Psychology AP-GT 'Chapter Therapy' Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE), Scribd Edition

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)
Psychology AP-G/T
NOTE: All text and all creative liberties appearing in this document are the sole property of the author, Margaret A. Abbey. This document was written, composed, and formatted solely by Margaret A. Abbey. All cited and consulted works are the copyrights of their respective authors. Permission to disseminate this outline and its contents as presented through the Internet, through writing or any other means of non-personal commercial circulation, must be expressly granted by the author, Margaret A. Abbey, solely through written and documentable permission. Improper usage, be it personally or publicly (in example, but extending past, usage without proper credit to the author, Margaret A. Abbey), will be punishable by law. Copyright 2011 by Margaret A. Abbey.
Psychology AP-G/T
Margaret Abbey Date Assigned: Monday, February 28 , 2011/Wednesday, March 2nd, 2011 Date Due/Date of Submission: Monday, March 14th, 2011 Class: Psychology AP-G/T Assignment: Outline for Chapter 17: Therapy, covering the Textbook Pages of 684721 of Psychology, Eighth Edition (Myers 685)
th
Chapter Seventeen: Therapy

I.
(Myers 685)
Introduction
a. Two Main Classifications for Mental Health Therapies (Myers 685) i. The Psychological Therapies 1. Psychotherapy: the first branch (of two) of the mental health therapies that seeks to alleviate and/or remedy learned psychological disorders through non-medication methods of talking interaction and cooperation between a trained professional and a patient suffering from said psychological disorder; prescribed effectiveness heavily relies on/is attributed to the emotional component ii. The Biomedical Therapies 1. Biomedical Therapy: the second branch (of two) of the mental help therapies that seeks to alleviate and/or remedy psychological disorders through physically modifying the structure and function of the patients malfunctioning nervous system primarily through prescription medication for psychological disorders or one of the several surgeries that are specifically for neuroses and psychoses b. In modern times, many psychologists and psychiatrists have been combining psychotherapy and biomedical therapy, to form the methods of the eclectic approach and psychotherapy integration i. Eclectic Approach: very reliant on the biopsychosocial model, the technique that administers a combination of different types of
Psychology AP-G/T
psychotherapy and biomedical therapy in order to treat a patient ii. Psychotherapy Integration: also very reliant on the biopsychosocial model, the technique that takes a combination, if not the full complement, of psychotherapy and biomedical therapy methods of treatment and merges them into one cohesive method of treatment II.
First Umbrella: The Psychological Therapies (Myers 686) a. Section One {Psychotherapy Type #1}: Psychoanalysis (Myers 686)
i. Introduction 1. Psychoanalysis: Freuds theory of the unconscious; using the path created by the responses given during free association and other techniques employed during private psychoTHERAPY **Note: session, revolved around the belief that unconscious Psychoanalytical memories (especially painful unconscious or extremely therapy is not a scienceit is just a sexual memories) usually rooted in childhood could be form of therapy. mentally accessible to the patient, and were the basis of motives, and the cause of conflicts, problems and disorders in the patients adult life ii. Sub-Section One: Aims (Myers 686) 1. Objectives of Psychoanalysis a. Drawing unconscious memories/feelings/motivations into the patients conscious mind, where the psychoanalyst can help them release the negative energy related to the clashing of the id, superego, and ego and eliminate the manifested problem iii. Sub-Section Two: Methods (Myers 687) 1. Methods of Treatment in Psychoanalysis a. PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT #1:: Free Association: one of the primary therapies used in the psychoanalytical school of psychology, in which the patient would relax, and subsequently say whatever they were thinking in that frame of mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing, to the analyst (who would be
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sitting out of their line of sight~i.e., if the patient was lying on a reclining couch, the analyst would be sitting at the head of the couch, perpendicular to said head of the couch [please see ])
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i. Resistance: in the free association exercise, known as the actions taken by the patient to gloss over embarrassing, painful, or other negative/anxiety-causing cognition by joking, trying to change the subject, omitting parts of the thought process, etc.; indicative of anxiety [lurking] and [them]defending against sensitive material (Myers 687) 1. Interpretation: the step in the free association exercise that follows the analysts identification of resistances. Involves the analyst affixing
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meaning to the arbitrary cognition, providing insight into your underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts (Myers 687) b. PSYCHOANALYTIC TREATMENT #2::Analyzing Dream Content:: Latent Content: the underlying meaning of the manifest content (the surface content) of dreams 2. Outcomes of Psychoanalytical Treatment a. Transference: the act in which a patient unconsciously moves their strong emotions from a recalled memory to their analyst, causing them to feel that specific emotion for their analyst; thought to effectively reveal the unconscious emotions to both the patient and analystmaking it easier in terms of identification and insight into past occurrences and present relationships 3. Criticisms of Psychoanalytical Therapy a. Because psychoanalysis is not quantitative, effectiveness of therapy cannot be proven OR disproven b. $$$$ [Very Expensive] iv. Sub-Section Three: Psychodynamic Therapy (Myers 688) 1. Psychodynamic Therapists: ascribing to the psychodynamic perspective, these therapists administer therapy based on many of the facets of psychoanalytical therapy (including childhood experiences and the therapist relationship, helping patients gain insight on suppressed cognition and emotion; different in terms of frequency of therapeutic sessions and duration of therapy (less frequent than psychoanalytical therapy sessions and for a shorter amount of time) a. Focuses on ENABLING INSIGHT through analyzing recurring themes in the patients cognition, way of how they refer to themselves/their situation
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i. Interpersonal Psychotherapy: a condensed version of traditional psychodynamic therapy, consists of an 12to 16-session period in which an interpersonal therapist seeks to primarily alleviate problems in a patients current life and relationships rather than inordinately focusing on personality change and addressing suppressed emotion b.
Section Two {Psychotherapy Type #2}: Humanistic Therapies (Myers 689)

