A statement is a meaningful declarative sentence that is either true or false Exclamations,Interrogations are not Logical statements.

A logical connective (also called a logical operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more logical statements. Conjunction: A two-place logical operator and, also known as logical conjunction, results in true if both of its operands are true, otherwise the value of false. he truth table of : INPUT OUTPUT p T T F F q T F T F p^q T T T F

Disjunction: Logical disjunction, also known as inclusive disjunction or alternation, that results in true whenever one or more of its operands are true. E.g. in this context, "A or B" is true if A is true, or if B is true, or if both A andB are true. The truth table of disjunction: INPUT OUTPUT p q p v q (p or q) T T T T F T F T T F F F Negation:Also called logical complement, is an operation on propositions, truth values, or semantic values more generally. Intuitively, the negation of a proposition is true when that proposition is false, and vice versa. Truth table of Negation p ~p T F F T

Implication:Logical implication (also known as implies , or If ... then) is a logical operation. It takes two arguments. It returns false, if and only if the first term is true, and the second term is false. The following shows a (valid) implication 1 All humans are mortal (they die). 2 Aristotle is human 3 Therefore Aristotle is mortal Now look at If I am healthy, I promise I will come to class. There are four possibilities I am healthy, and I come to class. I have kept my promise. I am healthy, and I do not come to class. I have not kept my promise. (However, grammar is unclear about this) I am not healthy, and I do come to class. I have kept my promise. I am not healthy, and I do not come to class. I have kept my promise.

The truth table of implication: INPUT p T T F F q T F T F

OUTPUT pq T F T T

DOUBLE IMPLICATION (Biconditional) (If...and...only if...) If a conditional and its converse are both true, they can be combined into one true statement called a "double implication". pq = (pq) (qp) Ex : p : I will understand mathematiscs. q : The teacher gives interesting examples. pq : I will understand mathematics if, and only if, the teacher gives interesting examples. The truth table of double implication: INPUT p T T F F q T F T F OUTPUT pq T F F T

TAUTOLOGY AND CONTRADICTION A compound proposition which is true for all possible cases of the simple proposition is called a tautology. Ex : The compound proposition (p v p') is a tautology. p T F ~p F T p v p' T T

A compound proposition which is false for all possible cases of the simple propositions is called a contradiction. (or absurdity) eg p ^ ~p All FALSE p T F ~p F T p v p' F F

A compound proposition which is neither false nor true for all possible cases of the simple propositions is called a contingency. Converse:The converse of a categorical or implicational statement is the result of reversing its two parts. For the implication P Q , the converse is Q P

For example, consider the true statement "If I am a human, then I am mortal." The converse of that statement is "If I am mortal, then I am a human," which is not necessarily true. A truth table makes it clear that S and the converse of S are not logically equivalent unless both terms imply each other: P Q PQ Q P (converse) T T T T T F F T F T T F F F T T The inverse of a conditional statement is formed by negating the hypothesis and negating the conclusion of the original statement. In other words, the word "not" is added to both parts of the sentence. eg.Conditional: "If you grew up in India, then you have played Holi." Inverse: "If you did not grow up in India, then you have not played Holi. Conditional Converse p q ~p ~q pq qp T T F F T T T F F T F T F T T F T F F F T T T T

Inverse ~p~q T T F T

The contrapositive of a conditional statement is formed by negating both the hypothesis and the conclusion, and then interchanging the resulting negations. In other words, the contrapositive negates and switches the parts of the sentence. It does BOTH the jobs of the INVERSE and the CONVERSE. Example: Conditional: "If 9 is an odd number, then 9 This statement is logically FALSE is divisible by 2." (true) (false) Contrapositive: "If 9 is not divisible by 2, then 9 is not an odd number." (true) (false) This statement is logically FALSE

Conditional p T T F F q T F T F pq T F T T

Contrapositive ~q~p T F T T