.
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9.4 9.4.1
SEISMICITY Main Central Thrust (MCT) and Main Boundary Fault (MBF) are the two major crustal discontinuities that extend throughout the Himalaya. These form the closest seismic source zone for the evaluation of seismic hazard in the vicinity of the proposed project sites. This is particularly so in the comprehensive tectonic environment of ENE~WSW to NE~SW trending Arunachal Himalayan belt, which could cause major earthquakes with strike-up mechanism.
9.4.2
The proposed Bhareli II H.E. Project falls within zone V as per the seismic zoning map of India incorporated in Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design Structures (IS: 1893 ~ 1970) and within intensity zone X (MM) on the Maximum Intensity Map of Kaila and Sarkar (1978) (Fig. 3.). The area lies in the iso-seismal zones VIII-IX (MM) of Assam earthquake of 1950. The region has experienced more than 750 earthquakes of magnitude M 5-7 and more than 70 earthquakes of magnitude M 7-8.
9.4.3
The earthquakes occurring between MBT and MCT are evenly distributed along the Himalaya front. They tend to concentrate in areas traversed by fractures/faults across the strike of Himalaya. Permo-Carboniferrous (Gondwana) formation overlying Proterozoic formations are separated from Siwalik formations by MBT. The presence of tectonic contact between the Archaean and Mid-Proterozoic formations in the region has been indicated earlier. Kopili-Bomdila Tectonic Domain may have bearing on the project.
9.4.4
The gamut of Strike-up environment in and around the project area does not rule out the future contributions of RIS factor to the existing natural seismicity of the region.
9.5
EXISTING LANDUSE/LANDCOVER AROUND THE PROPOSED DAM SITE The landuse/landcover pattern within 7 km radius of proposed dam site was interpreted from LISS-III scene of Path/Row 112/52 of 22-Nov-2002 and PAN C scene of Path/Row 112/52 of 14-Dec-2002. LISS and PAN scenes of area covering 7 km radius
72
of project site are given in Figures 9.3 and 9.4. The level 1 classified landuse/landcover maps prepared from these two scenes is given in Fig. 9.5. Area covered by various landuse/landcover types is given in Table 9.1 and Fig. 9.6. It is evident that predominant landuse in the vicinity of project area is forest. The forest cover of this area is more than 77% out of which dense forest constitutes 62% and the remaining area is covered by open forests. Degraded forests/scrub account for more than 15% of the area. Flood plains constitute a sizable percent of this area (2%). Table 9.1 Area (ha) under different landuse/landcover categories in 7 km radius area of Bhareli II H.E. Project site Landuse/landcover category Dense Forest Open Forest Degraded Forest/Scrub Current Shifting Cultivation/Builtup Area Settlements/ Builtup Area Flood Plain
0% 15%
Area (ha) 12745.13 3079.88 3001.73 1312.05 0.69 473.10
6%
62%
15% 2% Settlement/Builtup Area Flood plain Current Shifting Cultivation/Builtup Area Dense Forest Degraded Forest/Scrub Open Forest
Fig. 9.6 Percent area under various landuse/landcover categories in 7km radius area of Bhareli II H.E. Project site Of the total 342.63 ha of land to be submerged, 219 ha is under forests with another 27 ha under degraded forests also (Fig. 9.7). Only little more than 17 ha of agricultural land would be submerged and about 30 ha of land to be inundated is under flood plains.
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9.6 9.6.1
FOREST TYPES IN THE VICINITY OF PROJECT AREA The dam site is located in a hilly terrain and the proposed area of submergence is mainly comprised of dense mixed forests of Tropical evergreen type. The vegetation in general ranges from reeds and tall grasses of flood plains and degraded scrub in lower reaches to semi-evergreen forests in hills. The proposed scheme falls under Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary and Doimara Reserve Forest areas. The vegetation on the left bank of Bhareli river particularly in Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary is very dense. Impenetrable thickets of different tree species of evergreen and semi evergreen types like Ailanthus excelsa, Canarium strictum, Amoora wallichii, Duabanga grandiflora, Pandanus furcatus, etc. can be seen growing here. Wild banana (Musa acuminata), canes and Kewra (Pandanus furcatus) occur in patches especially along the streams. The second storey of the forests is comprised of Boehmeria sp., Ficus spp., Cyathea spinulosa, Callicarpa arborea, Leea sp., etc. Among important climbers are Cissus sp., Dioscorea bulbifera, Pothos sp., Raphidophora decursiva and Stephania glabra. Ground vegetation is comprised of Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens wallichii, Costus speciosus, Impatiens spp., Thysanolaena maxima, etc.
9.6.2
The vegetation of the right bank is more or less similar to that of left bank, however, the occurrence of herbs and climbers is more frequent. Cissempelos pariera, Cissus sp., Hoya sp., Leea sp., Mucuna sp. etc. are the important climbers. Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens wallichii, Eupatorium adenophorum, Sida spp., are frequently observed along the road side.
9.7 9.7.1
FAUNAL ELEMENTS AROUND THE PROJECT AREA The project site falls in the area of Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary in West Kameng district and Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary in East Kameng district. The dense tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of this area are endowed with unique and rich animal life. The catchment in the vicinity of project area harbours about 16 mammalian species, which include primates, cats, dogs, civets, bear, weasel, squirrels, porcupine, deer, pig and elephant. The avifauna is comprised of eagles, partridges, pigeons, doves, koels, owls, kingfishers, nightjars, hornbills woodpeckers, orioles, drongos, mynas, bulbuls, flycatchers, babblers, robins, etc. Among the reptiles Python molurus, Naja naja and Dendrelaphis sp. are important species found in the catchment. Ichthyofauna
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of river Bhareli (Kameng) is comprised of mahseer an important migratory fish, snow trout and minor trouts. Among the invertebrates many species of butterflies and dragon flies are found abundantly in the area. 9.7.2 Among the various faunal species present in the catchment Panthera tigris, P. pardus, Neofelis nebulosa, Felis bengalensis, Macaca assemensis, Cervus duvaucelli, Elephus maximus (mammals), Rhyticeros undulatus (bird), Naja hannah (reptile), Tor putitora and Tor tor (fishes) are the Scheduled as threatened animals of India while Panthera tigris, Neofelis nebulosa, Selenarctos thibetanus, Elephas maximus and Cervus duvaucelli are considered as globally threatened species. Tor putitora and Tor are migratory fishes, found in Bhareli river up to proposed dam site during the monsoon season. 9.8 9.8.1 EXISTENCE OF ANY PROTECTED AREA/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES As already mentioned the proposed project falls in the Eagle Nest Wildlife Sanctuary, Sessa Orchid Sanctuary in West Kameng District and Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary in East Kameng district. Some parts of these protected areas as well as those of Doimara Reserve Forest would be submerged due to the proposed project. 9.8.2 There are no sites or monuments of archaeological or national importance, which would be affected by the project activities directly or indirectly. 9.9 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS The human population in the project area is scanty and is comprised mainly of tribals. The human settlements are scattered and the human population as per the 1991 census up to different aerial distances from the project are given below: Up to 2 km from Population Households 9.10 611 174 Up to 2-5 km 2165 538 Up to 5-10 km Nil Nil
RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ASPECTS The proposed Bhareli II H.E. Project would result in the submergence of 343.62 ha of land area, which would include parts of Pinjoli village and camp site of Border Roads Task Force (BRTF) known as Elephant Flat. The reservoir tail would extend for a
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distance of more than 13 km. In addition to this the existing road from Tippi to Elephant Flat would be partially affected. The project would lead to the displacement of a number of families. In all human population of 257 belonging of 66 families as per the 1991 Census, would be partially or fully affected by the project either directly (displacement) or indirectly (only land is acquired/affected) in addition to their crop fields. 9.11 RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES As the proposed project lies in the immediate vicinity of wildlife sanctuaries, it is desirable that project authorities keep minimum project related works or activities in the vicinity of sanctuaries. Migratory fishes (mahseer) are reported from the waters of Bhareli river, therefore, in order to maintain the migratory pattern of these fishes, appropriate mitigative measures like fish ladder would have to be incorporated in the project design. In addition, appropriate measures would also be required for the protection of existing migratory corridors of elephant population in the region. The proposed project would also lead to the submergence of 208 ha of dense forest and 11 ha of open forest. Therefore, necessary environmental clearance from the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India would be required. For this denotification of even very small area of sanctuary coming under submergence would have to be done. Since the submergence in wild life sanctuaries affect the wild life only in the manner that it gives rise to aquatic life in submerged area instead of the forest wild life and as such there is no adverse effect on the wild life. Furthermore, the displacement of a number of families would result in relief and rehabilitation problems and would need special attention.
