ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE CHART SIMPLE PRESENT, SIMPLE PAST and SIMPLE FUTURE The active object

becomes the passive subject. am/is/are + past participle was/were + past participle will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle Simple Present Active: The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them. Simple Past Active: The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them. Future with WILL Active: I will mail the gift. Jack will mail the gifts. Future with GOING TO Active: I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes. PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form: am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle Present Continuous Active: I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.

Simple Present Passive: I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie. Simple Past Passive: I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprised by the movie. Future with WILL Passive: The gift will be mailed by me. The gifts will be mailed by Jack. Future with GOING TO Passive: The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

Present Continuous Passive: Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.

Past Continuous Active: I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.

Past Continuous Passive: The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form: have/has been + past participle had been + past participle Present Perfect Active: I have mailed the postcard. Jason has mailed the postcards. Past Perfect Active: Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. Penny Marshall had directed those movies.

Present Perfect Passive: The postcard has been mailed by me. The postcards have been mailed by Jack. Past Perfect Passive: The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall. Future Perfect Passive: The project will have beenfinished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

Future Perfect Active: John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.

PRESENT/FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Active: Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.) CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Passive: The future can be foretold by Mai.

WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Passive:

CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Active: Mai can foretell the future.

Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.) MAY / MAY NOT and MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Active: That company may offer Katya a new contract. That company might offer Katya a new contract. The lazy students may not do the homework. The lazy students might not do the homework. SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Active: Students should memorize English verbs. Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.

The future can't be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretold by Terry.) MAY / MAY NOT and MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Passive: Katya may be offered a new contract. Katya might be offered a new contract. The homework may not bedone by the lazy students. The homework might not be done by the lazy students. SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Passive: English verbs should be memorized by students. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked by children. OUGHT TO Passive: English verbs ought to bememorized by students. (negative ought to is rarely used) HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Passive: English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children. MUST / MUST NOT Passive: A passport to travel must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers. HAS TO / DOESN'T HAVE TO and HAVE TO / DON'T HAVE TO Passive: English has to be practiced every day.

OUGHT TO Active: Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used) HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Active: Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.

MUST / MUST NOT Active: Tourists must apply for a passport to travel. Customers must not use that door. HAS TO / DOESN'T HAVE TO and HAVE TO / DON'T HAVE TO Active: She has to practice English every day.

Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. The kids don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.

Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day. BE SUPPOSED TO Passive: The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet.

BE SUPPOSED TO Active: I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum.

Frank and Jane are supposed to make tonight's dinner. Candy and gum aren't supposed to be They aren't supposed to make dessert. eaten by her. Tonight's dinner is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them. PAST MODALS The past passive form follows this pattern: modal + have been + past participle SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE Active: The students should have learned the verbs. The kids shouldn't have broken the window. The verbs should have been learned by the students. The window shouldn't have been broken by the kids. OUGHT TO Passive: The verbs ought to have been learned by the students. (negative ought to is rarely used) BE SUPPOSED TO Passive: The composition was supposed to be

SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE Passive:

OUGHT TO Active: Students ought to have learned the verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used) BE SUPPOSED TO Active:

I was supposed to type the composition. I wasn't supposed to copythe story in the book. Janet was supposed to clean the living room. She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum. Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner. They weren't supposed to make dessert.

typed. The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied. The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner was supposed to be made by them. Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them. MAY / MAY NOT and MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Passive: Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm. Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper may not have been written by the students. The paper might not have been written by the students.

MAY / MAY NOT and MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Active: That firm may have offered Katya a new job. That firm might have offered Katya a new job. The students may not have written the paper. The students might not have written the paper.

How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?

The structure of the future perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb HAVE + main verb invariable invariable past participle will have V3 Look at these example sentences in the future perfect tense: subject I You She We Will Will auxiliary verb auxiliary verb will have will have will not have will not have you have they have main verb finished forgotten gone left. arrived? received

+ + ? ?

by 10am. me by then. to school.

it?