i. Aims of Humanistic Therapy 1. self-awareness and self-acceptance, cognitive and emotional impediments disallowing self-awareness/self-acceptance by a. Focusing on the present and future more than past events b. Focusing on conscious, current thoughts c. Immediately acknowledging ownership of cognition d. Acknowledging that the patient is human, by referring to them not as patients, but by the more positive label of clients e. Striving for the ultimate goal of creating a warm environment filled with unconditional positive regard, thought to better increase the patient developing a more positive self-image of himself or herself i. Unconditional Positive Regard: One of Carl Rogers main tenets; involves the absolute giving and evaluation of a client in a warm, nurturing, nonjudgmental environment, in which the client and the psychologist work cooperatively together (with the psychologist realizing and actively applying the fact that the client is a separate individual that should not be subjected to the psychologists opinions) to positively help the client. ii. Types of Humanistic Therapies
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1. HUMANISTIC THERAPY #1:: Client-Centered Therapy: as developed by humanistic psychologist Carl Therapy, one of the most popular methods of humanistic therapy, in which the therapist mainly listens to the patients selfperception/self-cognition, while genuinely empathizing and sympathizing with the patient (striving to be a human mirror to the patient of themselves) a. Nondirective Therapy: the specific form of therapy employed in client-centered therapy, in which the psychologist truly focuses on hearing the patient by letting the patient himself identify and analyze his self-perceptions and insights rather than shaping said selfperceptions and insights b. Active Listening: the specific form of hearing employed in clientcentered therapy, in which the therapist attentively listens to the patient and only speaks when asking for clarification of an emotion/thought/circumstance from the patient (demonstrating that the patient is truly being HEARD) c.
Section Three {Psychotherapy Type #3}: Behavior Therapies (Myers 690)