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CHAPTER - X
Infrastructure
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10.1
THE PROJECT Bhareli II H.E. Project is proposed in the lower reach of River Kameng where the river passes through a wide valley. The scheme envisages construction of a 77 m high dam with a dam tow power house on the right bank located at latitude 27 02' 35" N and longitude 92 36' 18" E in west Kameng District, Bhareli Dam will get regulated discharge from 600 MW Kimi Power house of Kameng hydro-electric project already under construction in addition to normal in-flow of River Kameng supplemented by releases from upstream storage projects. The installed capacity of the Bhareli powerhouse will be 600 MW (5x120 MW) and the annual energy generation from the project in a 90% dependable year is assessed as 2344.62 MU.
10.2
ACCESS ROADS
10.2.1 The dam site is located on the State highway from Balipara in Assam to Bomdila, the headquarters, town of West Kameng district. This is all weather metalled road maintained by Border Roads Task Force (BRTF). The dam site is about 11 km from Bhalukpong, a town located on Arunachal Assam border on Balipara Bomdila Road about 30 km from Balipara. Bhalukpong is also the nearest rail head for the project. The nearest airport is Tezpur in Assam which is about 20 km from Balipara on NH 52. The nearest seaport is Kolkata in West Bengal. 10.2.2 The road from Balipara to dam site is generally suitable for transport of materials and heavy equipment, including power house equipment from Balipara but some widening at curves will be needed in the reach from Bhalukpong to the dam site. 10.3 CONSTRUCTION FACILITY m. The length of the dam at the top will be about 340 m with an overflow section of 165 m. While the power house is proposed to be located on the right bank of the river, the diversion arrangements will be made on the left bank with two tunnels of 8.25m diameter. A temporary bridge will be constructed downstream of the dam site for transport of materials and equipment to the left bank of the river.
10.3.1 The river bed level at the dam site is EP 140 m and the dam top is proposed at EL 217
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10.3.2 A small workshop will be established on the left bank for construction of diversion tunnel. A small magazine for explosives for construction of tunnel will, also, be established on the left bank. 10.3.3 Concrete batching and mixing plant, main stores (covered and uncovered), workshop for maintenance of project equipment, workshop for fabrication of penstocks etc. will be located on the right bank of the river downstream of the dam site. The main project colony including offices and permanent and temporary residences for project staff could be located on the upper terraces of village Pinjoli upstream of the dam and at an elevation higher than the top of the dam. 10.4 PROJECT ROADS The permanent metalled road from Bhalukpong to Bomdila runs on the right bank of the river in this reach and close to the proposed dam site. Temporary access roads will take off from this main road to access different project features and facilities. Some facilities will be located on the left bank and a temporary bridge will be constructed downstream of the proposed dam to take materials and equipment across the river. Access road to river bed at dam site 0.5 km Access road to project workshop 0.5 km Access road to colony 1.0 km Access road to quarry sites 2.0 km Access road to dumping areas 1.0 km Access road to magazine (left bank) 0.5 km Access road to diversion tunnel portals (left bank) 1.0 km Total length of access roads 6.5 km As the dam comes up, changes in alignments of access roads may be necessary. The total length of access roads for estimation purposes may be kept as 10.0 km. 10.5 PROJECT HEADQUARTERS, OFFICES AND COLONIES a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
10.5.1 The construction of the project is proposed to be undertaken through modern construction equipment in order to save time. Major construction activities involved are 77 m high concrete gravity dam, diversion tunnel, power house and stilling basin. All the construction activities are to be taken up in a coordinated manner so as to complete the project in a time bound manner. Contractors of high repute will be deployed for achieving the targets in time. Departmental operations shall remain restricted to infrastructure development, overall supervision, quantity and quality monitoring, financial control and other construction aspects covering industrial relations and safety aspects etc.
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Project Headquarters 10.5.2 Project headquarter is proposed near village Pinjoli on a high terrace near dam site. Project office building, residential complex for the project staff, guest house, transit camp and other utility services like shopping centre, club, community centre etc will be developed at the project headquarters. Residential and non-residential buildings are proposed to be constructed mostly in triple / double storey blocks so as to accommodate maximum staff at one place with minimum area coverage. Semi Permanent / Temporary Accommodation 10.5.3 The facilities / structures, which shall be required only during the construction stage of the project have been planned to be temporary nature for which design and specification would be made accordingly. Contractors colonies will need to be established on both the banks of the river for which access roads and other facilities will be provided by the project. Workshop, Fabrication Shop, Storage Yard 10.5.5 Central workshop for heavy earth moving equipment and transport vehicles will be located and set up at downstream of dam site. The workshop will be adequately fenced with control of operation through entry and exit gates. The main parking and maintenance yard will be created within this central workshop. 10.5.6 Fabrication shop for fabrication of penstocks and storage yard for storage of power house permanent equipment will be created near the dam site. A double Nissan shed is proposed for storage of powerhouse equipment. 10.5.7 Main ware house for cement, steel and other materials including chemicals to be procured by contractor will be located on the right bank and shall cater to the requirements of all the complexes. 10.6 EXPLOSIVE MAGAZINE One explosive magazine of 20 T capacity along with proportionate capacity of detonators is proposed near the diversion tunnel site to cater to requirements of diversion tunnel and any other requirements for and power house, silting basin etc.
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10.7
SCHOOL, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, BANK, PETROL PUMP School and Primary Health Care Centre
10.7.1 School and Primary health care centre for project staff will be created close to Project head quarters. Bank and Post Office 10.7.2 A branch of a nationalized bank needs to be opened near the project head quarters complex. Petrol Pump 10.7.3 A petrol pump for providing petrol, diesel and lubricants to project vehicles / equipment is proposed to be established near the dam site. The filling station will have storage capacity for 12 kL petrol and 24 kL of diesel at a time. It will also stock lubricants and small quantities of fast running spares for light vehicles at the project site. Water Supply 10.7.4 The raw water for construction purpose will be pumped from River Kameng. Suitable water tanks at elevated locations will be constructed for supplying water for construction needs. 10.7.5 The water supply for the project headquarters complex, labour camps at weir site and power house site will be arranged by pumping the water from River Kameng which will be treated and distributed as piped supply. 10.8 CONSTRUCTION POWER
10.8.1 Main activity of construction considering the requirement of construction power is located near dam site. In addition, power supply will be required for head quarters complex. 10.8.2 Construction power requirements for Bhareli II HE Project are divided into two parts: (i) Construction power for main works will be arranged by the contractors at their work sites from 11 kV supply to be provided by the project, near the dam site and the diversion tunnel site. Standby power supply arrangement shall be made by the contractors.
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(ii)
Power requirement for construction and maintenance of infrastructure / works which comprise : a) Office complexes b) Residential blocks c) Primary health centre School, Guest house, Transit Camp, Recreation Centre etc. d) Lighting and illumination load e) Commercial complexes
10.8.3 Construction power in both the cases will be arranged by the project. Peak load power requirement for Bhareli II HE project works out to be around 5 MW. The nearest substation will be at Bhalukpong which is at a distance of 5 km from the dam site. One 33 kV circuit line will be drawn from Bhalukpong to Bhareli dam site for supply of construction power. 10.8.4 In order to avoid disruption of work at site, D.G. sets of following rating may be installed by the contractors as given below: 10.9 Dam Site Diversion tunnel Project Head Quarters 2 x 312.5 kVA 1 x 312.5 kVA 1 x 312.5 kVA (To be arranged by the Project)
TELE-COMMUNICATION