In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together: I will have you will have he will have she will have it will have we will have they will have I'll have you'll have he'll have she'll have it'll have we'll have they'll have I'll've you'll've he'll've she'll've it'll've we'll've they'll've

Expressions for Agreeing and Disagreeing

Stating an opinion

In my opinion... The way I see it... If you want my honest opinion.... According to Lisa... As far as I'm concerned... If you ask me... What's your idea? What are your thoughts on all of this? How do you feel about that? Do you have anything to say about this? What do you think? Do you agree? Wouldn't you say? I agree with you 100 percent. I couldn't agree with you more. That's so true. That's for sure. (slang) Tell me about it! You're absolutely right. Absolutely. That's exactly how I feel. Exactly. I'm afraid I agree with James. I have to side with Dad on this one. No doubt about it. (agree with negative statement) Me neither. (weak) I suppose so./I guess so. You have a point there. I was just going to say that. I don't think so. (strong) No way. I'm afraid I disagree. (strong) I totally disagree. I beg to differ. (strong) I'd say the exact opposite. Not necessarily. That's not always true. That's not always the case. No, I'm not so sure about that. Can I add something here? Is it okay if I jump in for a second?

Asking for an opinon

Expressing agreement

Expressing disagreement

Interruptions

If I might add something... Can I throw my two cents in? Sorry to interrupt, but... (after accidentally interrupting someone) Sorry, go ahead. OR Sorry, you were saying... (after being interrupted) You didn't let me finish. Let's just move on, shall we? Let's drop it. I think we're going to have to agree to disagree. (sarcastic) Whatever you say./If you say so.

Settling an argument

Strong agreement "I couldn't agree with you more." "You're absolutely right." "I agree entirely." "I totally agree."

Agreeing in part "I agree with you up to a point, but..." "That's quite true, but..." "I agree with you in principle, but..."

Disagreeing "I'm not sure I agree with you." "(I'm afraid) I don't agree." "(I'm afraid) I disagree." "(I'm afraid) I can't agree with you." "(I'm afraid) I don't share your opinion." Note that when you disagree with someone, you can often sound more polite by using a phrase such as "I'm afraid..." Disagreeing strongly "I don't agree at all." "I totally disagree." "I couldn't agree with you less."

Reported speech rules

Statements If we want to say what other people said, thought or felt, we can use the direct and indirect speech (reported speech). The direct speech: "I like it," he said. "Irene is late," he thought. "I will pass the exam," she hoped. The reported speech: He said he liked it. He thought that Irene was late. She hoped she would pass the exam. The reported speech is typically introduced by verbs such as say, tell, admit, complain, explain, remind, reply, think, hope, offer, refuse etc. in the past tense. He said (that) he didn't want it. She explained that she had been at the seaside. If these verbs are in the past tense, we change the following: a) verb tenses and verb forms, b) pronouns, c) the adverbs of time and place. A) Verb tenses We change the tenses in the following way: 1. Present - past "I never understand you," she told me. - She told me she never understood me. "We are doing exercises," he explained. - He explained that they were doing exercises. 2. Present perfect - past perfect "I have broken the window," he admitted. - He admitted that he had broken the window. "I have been waiting since the morning," he complained. - He complained that he had been waiting since the morning. 3. Past - past perfect "She went to Rome," I thought. - I thought that she had gone to Rome. "He was thinking of buying a new car," she said. - She said he had been thinking of buying a new car. 4. Will - conditional Will changes into the conditional. "I will come on Sunday," he reminded me. - He reminded me that he would come on Sunday.