i. Behavior Therapy: Much like the psychological perspective of behaviorism, behavior therapy involves the treatment of the maladaptive behaviorsprimarily based on the principles of learningmaladaptive behaviors=learned behaviors, and, therefore, can be replaced with a new set of learned adaptive behaviorsassociated with the psychological disorder rather than expecting that a patients gain of self-awareness will reduce the incidence of maladaptive behavior 1. Behavior Therapists Skepticism About Self-AwarenessB/c, i.e., you can become aware of why you are highly anxious during exams and still be anxious (Myers 690)
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ii. Sub-Section Four: Classical Conditioning Techniques (Myers 691) 1. Introduction a. A section of behavior therapies comes from Pavlovs theories about learning (classical conditioning) i. Counterconditioning: one of the methods of combined behavior-classical conditioning therapy in which the unconditioned stimulus is paired with a more adaptive conditioned response that is incompatible with the previous undesired unconditioned response (usually the UCR=fear, and the new CR=a relaxed state in which fear cannot exist) 1. Divided into the two specific techniques of exposure therapies and aversive conditioning 2. ..-Section One: Exposure Therapies (Myers 691) a. Exposure Therapies: as derived from Mary Cover Jones groundbreaking work, this umbrella method of counterconditioning effectively reduces a patients fear response by HABITUATING the triggering UCS with a relaxed state i. One type of exposure therapy is systematic desensitization 1. Systematic Desensitization: developed by psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe, this form of exposure therapy works on the conjecture that anxiousness and relaxation cannot coexist; consistently arouses relaxation in the presence of anxiety-triggering UCSs. a. How It Works i. The patient gives their behavior therapist their hierarchy of anxietytriggering situations (beginning with situations that only arouse mild
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anxietysituations that arouse high anxiety levels). ii. The behavior therapist then uses progressive relaxation to help build the association between relaxation and the arousing situation. a) Progressive Relaxation: facilitation of an absolutely relaxed state in which the patient, as directed by the therapist, slowly relaxes one muscle group at a time until said state of total relaxation is achieved iii. Once in a state of relaxation, the behavior therapist recalls the first situation of the patients anxietytriggering hierarchy. iv. If the recall of this situation arouses anxiety, the patient alerts the therapist by raising one finger, and the therapist asks the patient to erase the mental movie of the situation and return to their deep relaxed state. v. This slow method of desensitization is facilitated several times by the behavior therapist until the highest imagined anxiety-arousing situation [of the hierarchy] has been conquered. ii. Another type of exposure therapy is virtual reality exposure
therapy
1. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy: utilized when systematic desensitization cannot recreate the intricacies of a phobia
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(or the phobia is too embarrassing to recreate), this form of exposure therapy involves creating a threedimensional virtual reality of the anxiety-triggering situation using a complex system of somatosensory sensors and a head-mounted display unit (Myers 692) 3. ..-Section Two: Aversive Conditioning (Myers 692) a. Aversive Conditioning: unlike systematic desensitization and its variants, which seek to reduce the anxiety associated with a harmless circumstance, this form of counterconditioning seeks to associate a harmful situation or stimulus with a negative UCR and CR, as to discourage the client from subsequent interaction (i.e., when treating a borderline alcoholic by linking severe nausea with alcohol consumption)
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(McCubbin 12; Myers 693). i. Only effective in the long run if used in conjunction with other solidifying treatments iii. Sub-Section Five: Operant Conditioning (Myers 693) 1. Another method of maladaptive-behavior reform used by behavior therapists is behavior modification a. Behavior Modification: emphasizing adaptive behaviors by reinforcing them (usually through some form of reward), while diminishing maladaptive behavior by withholding reinforcement and/or exacting punishment~OPERANT CONDITIONING i. Token Economy: particularly used by therapists in institutional settings, this method of
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positive reinforcement involves giving some form of token (i.e., a ticket, a plastic coin, a Howard P.A.W.) when adaptive behavior is exhibited by a patient; these tokens can be eventually redeemed for a wide array of desired prizes such as day trips or an extra dessert 1. PROS [of Token Economy] Very successful in promoting adaptive behaviors Proponents cite its humane parameters that are more gentle than other mental-treatment options 2. CONS [of Token Economy] May make the patient too reliant on extrinsic motivators Questionable ethics~the authoritarian taint of token economypicking and choosing which behaviors will be reinforced, and which ones will be discouraged (Myers 694) d.
Section Four {Psychotherapy Type #4}: Cognitive Therapies (Myers 694)

