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Lab report:
Aim: identifying the differences between ionic and covalent bonds, determining the type of bond in sand, sugar and salt. I think sugar and salt are ionic; and sand is covalent, because salt is sodium chloride and sugar is glucose (C6H12O6) and sand is covalent because I think it is a large covalent bond (macro molecule) because the structure of its grain. The factors I am going to change is (independent variables): The materials (which are sand, salt and sugar) The factors I will measure is (dependant variable): The time is takes for the ion (or) compound to melt and if their solubility. I will measure the melting by using a stopwatch and measure the solubility by observation. The factors I will keep the same are (controlled variables): The amount of water in each beaker, the amount of substance (sand, salt and sugar) and the time of heating each substance (4 minutes each). I will keep the values constant by using an accurate beaker, using exactly 2 teaspoons and measuring the time accurately (by using a timer and stopping at 4 minutes) If the controlled variables are not kept constant it could affect the test by giving me inaccurate results which can cause an unfair test. The method that I will follow to complete my experiment is: 1. 2. 3. 4. Set up the apparatus Heat up substances for 4 minutes and record results Place each substance in water and stir then record result (observation) Present results in table and identify which substance in covalent and which are ionic
The following apparatus I will use are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bunsen burner Sand Sugar Salt Heating apparatus Evaporating basin
7. Heating mat 8. Beaker 9. Tripod The safety measures I used in this test are: 1. Wearing goggles for eye protection against the flame 2. Gloves for protecting hands against heat 3. Lab coat against fire I will record my results on a table by using two different graphs. The first graph will contain the results of the solubility part with the substances on top and the results under them. The second table will contain the substances on top and the results (which are the melting time underneath and if melted or not in 4 minutes) Solubility Results: Sand Insoluble Salt Soluble Sugar Soluble
Melting point results: Sugar Melted at 3.00 min (meaning it is covalent) Salt Did not melt (meaning it is a ionic bond) Sugar Melted at 2.00 min (meaning it is covalent)
I found out that sugar has a covalent bond. This happened because sugar is a carbon compound (carbon compounds only have a covalent bond). My Hypothesis for sugar was incorrect because I was unsure about sugar, but my prediction for sand and salt where true. A way to improve the experiment is by using a more accurate apparatus rather that a beaker and re-doing the test 3 times and getting the average. And we could extend this investigation by continuing on heating salt until it has melted to accurately determine that it has an ionic bond.