Notes I shall, we shall usually become would. "I shall appreciate it," he said. - He said he would appreciate it. I should, we should usually changes into would. "We should be really glad," she told us. - She told us they would be really glad. May becomes might. "I may write to him," she promised. - She promised that she might write to him. The verb forms remain the same the following cases. 1. If the reporting verb is in the present tense. Bill: "I am enjoying my holiday." - Bill says he is enjoying his holiday. Sandy: "I will never go to work." - Sandy says she will never go to work. 2. When we report something that is still true. Dan: "Asia is the largest continent." - Dan said Asia is the largest continent. Emma: "People in Africa are starving." - Emma said people in Africa are starving. 3. When a sentence is made and reported at the same time and the fact is still true. Michael: "I am thirsty." - Michael said he is thirsty. 4. With modal verbs would, might, could, should, ought to, used to. George: "I would try it." - George said he would try it. Mimi: "I might come." - Mimi said she might come. Steve: "I could fail." - Steve said he could fail. Linda: "He should/ought to stay in bed." - Linda said he should/ought to stay in bed. Mel: "I used to have a car." - Mel said he used to have a car. 5. After wish, would rather, had better, it is time. Margo: "I wish they were in Greece." - Margo said she wished they were in Greece. Matt: "I would rather fly." - Matt said he would rather fly. Betty: "They had better go." - Betty said they had better go. Paul: "It is time I got up." - Paul said it was time he got up. 6. In if-clauses.

Martha: "If I tidied my room, my dad would be happy." - Martha said that if she tidied her room, her dad would be happy. 7. In time-clauses. Joe: "When I was staying in Madrid I met my best friend." - He said that when he was staying in Madrid he met his best friend. 8. We do not change the past tense in spoken English if it is clear from the situation when the action happened. "She did it on Sunday," I said. - I said she did it on Sunday. We must change it, however, in the following sentence, otherwise it will not be clear whether we are talking about the present or past feelings. "I hated her," he said. - He said he had hated her. 9. We do not usually change the modal verbs must and needn't. But must can become had to or would have to and needn't can become didn't have to or wouldn't have to if we want to express an obligation. Would/wouldn't have to are used to talk about future obligations. "I must wash up." - He said he must wash up/he had to wash up. "I needn't be at school today." - He said he needn't be/didn't have to be at school that day. "We must do it in June." - He said they would have to do it in June. If the modal verb must does not express obligation, we do not change it. "We must relax for a while." (suggestion) - He said they must relax for a while. "You must be tired after such a trip." (certainty) - He said we must be tired after such a trip. B) Pronouns We have to change the pronouns to keep the same meaning of a sentence. "We are the best students," he said. - He said they were the best students. "They called us," he said. - He said they had called them. "I like your jeans," she said. - She said she liked my jeans. "I can lend you my car," he said. - He said he could lend me his car. Sometimes we have to use a noun instead of a pronoun, otherwise the new sentence is confusing. "He killed them," Kevin said. - Kevin said that the man had killed them. If we only make mechanical changes (Kevin said he had killed them), the new sentence can have a different meaning - Kevin himself killed them. This and these are usually substituted.

"They will finish it this year," he said. - He said they would finish it that year. "I brought you this book," she said. - She said she had brought me the book. "We want these flowers," they said. - They said they wanted the flowers. C) Time and place Let's suppose that we talked to our friend Mary on Friday. And she said: "Greg came yesterday." It means that Greg came on Thursday. If we report Mary's sentence on Sunday, we have to do the following: Mary: "Greg came yesterday." - Mary said that Greg had come the day before. If we say: Mary said Greg had come yesterday, it is not correct, because it means that he came on Saturday. The time expressions change as follows. today - that day, tomorrow - the next day/the following day, the day after tomorrow - in two days' time, yesterday - the day before, the day before yesterday - two days before, next week/month - the following week/month, last week/month - the previous week/month, a year ago - a year before/the previous year Bill: "She will leave tomorrow." - Bill said she would leave the next day. Sam: "She arrived last week." - Sam said she had arrived the previous week. Julie: "He moved a year ago." - Julie said he had moved a year before. Note If something is said and reported at the same time, the time expressions can remain the same. "I will go on holiday tomorrow," he told me today. - He told me today he would go on holiday tomorrow. "We painted the hall last weekend," she told me this week. - She told me this week they had painted the hall last weekend. On the other hand, if something is reported later, the time expressions are different in the reported speech. Last week Jim said: "I'm playing next week." If we say his sentence a week later, we will say: Jim said he was playing this week. Here usually becomes there. But sometimes we make different adjustments. At school: "I'll be here at 10 o'clock," he said. - He said he would be there at 10 o'clock. In Baker Street: "We'll meet here." - He said they would meet in Baker Street. Questions Questions become statements. The reporting verb say changes into ask, want to know, wonder ... .

