Diversity of Life Quiz: Protists and Fungi Chapter 29: Protists Protists in a Large-Scale Perspective: Paraphyletic grouping (do

not share derived characteristics that set them apart from all other lineages on the tree of life). Are a paraphyletic groupthey represent some, but not all, of the descendants of a single common ancestor. Morphological diversity over time: nuclear envelope, multicellularity, varied support and protection structures, forms of sexual reproduction and multicellularity Mitochondrion and chloroplast arose by endosymbiosis Origin of nuclear envelope and ER: infolding of plasma membrane The endosymbiosis theory proposes that mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside a eukaryote about 2 billion years ago. Steps of the endosymbiosis theory: 1. Eukaryotic cell engulfs bacterium 2. Bacterium survives 3. Endosymbiosis: Both benefit from higher mitochondrial ATP yield Secondary endosymbiosis occurs when an organism engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell and retains its chloroplasts as intracellular symbionts. Symbiosis occurs when individuals of two different species live in physical contact. Endosymbiosis occurs when an organism of one species lives inside an organism of another species.

Can produce sexually and asexually: fertilizationthe fusion of two gametes to form a diploid zygote Sporophytes: produces spores via meiosis Gameophytes: produce gametes via mitosis Common feature: often live in environments surrounded by water

How do protists move? Amoeboid motion (sliding movement via pseudopodia), locomotion, cilia, flagella Protists vary in terms of how they find food. Some are photosynthetic, others ingest food packets, others absorb food from their environments Feeding by engulfing is possible in protists that lack a cell wall. A flexible membrane and dynamic cytoskeleton give these species the ability to surround and swallow prey with long, fingerlike projections called pseudopodia. Some protists also feed by sweeping food particles into their mouth with cilia. Absorptive feeding: nutrients are taken up directly from the environment, across the plasma membrane.

Could Protists fix global warming? Yes; protists act as carbon sinks that could help reduce global warming. A carbon sink is a long-lived carbon reservoir. Carbon sinks produced by protists can be either: Sedimentary rocks. Petroleum. Microscopy: a method used to study cell structures in protists; allows researchers to identify characteristics of specific lineages. These characteristic classes are called Synapomorphiesshared, derived traits that are used to distinguish major monophyletic groups. 7 Eukaryotic Lineages ex: Plantae Molecular phylogenies in protists have come about b/c of change over time (ex: bikonta (2 flagellum) and unikonta (1 flagella)

Species of Protists: Stramenopila (Heterokonta): Flagella with distinctive hollow hairs Species: Oomycota Distinguishing Factors: Water molds Absorb nutrition from living or dead hosts Decomposers in aquatic ecosystems Caused Irish potato famine

Diatoms

Glass-like cell wall! Live near surface of waterways that drift/swim short distances (plankton) Plankton in cold, nutrient-rich waters **most important producer of carbon compounds in the water** phytoplankton -- base of aquatic food chain** Brown algae; lives in marine habitats Blade, stipe, holdfast

Phaeophyta

Alveolata: small sacs, alvaeoli (located under plasma membranes) that stiffen the cell!! Species: Ciliata Distinguishing Factors: Locomotion 12,000 species Live in guts of grazing animals mutualistically Ex: paramecium Cell wall made up of cellulose plates! Ocean-dwelling plankton BIOLUMINESCENCE Toxin-producing protists Can cause RED TIDES: when d.f. reach high densities in an aquatic environment Red tides can be harmful to humans because these toxins build up in shellfish, which humans consume, and poisoning can result All parasitic Malaria-causing (worlds most chronic health problem)

Dinoflagellata

Apicomplexa

Rhizaria: single-celled amoebae, lack cell walls, make shells, pseudopodia Species: Foraminifera Distinguishing Factors: Shell form chalk, limestone, etc. Calcium carbonate shell or cover in pebbles!

Plantae: red algae, green algae, land plants, etc. Species: Rodophyta Distinguishing Factors: Red algae 6,000 species Live in DEEP water

Excavata: excavated feeding groove found on one side of the cell; lack mitochondria Species: Parabasalida Distinguishing Factors: unique internal support rods!! Live in animals Ex: disease-causing Trichomonas Live in low-oxygen environments Stagnant water env. **protein strips under plasma membrane!!** Freshwater Carb: paramylon

Diplomonadida Euglenida

Amoebozoa: lack cell walls and take in food by engulfing it, produce large lobelike pseudopodia, ex: slime molds Species: Myxogastrida Distinguishing Factors: Plasmodial Slime Mold supercell Decomposers in forest ecosystems

Chapter 31: Fungi Fungi in a Large-Scale Perspective: Mostly multicellular euaryotes Benefits of Fungi: Many live in close association with land plants. They supply plants with key nutrients and decompose dead wood. They are the master recyclers of nutrients in terrestrial environments. The roots of virtually every land plant are colonized by mutualistic fungi. In exchange for sugars synthesized by the plant, the fungi provide the plant with water and key nutrients without which the host plants grow more slowly or even starve.

Because they recycle key elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus and because they transfer key nutrients to plants, fungi have a profound influence on productivity and biodiversity. Source of many antibiotics, source of yeast, which has aided human food production Mycorrhizal associations between fungi and plant roots allow faster plant growth. Saprophytes are fungi that make their living by digesting dead plant material. How does Fungi speed the Carbon cycle on land? The carbon cycle on land has two basic components: 1.The fixation of carbon by land plants. 2.The release of CO2 from plants, animals, and fungi as the result of cellular respiration. For most carbon atoms, fungi connect the two components, as they are the organisms that break down the complex molecules in wood into reusable organic compounds.

How Fungi Feed: Absorb nutrients from living or dead organisms. Fungi secrete enzymes so that digestion takes place outside their cells. Their morphology provides a large amount of surface area for efficient absorption. unique ability to absorb the cellulose and lignin that comprise wood

How Fungi Reproduce: It is common for species to have a long-lived heterokaryotic stage, in which cells contain haploid nuclei from two different individuals.