10.9.1 Large hydro electric projects need a reliable communication system so as to achieve timely completion of various project activities. 10.9.2 No P&T communication system exists in the project area. Therefore, project will need its own independent interference free, communication system comprising the whole area of dam site, and project head quarters. Communication between different locations of the project will be ensured. 10.9.3 The communication system will include a local EPABX of 100 lines at project HQ covering project head quarters, dam complex and diversion tunnel. EPABX system will be interconnected with radio / wireless / cables technology in a manner to cover the whole project area under an umbrella to enable communication from any part of the project to any other location within the project including from the sites and mobile vehicles. Satellite linked communication system will also be arranged at project HQ and dam site.
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CHAPTER - XI
CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULE
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11.1
INTRODUCTION
11.1.1 This chapter deals with the construction methods and the implementation planning proposed for the main components of the project in order to suitably match with the construction schedule envisaged. The types, sizes and number of equipment / machines required for construction of each component is broadly based on the nature and volume of work to be carried out apart from the location of the component. The planning of equipment is aimed to have least possible variety of equipment for efficient control and optimum utilization of equipment. A project of such magnitude invariably needs several different capacities of each type of equipment to match with the construction schedule. 11.1.2 Project components are accessible from Tezpur through existing all weather metalled road constructed and maintained by BRTF. 11.2 BASIS OF STUDY It is essential to optimize the construction cost vis--vis construction period taking into consideration price escalation and interest during construction, so as to avoid time over run to the extent possible. 11.3 MAJOR COMPONENTS Bhareli II H.E. Project is located in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is envisaged as a run of the river scheme across river Bhareli (Kameng). The scheme envisages construction of a 77 m high dam upstream of village Tippi. The deepest bed level of the river at dam site is around EL 140 m. The power house is located on the right bank at the toe of the dam. The FRL of the dam is kept at EL 214.0 m so as to get sufficient width for accommodating overflow portion and power dam portion. The diameter of the penstock is 7.4 m. 11.4 MATERIAL SOURCES connoting survey was made to identify potential sources of materials suitable for use as coarse and fine aggregate in concrete. Based on the reconnaissance survey during site visit, it is observed that material of suitable quality may be available for use in concrete as coarse and fine aggregate subject to testing of materials from the identified potential sources. Further, a portion of muck from the diversion tunnel excavation is also
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11.4.1 During the visit of the team comprising Engineers and geologist to project site, re-
proposed to be used for production of concrete and for other uses. Priority would be given for using excavated material to the extent possible so that quarrying operations can be limited to the minimum extent possible. 11.4.2 The river sand deposits will be tested for its suitability for use as fine aggregate in concrete. Secondly, crushed sand may also be used to obtain well graded sand. 11.4.3 The area for disposal of the excavated material has been considered at a distance of 1 km from dam, tunnel and power house sites for equipment planning purpose. 11.5 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS Mechanized construction has been planned for almost all type of construction activities so as to achieve consistent quality and planned progress. The bar chart showing all the activities is enclosed as Annexure 11.1. 11.6 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS into optimum number of contract packages, as the works are to be executed through award of contracts, taking into consideration the capabilities of eligible contractors. Supply and erection of the penstocks and hydro-mechanical components i.e. intake gate, draft tube gates, tail race gates, spillway gates, diversion tunnel gate etc. will be a part of the civil works. While deciding the optimum number of contracts for civil works, least interference between different work areas and availability of sufficient space for different work areas will be ensured, including adequate space for camps and construction facilities. In such a case, diversion tunnel works will comprise one package and all civil works including dam and hydro mechanical works will form another package. Alternatively diversion tunnel works also can be included as a part of civil and hydro mechanical works package. 11.6.2 Contracts for basic site infrastructure facilities will be awarded in advance so that the same may be ready and available by the time the main civil contractor (s) start mobilization. 11.7 SCHEDULE OF WORKING HOURS which further depend upon climatic conditions in the project area. Normally 200
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11.6.1 All main civil works will be carried out through an EPC contract or be suitably divided
11.7.1 Equipment planning has been done based on the number of working days available,
working days are considered as available based on 8 working months. However, in the project area, the monsoon sets in during May and continues almost upto the end of October. The working season has, therefore, been restricted to six months i.e. 150 days considering 25 working days per month. Thus for over ground works i.e. dam, power house, tail race and appurtenant works a working season of six months has been considered. The scheduled working hours with 150 working days accordingly works out as under: Single shift work/day = Two shift work/day = Three shift work/day = 150x7 = 150x12= 150x15 = 1050 hours 1800 hours 2250 hours
11.7.2 However, in respect of underground works, it is possible to carry out the works even during rains. Therefore, works of diversion tunnel are planned to continue throughout the year. Since the production capability would be effected during the monsoon months especially for the supplies / services and muck disposal etc., suitable reduction in the progress has been taken into account for the year as a whole. Therefore for planning purpose, 300 working days are considered for under ground works. 11.7.3 Though two shift working is normally considered most economical, in this project, due to shorter working season, three shift working has been planned for dam, power house, tail race and appurtenant works. Underground works, in any case, is planned for three shift working as these involve cyclic operations which do not follow normal pattern of shift operation. 11.7.4 Provision of standby equipment has been considered as 10%, 20% and 30% for single shift, two shifts and three shifts working respectively. 11.8 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD Survey and investigations and preparation of DPR (starting from the month of November) and obtaining of various clearances from statutory authorities, infrastructural development, preparation of detailed design, technical specifications and tender documents, power purchase agreement and financial closure are proposed to be completed within 30 months. The main construction of the project is planned to be completed in a period of 6 years. Broad details of various activities to be undertaken under 3 stages have been shown in enclosed bar chart.
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11.9
STAGE I ACTIVITIES The zero date of the project has been taken as the day on which the Government selects and allows the executing agency to proceed with various activities of this project. In order to commence pre-construction Survey and Investigations, the commencement date is assumed to be the beginning of a lean season. The activities considered for this stage are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Establishment of project organization obtaining Stage I clearance from MOEF (site clearance) Hydro meteorological data collection Preliminary topographical survey Geological survey including sub-surface exploration Preparation of feasibility report and obtaining CEAs commercial viability.
The Stage I activities are proposed to be completed within 12 months time. 11.10 STAGE II ACTIVITIES The stage II activities include completion of all residual pre-construction survey and Investigation and creation of all infrastructural facilities like approach roads, buildings, construction power. All statutory clearances like techno-economic clearance from CEA and Environment & Forest clearance from MOE&F is also obtained during this stage. All the activities in this stage are aimed at achieving financial closure for the project so that immediately after obtaining statutory clearances, construction of the project components could be started by appointing a suitable turn-key contractor. This stage would be completed within a period of 18 months after the techno-commercial viability is accorded by CEA. 11.11 STAGE III ACTIVITIES The Stage III activities have been so planned that immediately after the financial closure, notice for selecting the turn-key contractor can be published and a suitable contractor is selected within 6 months time based on International competitive bidding. 11.12 RIVER DIVERSION WORK 11.12.1 The river diversion works is proposed to be consisted of two concrete lined diversion tunnels of 8.25 m diameter on the left bank, an upstream coffer dam and a downstream coffer dam. The system will be capable of withstanding flows upto 4000 cumecs. When concreting of blocks of dam will be started, if it is considered necessary at that time, suitable construction sluice could be left in one or two blocks