"Where have you been?" he said. - He asked me where I had been. "What time did it start?" he said. - He wanted to know what time it had started. "Why won't he do it?" she said. - She wondered why he wouldn't do it.

In yes/no questions we use if or whether in questions. If is more common and whether is more formal. "Will you come?" she asked me. - She asked me if/whether I would come. "Did he marry Sue?" she said. - She wondered if/whether he married Sue. Commands, requests and advice The commands, requests and advice mostly have the same form in English: verb + object + infinitive (advise, ask, beg, forbid, order, persuade, recommend, tell, urge, warn etc.). Unlike the direct speech the person addressed must be mentioned in the indirect speech. "Get up!" he said. - He told me to get up. "Please, revise for the test," he said. - He urged me to revise for the test. "Put on your coat," I said. - I advised him to put on his coat. Negative commands, requests and advice are made by verb + object + not + infinitive. "Don't hesitate," he said. - He persuaded me not to hesitate. "Don't smoke," the doctor warned my father. - The doctor warned my father not to smoke. Tell can introduce statements, commands, requests or advice. The form is different, however. Statements with tell "I'm leaving," he told me. - He told me that he was leaving. Commands, requests or advice with tell "Leave the room," he told John. - He told John to leave the room. "Don't give up," the teacher told her students. - The teacher told the students not to give up. Similarly ask is used in reported questions, commands, requests or advice in different forms. Questions with ask "Will you make coffee?" he said. - He asked me if I would make coffee. Commands, requests or advice with ask "Make coffee, please," he said. - He asked me to make coffee. "Don't park in my place," Greg told me. - Greg asked me not to park in his place.

present simple I'm a teacher. present continuous I'm having lunch with my parents. present perfect simple I've been to France three times. present perfect continuous I've been working very hard. past simple I bought a new car. past continuous It was raining earlier. past perfect The play had started when I arrived. past perfect continuous I'd already been living in London for five years.

past simple He said he was a teacher past continuous. He said he was having lunch with his parents. past perfect simple He said he had been to France three times. past perfect continuous He said he had been working very hard. past perfect He said he had bought a new car. past perfect continuous He said it had been raining earlier. past perfect NO CHANGE POSSIBLE past perfect continuous NO CHANGE POSSIBLE

Other verb forms also sometimes change: will I'll come and see you soon. can I can swim under water for two minutes. must All tickets must be bought in advance. shall What shall we do about it? may May I smoke? would He said he would come and see me soon. could He said he could swim under water for two minutes. had to He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance. should He asked what we should do about it. might He asked if he might smoke.

Things are slightly more complicated with imperatives. positive imperative Shut up! negative imperative Don't do that again! imperatives as requests Please give me some money. tell + infinitive He told me to shut up. tell + not + infinitive He told me not to do it again. ask + infinitive He asked me to give him some money.

Time and place references often have to change: now today here this this week tomorrow next week yesterday last week ago 2 weeks ago tonight last Saturday next Saturday then that day there that that week the following day the next day the day after the following week the next week the week after the previous day the day before the previous week the week before previously before 2 weeks previously 2 weeks before that night the previous Saturday the Saturday before the following Saturday the next Saturday the Saturday after that Saturday

Special Verbs Intention: Greeting: No: Yes: Excuse: Thanks: interjections: Oh, What.. Good-bye: Example He welcomed. He denied. / He disagreed. / She contradicted. She agreed She excused She thanked She was surprised He said good bye