i. Introduction 1. Cognitive Therapies: used when treatment for psychological disorders is unclear due to severity or nebulousness of the disorder itself, operates on the association of cognition with emotion associated with a triggering situation (often the former precedes the latter); primary objective is aiding patients positively restructure their way of thinking
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How Cognition Influences Emotion (McCubbin 16; Myers 695).
ii. Sub-Section Six: Cognitive Therapy for Depression (Myers 695) 1. As promoted by cognitive therapist Aaron Beck (who developed a protocol of gentle, nudging questioning for helping depressed patients realize their self-destructive process of cognition and emotion), as well as Adele Rabin (whose research promoted the huge impact of positive-thinking exercises on depressed persons), and Donald Meichenbaum (who developed stress inoculation training) a. Stress Inoculation Training: as developed by cognitivebehavioral therapist Donald Meichenbaum, this is the method of eliminating self-destructive cognition by countering said negative cognition with positive self-talk 2. Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: the integration of behavioral therapy with cognitive therapy that not only modifies the ways in which patients think, but simultaneously modifies their behavior
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and potentially, their personality; seeks to make people aware of their irrational negative thinking,replace it with new ways of thinking, and to practice the more positive approach in everyday settings (Myers 697). e.
Section Five {Psychotherapy Type #5}: Group and Family Therapies (Myers 697)
i. Group Therapy 1. PROS a. Patients benefit from being in session with others who have similar circumstances b. Experience of increased feedback and reassurance 2. CONS a. The one-on-one patient-therapist interaction is diluted, due to the presence and needs of other patients in the group 3. Family Therapy: a specialized type of group therapy in which a family unit that has been troubled by the clashing between each members need for individuation from their family and a simultaneous need for the emotional cohesiveness of the family environment; promotes healthier familial interaction through consideration of the family unit, each individuals familial role, and establishing effective ways of familial communication and conflict-resolution
III.
Second Umbrella: Evaluating Psychotherapies (Myers 700) a. Section Five: Is Psychotherapy Effective? (Myers 700)
i. Sub-Section Seven: Clients Perceptions (Myers 700) 1. Client perceptions of therapys effectiveness can be easily distorted, due to the facts that: a. Many clients enter therapy in the midst of personal crisis, and do not account emotional alleviation to the crisis simultaneously ending b. Many clients feel the need to think that their therapy was effective (b/c of the amount of money spent, self-justification), and thus this need manifests into a false truth
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c. Many clients find it hard to say anything negative about their therapist, who has gone to great lengths to be a supportive figure in their rehabilitation 2. Testimonials also can offer distorted perceptions of therapy effectiveness ii. Sub-Section Eight: Clinicians Perceptions (Myers 701) 1. Clinicians perceptions about the effectiveness of therapy are distorted by the self-serving bias (they wrongly see other therapists failures more than the facts of the matter) a. Both clients and clinicians are influenced by other phenomena such as the placebo effect and regression toward the mean i. Placebo Effect: the phenomenon in which physical effects occur because of ones belief that they are receiving actual treatment ii. Regression Toward the Mean: the tendency for extreme events or circumstances to return towards levels of normality (i.e. a patient who enters therapy with extremely low levels of happiness/selfesteemachieving normal levels of happiness/self-esteem after therapy [and falsely thinking that therapy caused a massive shift in their mood and selfperception]) iii. Sub-Section Nine: Outcome Research (Myers 702) 1. Outcome Studies (Textbook Definition): randomized clinical trials in which people on a waiting list receive therapy or no therapy (Myers 710) a. Meta-Analysis: one of the more popular ways of quantitatively evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy, in which raw data collected from researchers evaluation of the subjects of randomized clinical trials/their friends/family/third-party psychologists/experiment conclusions is statistically combined into one massive study for easier and more widespread analysis and comprehensive conclusion
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b.
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Section Six: The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies (Myers 704)

i. Meta-analyses indicate that no one type of therapy is effective for all psychological disorders 1. Empirically-Supported Therapies: methods of therapy that have been quantitatively identified to be the best way to treat certain psychological disorders; in example, cognitive therapy, interpersonal therapy, and behavior therapy for depression; cognitive therapy, exposure therapy, and stress inoculation training for anxiety; cognitivebehavior therapy for bulimia; behavior modification for bed wetting (Myers 704) 2. No correlation between effectiveness AND a. Therapists training b. Therapists experience c. Therapists supervision d. Therapists licensing
c.
Section Seven: Evaluating Alternative Therapies (Myers 705)
(Ahmad 43; Myers 705).
i. Sub-Section Ten: Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing (EMDR) (Myers 706)

1. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): based on psychologist Francine Shapiros observation that
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her anxious thoughts were alleviated with rapid eye movement, involves the therapy triggering eye movement that is hypothesized to allow suffering clients to unlock traumatic memories and reprocess them a. Not empirically supported in any other trials (other than Shapiros, of course) ii. Sub-Section Eleven: Light Exposure Therapy (Myers 706) 1. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): the depression and lethargy that occurs during the dreary wintertime months, especially indicated in women living far from the equator a. Light Exposure Therapy: the therapy formulated to specifically treat Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) by delivering a timed daily dose of intense artificial light d.
Section Eight: Commonalities Among Psychotherapies (Myers 707)

i. Sub-Section Twelve: Hope for Demoralized People (Myers 707) 1. The mere expectation that things will get better with therapy acts as a placebo, promoting improved morale, new feelings of self-efficacy and diminished symptoms (Myers 707). ii.
Sub-Section Thirteen: A New Perspective (Myers 707)

1. Psychotherapy offers the opportunity of forging a new self-perception and a fresh perspective that lends itself to a brighter outlook on life (Myers 707)
iii. Sub-Section Fourteen: An Empathic, Trusting, Caring
Relationship (Myers 707)

1. Therapeutic Alliance: the emotional bond between therapist and client which has been empirically shown to foster effective therapy situations, no matter who is administering the therapy (be it professional therapist of paraprofessional therapist who is not in the field of ) (Myers 710)
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e.
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Section Nine: Culture and Values in Psychotherapy (Myers 708)

i. Cultural differences (i.e. religion, country/culture of origin) can greatly affect the therapeutic alliance between a client and his or her therapist 1. Usually affects in a negative way a. *The Point to Remember: It is important that, when looking for a therapist, one evaluates them based on several components, including the sociocultural ones.
IV.
Third Umbrella: The Biomedical Therapies (Myers 711) a. Introduction

i. Biomedical Therapy: therapy which is somatoform in nature; in other words, methods of treatment (medication, electroconvulsive shock therapy, electrode stimulation, and psychosurgery) that involve mechanical, chemical, and/or neurochemical modification of the patients nervous system in order to alleviate, if not remedy, psychological disorders
Mind-body interaction The biomedical therapies assume that mind and body are a unit: Affect one and you will affect the other (Myers 718). (McCubbin 34; Myers 718)
b.
Section Ten: Drug Therapies (Myers 711)