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in order to create defined path for flow of a part of monsoon flood while the remaining volume passing through two diversion tunnels. The velocities of water in two diversion tunnels will be appreciably high, occasionally reaching around 16 m/sec. The system will ensure working in riverbed, more or less uninterrupted during the entire lean season of the year. 11.12.2 The excavation of tunnel is planned to be carried out by drill and blast method using drill boom jumbo, shortcrete machine, loaders, dumpers etc. For lining of the tunnel, batching and mixing plant of suitable capacity, transit mixers, concrete pump, grout pump, etc. will be used. It is planned to excavate diversion tunnel in full face. An average progress of 100 m / month is planned. Both the diversion tunnel works will be taken up simultaneously. 11.12.3 Suitable coffer dams located approximately 200 m upstream and 200 m downstream from the dam axis have been proposed. The top of the coffer dam has been kept as 4 m so as to provide sufficient space for movement of vehicles during construction of the dam. The upstream coffer dam will be of 13 m high with a base width of 24 m. The downstream coffer dam will be 11 m high with a base width of 21 m. Both the coffer dams will be of cellular masonry structure filled with boulders colcrete. Entire diversion activity is proposed to be completed within a period of 22 months. 11.13 DIVERSION DAM 11.13.1 Construction of concrete dam of 77 m high and 340 m length is proposed to be commenced by stating excavation in the flanks. This work is proposed to be taken up even before the river is diverted. The construction of dam would involve all activities right from excavation, foundation preparation, curtain grouting, concreting in power dam, consisting of 165 m of overflow section, 145 m of power dam section and 30 m of non-overflow section, installation of embedded parts for radial gates and stop logs and finally erection of radial gates and penstocks. Dam concreting is proposed to be done by installing a 300m/hr batching plant and using tower cranes for conveying concrete to the required locations. 11.13.2 The total quantity of concreting involved is 11.5 lakhs cubic metre. Average concrete pouring rate of 70,000 cubic metre per month is envisaged. The total construction period for the dam including erection of radial gates is estimated as 42 months.
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11.14 INTAKE AND PENSTOCKS Power dam will consist of 5 intakes for the penstocks. Length of the power dam will be 145 m. Centre to centre distance of intakes will be 22 m. Each intake structure will comprise one intake opening of 7.4 m x 7.4 m in the body of the dam to convey a discharge of 256.4 cumecs through 7.4 m diameter penstock embedded in the dam. The intake will be provided with semi circular trash rack with five trash rack bays, total width being 13 m and height 11 m with 100 mm c/c openings between the rack bars to prevent debris and trash entering into the penstock. Each intake will be provided with one fixed wheel type vertical lift gate of size 7.4 m x 7.4 m operated by means of a hydraulic hoist. The portion of the penstock which is embedded in the body of the dam will be erected as the dam block is raised and concreting done with suitable temperature supports. There are 5 number of power intakes in the body of the dam on right side of overflow section. From each intake a penstock of 7.4 m diameter takes off through the body of the dam. The length of each penstock will be 110 m. Fabrication and erection of penstock will be done in a period of 15 months. Penstock will be provided with each block at the locations where change of direction takes place. Entire length will run over the downstream face of the dam and embedded in the concrete. 11.15 POWER HOUSE Proposed surface powerhouse involves 58,000 m of concrete. A batching plant of 30m/hr capacity will be installed near power house. By deploying adequate numbers excavators, loaders, hydraulic rock breaker, dozer, transit mixers and dumpers etc. Power house civil works is proposed to be completed in a period of 30 months. 11.16 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS 26 months period is envisaged for erection of E&M works and 5 months for commissioning and synchronization. 11.17 SWITCHYARD A 400 kV double circuit switchyard is located on the downstream side of the power house with five generator transformer bays, two outgoing bays and one station auxiliary transformer bay.
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CHAPTER - XII
Cost Estimate
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12.1
INTRODUCTION Bhareli II H.E. Project is located in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is planned as a run of the river scheme across river Bhareli (Kameng). The scheme envisages construction of a 77 m high dam upstream of village Tippi. The deepest bed level of the river at dam site is around EL 140 m. The power house is located on the right bank at the toe of the dam. The FRL of the dam is kept at EL 214.0 m so as to get sufficient width for accommodating overflow portion and power dam portion. The diameter of the penstock is 7.4 m.
12.2
COST ESTIMATE Rs. 1382.61 crores. The project estimate has been prepared on the basis of Guidelines for Preparation of Cost estimates for River Valley Projects published by Central Water Commission, New Delhi. The cost abstract is enclosed as Annexure 12.1. The cost does not include the cost of transmission line and the interest during construction.
12.2.1 Estimated cost of the project prepared at September 2003 price level works out to
12.2.2 The estimate for Civil and Hydro mechanical works has been prepared on the basis of approved rates for ongoing Kameng HE Project (600 MW) in Arunachal Pradesh. Criterion for adoption of rates and costs of E&M works has been taken as per decision of the sub-committee constituted by CEA for this purpose. 12.2.3 The electromechanical rates have been adopted on the basis of rates quoted by electromechanical manufacturers in the recent past for various projects in the country. Excise duty and other taxes as applicable have also been considered in the adopted rates of various items of works. 12.2.4 Construction period of 6 years has been considered in the preparation of estimate.
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CHAPTER - XIII
Economic Evaluation
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13.1
GENERAL The benefits and financial evaluation of the project have been considered as per the standard guidelines issued by the Government of India. The norms laid down by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) for Hydro projects have also been kept in view in this regard.
13.2
PROJECT BENEFITS
13.2.1 The scheme would afford on annual energy generation of 2344.62 MU in a 90% dependable year. In assessing the sale price of energy, design energy generation calculated with 95% capacity availability in a 90% dependable year has been adopted. The project would provide a valuable 600 MW of peaking capacity benefits through out the year. 13.2.2 Table 13.1 below gives the project benefits: Table-13.1 S.No 1. 2. 13.3 Particulars Annual Energy (MU) Capacity Value (MW) Benefits 2344.62 600.00
INPUTS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS Inputs data and assumptions considered for economic and financial evaluation of the project including for calculation of IDC are shown is Annexure 13.1. Some key assumptions are indicated below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Auxiliary Consumption @ 0.5 %. Transformation Losses @0.5 %. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs (including insurance) @ 1.5 % Escalation in O&M Costs @ 6 %. Depreciable value of Fixed Assets @ 90% of the value of Fixed Assets Annual Rate of Depreciation as per straight line method (SLM). Advance Against Depreciation (AAD) subject to ceiling of 1/12th of original loan minus depreciation as per schedule to meet shortfall in the scheduled loan
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repayment. The total depreciation including the AAD is, however, limited to 90% of the original cost of assets. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 13.4 Debt Equity Ratio 70:30. Mode of Financing provides for Domestic borrowings. Interest on Domestic Borrowings @ 10.50%. Financing Charges on borrowings @ 1.5% of the total borrowings. IDC calculated on the basis of above interest rates and financing charges Rate of return on Equity @ 16% Interest on W/C @12.50% Tax concessions and rate as per the provisions of the I.T. Act in force. Loan Repayment period 12 years. Moratorium of one year from the year of commercial operation.
ESTIMATED COST AND PHASING
13.4.1 The cost of the project is estimated at Rs.138260.50 lakhs at September, 2003 price level without Interest during Construction (IDC). 13.4.2 Including IDC, the total cost of the project is estimated at Rs.169835.21 lakhs 13.4.3 The project is envisaged to be completed in a period of 6 years. The expenditure of the project has accordingly been phased. 13.4.4 Annexure 13.2 gives the Breakdown of project Cost while Annexure 13.3 gives the calculation of Interest During Construction (IDC). 13.5 DEPRECIATION The depreciation is calculated according to Straight Line Method (SLM) as per the Ministry of Power notification dated 29th March, 1994 as modified by the CERC under its notification dated 30th May, 2003. The average rate as per SLM works out to 2.86% Advance against depreciation (AAD), in addition to allowable depreciation, whenever originally scheduled loan repayment exceeded the depreciation allowable as per the schedule, calculated in the manner as specified in the CERC notification, is provided. On repayment of entire loan, the remaining depreciable value is spread over the balance useful life of the asset, as per the requirement of the notification.
