Академический Документы
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Mohammed Zyad
Tooth Brush
Uses of tooth brush 1. Remove & disrupt plaque formation. 2. Clean food debris & stains. 3. Stimulate gingival tissues. 4. Apply fluoridated toothpaste. Types of tooth brushes:1. According to size: large, medium, small. 2. According to hardness: hard, medium, soft. 1. Special types of tooth brushes: a. Orthodontic toothbrush. b. denture brush: hard for denture & soft for oral tissues. c. Toothbrush for handicapped patient. 2. Powered tooth brush (Electric toothbrush): 3- Natural tooth brush ( Miswak)
Denture brush
1-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Oral Irrigator
Used to remove food debris & plaque from food bifurcation area & bridge. Chemical antiseptic. Antiplaque. Help fluoride application.
Dental floss
Best supplemental aid, especially in tight contact cases. Objectives: a. Remove plaque & debris. b. Massage for gingiva in interdental spaces. c. Vehicle for chemotherapeutic agents. Types of dental floss:b. Waxed a. Unwaxed c. Banded unwaxed floss. d. Flavored floss. e. Medicated floss. 2-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Interdental brush
Single tuft brush. Uses:1. Clean intrproximal spaces between teeth. 2. Clean furcations. 3. Clean orthodontic bands & brackets. 4. Gingival stimulation.
Rubber tip
Interdental tip stimulator. Uses:1. Remove supragingival deposists. 2. Massage interdental tissues. 3. Clean inaccessible area. Contraindicated when interdental papilla widely fills embrasure (healthy gingva).
Fissure sealant
Requirement of fissure sealant materials: 1. Reduced water sorption & solubility. 2. Increased hardness & abrasion resistance 3. Adequate manipulation & good flow. 4. Good bond strength with enamel.
Uses:1. Sealing deep pits, fissure & grooves in newly erupted teeth to be non-retentive. 2. High caries susceptibility patient 3. High risk patient (as medically compromised patient). 4. Change fissure from retentive to non-retentive fissure. Types: 1. Chemically cured sealant (self-curing). 3-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Disclosing tablets
Definition:They are chemical agents that stain residual deposits selectively (plaque) so can be visible for patient). Uses:1. Allow spotting area of plaque. 2. Help in patient motivation, education, demonstration & assessment. 3. Used to evaluate the thoroughness of cleaning of the teeth. Types:1. Erythrocin . 2. Fluorescin. 3. Bismark brown. Ideal requirement:1. Non toxic& non irritant. 2. Colorant. 3. Good taste. 4. Easily rinsed after use. May be in the form of liquid or chewable tablets. 4-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
SPOTTING PICTURES
Mohammed Zyad
Overcome the problem of absorbed fluoride as fluoride varnish adheres to tooth surface for long time & release fluoride to tooth slowly.
1. Divergent roots of primary to accommodate bud of permanent successors. So we should care during extraction. 2. High mesial pulp horn So we should care during cavity preparation to avoid pulp exposure.
Large prominent buccal ridge So during restoration use T band to produce well contoured restoration due to prominent ridge 6-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
T-band Matrix
Used to restore normal contact areas of primary teeth & prevent extension of excess amalgam during condensation in class II cavity design.
7-2012
Deep lesion stage Traumatic stage 1. Cessation of habit and feeding recommendation to mother. 2. Sealing all caries-free pits & fissures with fissure sealant. 3. Fluoride application. 4. Excavation of caries, then filling with ZO/E (IRM) or G.I.(prevent progression) 5. Pulp therapy (pulpotomy pulpectomy) & build up of restoration compo mere. St.st. crowns. 6. General anaesthesia is required for small children with extensive caries.
Ellis Class I
Fracture of permanent tooth enamel only or with little amount of dentine. Treatment:Enamel only: - no treatment need follow up with x-Ray. Enamel with small dentine:-leave it or just smoothening of sharp edges to avoid injury to tongue or lip. follow up with x-Ray at 2 weeks & 4 weeks.
Ellis Class II
Fracture of enamel & dentine without pulp exposure. Treatment:Emergency treatment:-Cover exposed dentine by hard setting layer Ca (OH)2 dressing to :1. Stimulate reparative dentine formation. 2. Reduce further trauma to pulp. Ca(OH)2 dressing protected with:Fragment reattachment(ideal)or Acid etch composite. Or st.st crown or orthodontic band.
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Mohammed Zyad
Treatment:Preserve pulp vitality to allow closure of immature apex. Procedures include: Direct pulp capping. Calcium hydroxide pulpotomy. Apexification. Pulpectomy. Treatment depends on these factors:1. Vitality of exposed 2. Pulp Size of exposure 3. Exposure time (early, or late). 5. Tooth restorability. 6. Physical condition of patient. Write the table page 7.