i. Introduction 1. Drug therapies=the most popular of the biomedical therapies to date a. Psychopharmacology (Textbook Definition): the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior (Myers 711) i. Involves the development and testing of antineurotic and antipsychotic drug therapies, which requires the use of a double-blind procedure in order to avoid anomalies in the results
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1. Double-Blind Procedure: in this protocol, neither the participants in the clinical trials for the psychological drug therapy nor the research staff know which participant received the actual drug, or the placebo (or non-effective) drug. This is done to reduce the likelihood for increased pressure on the trial participant or the research staff to deliver promising results. ii. Sub-Section Fifteen: Antipsychotic Drugs (Myers 711) 1. Antipsychotic Drugs: including Thorazine (chlorpromazine) and Clozaril (clozapine), the types of medication that were accidentally found to calm severely psychotic patients experiencing positive symptoms by reducing triggering/agitation by irrelevant stimuli, or patients experience the negative symptoms of apathy and catatonia, respectively; work by blocking dopamine-receptor sites in the brain a. Side Effects, like antipsychotic drugs themselves, are serious i. Include the loss of muscle control paired with sluggishness often seen in Parkinsons Disease (which is also caused by low amounts of dopamine) ii. Tardive Dyskinesia: a neurotoxic side effect that results from long-term usage of antipsychotic drugs, particularly the one that target D2 dopamine receptors; characteristics include involuntary movements of the facial muscles (such as grimacing), tongue, and limbs (Myers 712) 2. New-Generation Antipsychotic Drugs: including clozapine, Risperdal, and Zyprexa, these modern drugs instead target D1 dopamine receptors instead of D2 dopamine receptors, alleviating many of the side effects associated with classic antipsychotic drugs; though these NGADs increase the incidence of obesity and weight gain (Myers 712)
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iii. Sub-Section Sixteen: Antianxiety Drugs (Myers 712) 1. Antianxiety Drugs: including the commonly known Xanax and Ativan, drugs that reduce anxiety caused by traumatic situations and unpleasant stimuli by depressing the central nervous system through lowering levels of the neurotransmitter Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) (Myers 712) a. Side Effects can include severe physiological dependence, resulting in equally severe withdrawal symptomology iv. Sub-Section Seventeen: Antidepressant Drugs (Myers 713) 1. Antidepressant Drugs: the new order of treatment for anxiety disorders, these drugs effectively eliminate feelings of depression previously felt by the patient; accomplished by increasing the amount of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine/noradrenaline and serotonin; includes well-known drugs such as Prozac, which is actually a selective-serotonin-
reuptake-inhibitor (SSRI)
a. Selective-Serotonin-Reuptake-Inhibitors (SSRIs): antidepressant drugs that partially prevent the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from the synapses; include the drugs Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil (Myers 713)
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(McCubbin 30; Myers 713).
b. Dual-Action Antidepressants: antidepressant drugs that are classic antidepressant drugs and selectiveserotonin-reuptake-inhibitors combined into one; work by simultaneously preventing the reuptake and breakdown of norepinephrine and serotonin (Myers 713) 2. No antidepressant medication works instantly; in fact, it takes 4 weeks to see any true psychological effect a. Neurogenesis: the synthesis of new neurons as due to increased levels of serotonin; thought to be the reason why the physiological effects of antidepressant medication take such a long period of time to appear in the users personality and countenance v. Sub-Section Eighteen: Mood-Stabilizing Medications (Myers
715)
1. Mood-Stabilizing Medications: drugs that effectively reduce the incidence and severity of the mood
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swings that are characteristic of several psychological disorders; include medications such as lithium and Depakote (an anti-epileptic medication, originally) a. Lithium: discovered by physician John Cade less than 70 years ago, this simple salt is one of the mood-stabilizing medications; effectively decreases the unpredictable incidence of mania and depression in patients suffering from bipolar disorder c.
Section Eleven: Brain Stimulation (Myers 715)

i. Sub-Section Nineteen: Electroconvulsive Therapy (Myers 715) 1. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): First used in 1938, this form of biomedical therapy involves the brief administration of significant electrical voltage to the brain; ONLY used to treat patients with severe depression (to which antidepressant medication is unresponsive) a. The exact mechanics of ECT are still not well known, but one hypothesis is that the shock-induced seizures cause the brain to react by calming neural centers where overactivity produces depression (Myers 716)
*Please see the next page for the textbook diagram of a patient during electroconvulsive therapy.
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(McCubbin 33; Myers 716).
ii. Sub-Section Twenty: Alternatives to ECT (Myers 716) 1. Alternatives include: a. The implantation of a chest piece that stimulates the Vagus Cranial Nerve, activating the brains limbic system b. A form of deep brain stimulation, in which the electrodes are implanted permanently within the brain c. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): a gentler alternative to electroconvulsive
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therapy, involves the positioning of a wand that sends a magnetic energy to the brains surface over the patients cranium; painless and performed while the patient is conscious, rTMS is thought to [energize] depressed patients relatively inactive left frontal lobe[allowing] nerve cells [to form] functioning circuits throughlong-term potentiation (LTP), a memory-centric process (Myers 717)
(Ahmad 61; Myers 717)
d.
Section Twelve: Psychosurgery (Myers 717)

i. Psychosurgery: the surgical resection of portions of brain tissue in a specific effort to correct very severe psychological disorders; one of the least-used biomedical therapies because of its irreversibility
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1. Lobotomy: the best-known psychosurgical operation; as developed by Portuguese physician Egas Moniz, this psychosurgical technique sought to control extremely violent and emotionally-erratic patients by attempting to sever connection in the patients frontal lobes to the limbic system(through the insertion of surgical instruments through the eye sockets and into the frontal lobe) a. Rarely used currently 2. Other forms of psychosurgery include a. MRI-guided precision surgery i. PSYCHOSURGICAL TECHNIQUES REMAIN LAST RESORTS TO EXTREMELY-SEVERE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. V.
Fourth Umbrella: Preventing Psychological Disorders (Myers 719)