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The calculation of depreciation including Advance Against Deprecation is given in Annexure 13.4. 13.6 LOAN AMORTIZATION The interest is calculated on quarterly reducing balance of principal. The entire loan is repaid in eleven years. The details of loan amortization over the debt - period are given in Annexure 13.5. These details also include the Semi -annual and Annual repayment of principal and payment of interest over the period of the debt. 13.7 WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS The Working Capital Requirements is calculated in the manner as specified in the Ministry of Power, GOI notification dated 29th March, 1994 read with the CERC notification dated 30th May, 2003. The calculation of Working Capital Requirements - is given in Annexure 13.6 13.8 ENERGY SALE PRICE
13.8.1 The cost of generation and sale price of energy is computed based on the given norms and parameters in the Inputs and Assumptions with the present day capital cost of the scheme. The cost of generation and sale price worked out is given in Table 13.2 below: Table 13.2 Cost of Generation and Sale Price (Summary) S.No 1. 2. 3. Particulars Cost of Generation (Rs./kWh) Energy Charges (Rs./kWh) Levelised Tariff (Rs./kWh) 1st 1.24 1.67 1.34 5th 1.04 1.47 Years 10th 20th 0.40 0.36 1.23 0.90 30th 0.43 0.98 35th 0.47 1.02
13.8.2 The details of computation of cost of generation and sale price of energy are given in Annexure 13.7. 13.8.3 GOIs Policy on Hydro Development announced in August, 1998 provides, among others, for rationalization of Hydro Tariff by allowing premium on sale rate during
95
peak period. This will necessitate introduction of Peak and Non-peak tariff. CERC is presently deliberating on concept and methodology of Peak and Non-peak tariff. This aspect therefore needs to be considered later according to the concept and methodology as may be finally approved. 13.9 ESTIMATES OF WORKING RESULTS The estimates of Working Results of the project are given in Annexure 13.8. The Development Surcharge shown at item N of Annexure 13.8 represents capital income collected @ 5% on billable revenue (fixed costs) to be utilized for the purpose of fresh capacity addition and project development activities and to be maintained in the manner as provided in the CERC notification dated 30th May, 2003. This surcharge will not be leviable for operations exclusively within the state. 13.10 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) The Internal Rate Return (Project) works out to 10.50 %. The details regarding the calculation of IRR (Project) are given in Annexure 13.9. 13.11 DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO (DSCR) The Average Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR) of the project works out to1.42. The details of calculation of DSCR are given in Annexure 13.10 13.12 PAYBACK PERIOD The payback period works out to 9.40 years. The details of calculation of payback period are given in Annexure 13.11 13.13 CONCLUSION On the basis of the inputs and assumptions as given, the project demonstrates positive cash flow and as per the estimates of working results, the scheme is economically viable and financially profitable. The annual benefits may further increase with the incentives available for higher availability if the same could be achieved.
96
BHARELI II H.E. PROJECT (600 MW)
Table of Contents
ISO 9001-2000
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................................... 1 SALIENT FEATURES .............................................................................................................................................. 2 CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................................EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ 5 SCOPE OF WORK...................................................................................................................................... 5 HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 6 POWER POTENTIAL STUDIES.............................................................................................................. 6 POWER EVACUATION ASPECTS......................................................................................................... 7 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS................................................................................................................ 7 ESTIMATES OF THE COST .................................................................................................................... 8 FINANCIAL ASPECTS.............................................................................................................................. 8 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER II................................................................................................................PROJECT BACKGROUND 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 ARUNACHAL PRADESH ....................................................................................................................... 10 THE RIVER SYSTEM.............................................................................................................................. 11 THE PROJECT.......................................................................................................................................... 12 POWER SCENARIO ................................................................................................................................ 12 NECESSITY OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 14 INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................................................................ 15 PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS............................................................................................................. 16
CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................................PROJECT AREA 3.1 3.2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INCLUDING RIVER SYSTEM....................................................... 19 SOCIO ECONOMIC AND OTHER ASPECTS ................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER IV.....................................................................................TOPOGRAPHICAL & GEOTECHNICAL 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................... 29 LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................ 30 GEOMORPHOLOGY / PHYSIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 30 REGIONAL TOPOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH ................................. 31 REGIONAL GEOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 33 TOPOGRAPHICAL / GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS.......................................................................... 34 SEISMICITY & SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE AREA.................................................................... 35 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.............................................................................................................. 36 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V ...................................................................................................................................... HYDROLOGY 5.1 5.2 LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................ 40 RIVER SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................... 40
i
Table of Contents
5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10
ISO 9001-2000
CATCHMENT AREA CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................................................... 40 METEOROLOGICAL PROPERTIES................................................................................................... 41 DISCHARGE DATA ................................................................................................................................. 41 CHECK FOR CONSISTENCY OF DATA ............................................................................................ 42 WATER AVAILABILITY STUDY......................................................................................................... 44 FLOOD ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................. 46 SEDIMENTATION STUDIES................................................................................................................. 47 RECOMMENDATION ............................................................................................................................. 49
CHAPTER VI...................................................................................... CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT & PLANNING 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 51 RIVER DIVERSION WORK................................................................................................................... 51 CONCRETE DAM..................................................................................................................................... 53 POWER DAM BLOCK............................................................................................................................. 55 PENSTOCKS.............................................................................................................................................. 56 POWER HOUSE........................................................................................................................................ 56 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................... 57 TAIL RACE CHANNEL .......................................................................................................................... 58
