Objective

To investigate the relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water.

Procedure
1.The electrical heating element is connected to a switched, single phase supply. 2.The tap on the side of boiler is opened and filled with clean water through the filler plug, on the top of the boiler until the water reaches and starts to drain through the tap on the side of the boiler. 3. The filler plug is replaced and the thermometer is placed in its pocket. 4. The level cock is leaved open; the electric heater is switched on and steam exiting from the boiler is waited and the level tap is closed. WARNING: on no account should this tap be reopened during the experiment. 5. The values of temperature for every 1 bar of boiler pressure rise during heating process are recorded until 5 bars was reach. 6. When reach 5 bar, the heating is switched off and the temperature for every a bar decrease during the cooling process is recorded

Gauge pressure [Bar] 0 1 2 3 4 5

Absolute pressure [Bar] 0.9 1.9 2.9 3.9 4.9 5.9

Steam Temperature Increasing Decreasing pressure pressure o Temp [ C] Temp [oC] 95 99 108 112 122 126 133 137 142 146 150 150

Mean Temperatu re [oC] 97 110 124 135 144 150

Data collected
The data collected by this experiment can be seen in table 1. Table 1: change of temperature with pressure of saturated steam in equilibrium with water. * Barometric pressure =0.9 Bar

Sample calculations :
For Pg = 2 bar Pa = Pg + Patm = 2 + 0.9 =2.9
o

bar

Tm = ( Ti + Td ) / 2 = (122+126) / 2 = 124 Measured Slope

(dT / dP) = (T after - T previews ) / ( P after - P previews ) = (135-110) / (3.9 - 1.9) = 12.5 C / bar = 0 .125 [ C / KPa]

To find calculated Slope the values of T , Vg and hfg shown in table 2 ( which is apart of steam tables) are interpolated around the value of P =1.9 bar . T = 124 [oC] Vg = 0.80 [ m3 / Kg] hfg = 2190 [ KJ / Kg] = 397.14 [ K]

Now apply the expression Slope = T*Vg / hfg = 0.11 = 14% Table 2 apart of steam tables Press Temperat Vg hfg ure ure (C) (m3/k (kJ/k (bar) g) g) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 99.6 120.2 133.5 143.6 151.8 158.8 165 170.4 175.4 179.9 184.1 188 191.6 1.694 0.885 6 0.605 7 0.462 3 0.374 8 0.315 6 0.272 8 0.240 3 0.214 9 0.194 4 0.177 4 0.163 2 0.151 2 2258 2202 2164 2134 2109 2087 2067 2048 2031 2015 2000 1986 1972 [ K / KPa ]

% relative error = ( 0.11 0.125 ) / 0.11 * 100%

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

195 198.3 201.4 204.3 207.1 209.8 212.4

0.140 8 0.131 7 0.123 7 0.116 7 0.110 4 0.104 7 0.099 57

1960 1947 1935 1923 1912 1901 1890

Results
After calculate the parameters it can be seen in table 3. Table 3 measured and calculated slope for three values of steam pressure Measured Calculated Absolute Slope Slope pressure dT/dP Tvg/hfg relative error [Bar] [K/KPa] [K/KPa] [%] 1.9 2.9 3.9 0.27 0.11 0.10 0.25 0.125 0.113 8 14 11.5