4. Root maturation.
Ellis Class IV
Fracture of tooth with total crown amputation. Treatment:1. Remove the fractured part. 2. Remaining part can be extruded orthodontically or surgical approach required to gain access. 3. Pulp therapy. 4. Tooth restoration (post & core & crown).
Ellis Class V
Middle third fracture vertical fracture horizontal fracture cervical fracture. Root fracture with or without crown fracture May be horizontal or oblique or vertical fracture. Treatment: Apical third root fracture: (good prognosis) No treatment required just follow up with X-ray up to 6 weeks. middle third root fracture: Usually there's displacement palatal or lingual of the fractured crown root segment. Under local anesthesia digital pressure to make reduction then stabilize the fractured tooth by splinting 4-6 weeks & check the position by x-ray. Coronal (cervical) third root fracture: (bad prognosis) Remove fractured coronal segment. 9-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
If fractured part is 1-2mm infra-bony, make: Osteoplasty to expose root. Orthodontic root extrusion. Cervical root fracture require splint 4 month. Root canal treatment with post and crown restoration otherwise extraction is choice. Vertical root fracture: extraction.
Extrusion luxation
Displacement of tooth in coronal direction. Tooth is seen extruded partiality out of its socket. Treatment:1. Reposition tooth to normal position by digital pressure on incisal edge. Delay in treatment may cause fixation of tooth in extruded position. 2. Splinting with acid etch composite. 3. Endodontic treatment if toot lost its vitality. By placing Ca (OH)2 in root for 6 -12months to prevent resorption.
Intrusion luxation
Displacement of tooth in apical direction pushed into socket. Treatment:1. If root incomplete tooth will erupt spontaneously. 2. Immediate surgical repositioning, splinting & endodontic therapy. 10-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Avulsion
Loss of tooth, tooth totally displaced out of socket. Treatment:Immediate re-plantation within 30-60 minutes. Splinting, Ca (OH) 2, endodontic treatment. Success of re-plantation depend on:1. Time interval between injury & treatment. 2. Conditions under which the tooth has been stored. Tooth stored on milk, saliva, lens solution or unsalted water. If not available restore it under tongue or in vestibules.
Pericoronitis
Definition:Acute gingival inflammation around operculum of partially erupted tooth especially 8, 7, 6, D, E. Etiology:Accumulation of food debris & bacteria under the 11-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
operculum of partially erupted, erupted tooth. Treatment:1. Gentle debridement & allow drainage. 2. Warm saline mouth wash. 3. Antibiotic prophylaxis if fever & lymphadenopathy. 4. Surgical removal of operculum after inflammation decrease. 5. Case improves when tooth reaches occlusion. 6. If tooth not continuing eruption do extraction.
Definition:Recurrent necrotizing ulceration which is limited to oral mucosa. Etiology:Unknown. May be due to delayed hypersensitivity to streptococcus sanguis. Or autoimmune reaction against oral epithelium Predisposing factors: - trauma, psychic stress, allergy, nutritional deficiency (iron, folate, vitamin B12 deficiency). Treatment:No treatment needed (self limiting within 7-14days). 12-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Symptomatic treatment:1. Chlorhexidine mouth wash (3-4 times / day). 2. Tetracycline or achromicin 250 mg suspension mouth wash. 3. Topical anesthesia or 4. Hydrocortisone lozenges. 5. Case improves when tooth reaches occlusion. 6. If tooth not continuing eruption do extraction.
13-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Etiology:Gingival enlargement following dilantin (phenytoin)treatment:Anticonvulsant in epilepsy after 2-3 weeks of use. After use of cyclosporine or nifedine. Treatment:1. Removal of local irritating factor. 2. Daily meticulous oral hygiene. 3. Antihistaminic & antibiotic therapy. 4. If sever do surgical correction. 5. Consult physician to use alternative drug.
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Mohammed Zyad
Papillion-Lefevre Syndrome
Etiology:Rare genetic disease (autosomal recessive trait) with sever periodontal disease & early loss of tooth. Treatment: Poor prognosis. Treatment as aggressive periodontitis (surgical debridement with antibiotic) Early construction of complete denture. 15-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Band is placed on the tooth distal to the space. Loop should be wide enough (B-L) to allow eruption of 4, 5.
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Mohammed Zyad
Indication:Bilateral or multiple loss of primary lower molars. Used in case of lower permanent incisors are erupted. If permanent incisors not erupted and bilateral single tooth loss use bilateral band & loop.
Missing upper primary incisors (A, B, A, B) Indicated for: modified fixed partial denture.
17-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
18-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
19-2012
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Mohammed Zyad
Or Transpalatal bar
20-2012