CHAPTER VII ...................................................................................................................... POWER POTENTIAL 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 60 FIXATION OF FULL RESERVOIR LEVEL (FRL)............................................................................ 60 FIXATION OF TAIL WATER LEVEL (TWL) .................................................................................... 60 DISCHARGE DATA ................................................................................................................................. 61 OPERATING HEAD................................................................................................................................. 62 INSTALLED CAPACITY ........................................................................................................................ 62 ENERGY GENERATION ........................................................................................................................ 63 SELECTION OF UNIT SIZE .................................................................................................................. 63 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................... 64 FURTHER STUDIES ................................................................................................................................ 64
CHAPTER VIII ................................................................................................................ POWER EVACUATION 8.1 8.2 APPRAISAL OF EXISTING POWER EVACUATION FACILITIES.............................................. 67 PROPOSED EVACUATION SYSTEM TO NEAREST FACILITY.................................................. 67
CHAPTER IX................................................................................................................ENVIRONMENT ASPECT 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 GENERAL INFORMATION................................................................................................................... 71 SUBMERGENCE AREA.......................................................................................................................... 71 RIVER SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................................... 71 SEISMICITY.............................................................................................................................................. 72 EXISTING LANDUSE/LANDCOVER AROUND THE PROPOSED DAM SITE .......................... 72
ii
Table of Contents
9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11
ISO 9001-2000
FOREST TYPES IN THE VICINITY OF PROJECT AREA ............................................................. 74 FAUNAL ELEMENTS AROUND THE PROJECT AREA................................................................. 74 EXISTENCE OF ANY PROTECTED AREA/ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES.................................. 75 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 75 RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ASPECTS..................................................................................... 75 RECOMMENDATIONS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .............................................................. 76
CHAPTER X ........................................................................................................................... INFRASTRUCTURE 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 THE PROJECT.......................................................................................................................................... 78 ACCESS ROADS ....................................................................................................................................... 78 CONSTRUCTION FACILITY ................................................................................................................ 78 PROJECT ROADS .................................................................................................................................... 79 PROJECT HEADQUARTERS, OFFICES AND COLONIES ............................................................ 79 EXPLOSIVE MAGAZINE ....................................................................................................................... 80 SCHOOL, PRIMARY HEALTH CARE, BANK, PETROL PUMP ................................................... 81 CONSTRUCTION POWER..................................................................................................................... 81 TELE-COMMUNICATION..................................................................................................................... 82
CHAPTER XI.............................................................................CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULE 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 84 BASIS OF STUDY ..................................................................................................................................... 84 MAJOR COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................................... 84 MATERIAL SOURCES............................................................................................................................ 84 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................................... 85 CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS........................................................................................................... 85 SCHEDULE OF WORKING HOURS.................................................................................................... 85 CONSTRUCTION PERIOD .................................................................................................................... 86 STAGE I ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................. 87 STAGE II ACTIVITIES ........................................................................................................................... 87 STAGE III ACTIVITIES.......................................................................................................................... 87 RIVER DIVERSION WORK................................................................................................................... 87 DIVERSION DAM..................................................................................................................................... 88 INTAKE AND PENSTOCKS................................................................................................................... 89 POWER HOUSE........................................................................................................................................ 89 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL WORKS.................................................................................................... 89 SWITCHYARD.......................................................................................................................................... 89
iii
Table of Contents
12.1 12.2
ISO 9001-2000
CHAPTER XII .............................................................................................................................COST ESTIMATE INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 91 COST ESTIMATE..................................................................................................................................... 91
CHAPTER XIII .........................................................................................................ECONOMIC EVALUATION 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 GENERAL .................................................................................................................................................. 93 PROJECT BENEFITS .............................................................................................................................. 93 INPUTS DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS................................................................................................... 93 ESTIMATED COST AND PHASING .................................................................................................... 94 DEPRECIATION....................................................................................................................................... 94 LOAN AMORTIZATION ........................................................................................................................ 95 WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS............................................................................................ 95 ENERGY SALE PRICE............................................................................................................................ 95 ESTIMATES OF WORKING RESULTS .............................................................................................. 96 INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR)................................................................................................. 96 DEBT SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO (DSCR)................................................................................... 96 PAYBACK PERIOD ................................................................................................................................. 96 CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................... 96
iv
List of Annexures & Drawings