a. Preventative Mental Health Advocates stipulate that many disorders can be prevented with environmental change that would foster personal change and flourishing b. In summary
NOTE: All text and all creative liberties appearing in this document are the sole property of the (Ahmad 66; Myers 720). author, Margaret A. Abbey. This document was written, composed, and formatted solely by Margaret A. Abbey. All cited and consulted works are the copyrights of their respective authors. Permission to disseminate this outline and its contents as presented through the Internet, through writing or any other means of non-personal commercial circulation, must be expressly granted by the author, Margaret A. Abbey, solely through written and documentable permission. Improper usage, be it personally or publicly (in example, but extending past, usage without proper credit to the author, Margaret A. Abbey), will be punishable by law. Copyright 2011 by Margaret A. Abbey.
27

Works Cited
Psychology AP-G/T
Ahmad, Aneeq. Chapter 17 Myers Psychology 8th Edition [Ppt Presentation]. authorSTREAM. N.p., 20022010. Web. 13 March 2011. < http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/dyost364014-ap-psychology-chapter-17-education-ppt-powerpoint/>.
McCubbin, James A. Chapter 17. Google. N.p. Web. 13 March 2011. www.lbusd.k12.ca.us/millikan/teacher_folder/hawkinss/.../17Therapy.ppt/
Myers, David G. Psychology: Eighth Edition. Illus. TSI Graphics, et al. Comp. TSI Graphics. Ed. Christine Brune, et al. New York: Worth, 2007. Print.
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Works Cited {Corrected}.
Psychology AP-G/T
Ahmad, Aneeq. Chapter 17 Myers Psychology 8th Edition [Ppt Presentation]. authorSTREAM. N.p., 20022010. Web. 13 March 2011. < http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/dyost364014-ap-psychology-chapter-17-education-ppt-powerpoint/>.
McCubbin, James A. Chapter 17. Google. N.p. Web. 13 March 2011. <www.lbusd.k12.ca.us/millikan/teacher_folder/hawkinss/.../17Therapy.ppt/>
Myers, David G. Psychology: Eighth Edition. Illus. TSI Graphics, et al. Comp. TSI Graphics. Ed. Christine Brune, et al. New York: Worth, 2007. Print.
*The titular font, VTKS Relaxing Font, was accessed through Fontspace, at the following Internet address: http://www.fontspace.com/vtks-design/vtks-relaxing-blaze, and used within the means stipulated by the original designers.
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Psychology AP-GT &#39;Chapter Therapy&#39; Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE), Scribd Edition

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Psychology AP-GT &#39;Chapter Therapy&#39; Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE), Scribd Edition

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Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Section Two {Psychotherapy Type #2}: Humanistic Therapies (Myers 689)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Section Three {Psychotherapy Type #3}: Behavior Therapies (Myers 690)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Section Four {Psychotherapy Type #4}: Cognitive Therapies (Myers 694)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

How Cognition Influences Emotion (McCubbin 16; Myers 695).

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Section Six: The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies (Myers 704)

Section Seven: Evaluating Alternative Therapies (Myers 705)

(Ahmad 43; Myers 705).

i. Sub-Section Ten: Eye Movement Desensitization and

Reprocessing (EMDR) (Myers 706)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Section Eight: Commonalities Among Psychotherapies (Myers 707)

Sub-Section Thirteen: A New Perspective (Myers 707)

iii. Sub-Section Fourteen: An Empathic, Trusting, Caring

Relationship (Myers 707)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Section Nine: Culture and Values in Psychotherapy (Myers 708)

Third Umbrella: The Biomedical Therapies (Myers 711) a. Introduction

Section Ten: Drug Therapies (Myers 711)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

(McCubbin 30; Myers 713).

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Section Eleven: Brain Stimulation (Myers 715)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

(McCubbin 33; Myers 716).

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

(Ahmad 61; Myers 717)

Section Twelve: Psychosurgery (Myers 717)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Fourth Umbrella: Preventing Psychological Disorders (Myers 719)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

Chapter Seventeen: Therapy Treatment of Disorders Outline (SIXTEENTH OUTLINE)

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