1.1 1.2 A vicinity map showing 13 projects in Kameng Basin. A conceptual layout map
ISO 9001-2000
CHAPTER I ....................................................................................................................EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER IV.....................................................................................TOPOGRAPHICAL & GEOTECHNICAL 4.1 4.2 4.3 Plate BR-4.1 Geological Map of Arunachal Pradesh Geological Map of part of West Kameng district showing dam sites Geological Structural Map around the Proposed Project Area Geological Section across dam site
CHAPTER V ...................................................................................................................................... HYDROLOGY ANNEXURES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 FIGURES I II III IV V Location of Proposed H.E. Scheme in Kameng River System Location of Project Components Catchment Area Raingauge and Discharge Determination of NZE (Po) Bhalukpong-Ten Daily Average Discharges (Cumecs) Bhareli II -Ten Daily Average Discharges (Cumecs) Bhareli II - Ten daily Average Discharges (M.Cum.) Average Monthly Flow (Cumecs) Calculation for Dependable Year 90% dependable Discharges 75% dependable Discharges 50% dependable Discharges Derivation of Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Derivation of Design Flood Hydrograph A copy of letter on vetting of hydrology from CWC
CHAPTER VI...................................................................................... CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT & PLANNING Drawing No. : NP-PFR-BR-601 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-BR-602 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-BR-603 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-BR-604 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-BR-605 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-BR-606 Drawing No. : NP-PFR-BR-607 Conceptual layout Concrete Dam Concrete Dam Max Non-Overflow System Concrete Dam Upstream View Power House (Cross Section) Power House (Plan) Coffer Dam
CHAPTER VII ...................................................................................................................... POWER POTENTIAL Annexure 7.1 Tables 7.1-7.27 Location of Proposed H.E. Scheme in Kameng River System Power Potential Studies
CHAPTER VIII ................................................................................................................ POWER EVACUATION Annexure 8.1 Annexure 8.2 Annexure 8.3 Annexure 8.4 Annexure 8.5 Power Map of North Eastern Region and Sikkim Location of the Proposed Schemes on the Kameng River System Preliminary Power Evacuation Scheme Proposed Switchyard Layout A copy of letter on vetting of power evacuation from CEA
v
List of Annexures & Drawings

Figure 9.1 Figure 9.2 Figure 9.3 Figure 9.4 Figure 9.5 Figure 9.7 11.1
ISO 9001-2000
CHAPTER IX................................................................................................................ENVIRONMENT ASPECT Drainage Map of Bhareli-II River upto proposed Dam Site Map showing Submergence Area around Bhareli-II H.E. Project IRS-ID LISS III Scene of 7 km Radius Area around Bhareli-II H.E. Project IRS-ID PAN Scene of 7 km Radius area around Bhareli-II H.E. Project Landuse/Land Cover Pattern within 7 km Radius of Bhareli-II H.E. Project Landuse/Landcover Map of Submergence Area of Bhareli-II H.E. Project Construction Schedule
CHAPTER XI.............................................................................CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & SCHEDULE
CHAPTER XII .............................................................................................................................COST ESTIMATE 12.1 Cost Abstract
CHAPTER XIII .........................................................................................................ECONOMIC EVALUATION Annexure 13.1 Annexure 13.1A Annexure 13.2 Annexure 13.3 Annexure 13.4 Annexure 13.5 Annexure 13.6 Annexure 13.7 Annexure 13.8 Annexure 13.9 Annexure 13.10 Annexure 13.11 Inputs and Assumptions Year Wise Allocation of Project Cost General Breakdown of Scheme Cost Calculation of Interest During Construction (IDC) Calculation Depreciation including Advance Against Deprecation Loan Amortization Calculation of Working Capital Requirements Calculation of Sale Price of Energy Estimates of Working Results Internal Rate of Return (Project) Debt Services Coverage Ratio Payback Period
vi

Bhareli II

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50 000 MW HYDROELECTRIC INITIATIVE

Government of India Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority

600 MW BHARELI-II H.E. PROJECT ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Preliminary Feasibility Report

(A Government of India Enterprise)

Government of India Ministry of Power Central Electricity Authority

Preliminary Feasibility Report

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

New Delhi December 2003

S.C. Sharma Chairman & Managing Director

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

-5 Supply Shortages Peak Deficit

Source: Blue print for Power Sector Development MoP 2001

Hydro, 26910 MW Gas, 11633 MW Diesel, 1173 MW Wind, 1736 MW

Nuclear, 2720 MW Coal, 63801 MW

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

Source: 50000 MW Hydro-electric Initiative May 2003

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

Central interest subsidy scheme; Comprehensive insurance scheme, etc.

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT INCLUDING RIVER SYSTEM River System

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

BHARELI II HE PROJECT (600 MW) ISO 9001-2000

PMs 50,000 MW initiative