UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND BULT ENVIRONMENT AUTUMN SEMESTER 2011-2012

Heat Transfer for Engineering-K13THT

Name: Jie JIN ID: 4143804 Date: Nov.14th, 2011

Nomenclature
Coefficient of volume expansion Tf Temperature of PV panel fluid Ts Temperature of the heat sink surface T Temperature of room air Pr Thermal conductivity Prandtl number

v Kinematic viscosity Ra Rayleigh number i Gr Grashof number g Acceleration of gravity, 9.8 m/s2 Characteristic length Nu Nusselt number Heat transfer coefficient Q Rate of heat transfer Dynamic viscosity f Specific volume of water Cp Specific heat capacity at constant p (pressure) Density of fluid A Area of Flow A AW Area of Surface R Thermal Resistance

Q1 Assumption: 1. the pressure is at 1 atm; 2. Air is ideal gas; 3. Steady operating conditions exist; 4. the coefficient of volume expansion = 1/Tf Solution:

Tf = (Ts +T ) 2 = (80 + 20) 2 = 50 = 323K and at 1 atm By the property table: If T = 300 K If T = 325 K = 2.624 105 kW/(m K) = 2.816 105 kW/(m K)

According to the linear relationship, if T = 323 K, = 2.8 105 kW/(m K) Similarly, Pr =0.7015 v = 1.788 105 m2 /s Then = 1/Tf = 1 323 = 0.0031 K 1 Inclined Plate The characteristic length = 1.2 m, the Rayleigh number is Ra = Gr Pr = g (Ts T ) 3 Pr v2

= 9.8 0.0031 (80 20) 1.23 0.7015 (1.788 105 )2 = 6.9115 109 Based on the recommended empirical equations Ra Range: 109-1013

There is no need replacing g by g cos and Nu = 0.1 Ra1/3 = 0.1 6.9115 109
1/3

= 190.48

= Nu/ = 2.8 105 190.48 1.2kW/(m2 K) = 4.44 W/(m2 K) Hence, Q = A(Ts T ) = 4.44 1.2 1 (80 20) = 320 W

Q2 Solution: Tav = (Tin + Tout ) 2 = (15 + 85) 2 = 50 By the property table: f = 0.1012 102 m3 /kg = 643 106 kW/(m K) = 544 106 kg/(m s) Cp = 4.182 kJ/(kg K) (1) Reynolds number Re = Where, = 1 f = 1 (0.1012 102 m3 /kg) = 988.14 kg/m3 mass flow rate = 0.15 kg/s u = mass flow rate A = 0.15 988.14 (3.14 (0.045 2)2 )m/s = 0.0955 m/s Hence, Re = (2) Prandtl number Pr = Cp 544 106 4.182 = = . 643 106 u D 988.14 0.0955 0.045 = = 544 106 D = Internal Diameter of Tube for circle cylinder tube, which is 0.045 m here u D

(3) Stanton number St = u Cp

Q air = mCp (Tout Tin ) = AW (TW Tav ) And m = air Au St = A(Tout Tin ) D2 Tout Tin D(Tout Tin ) = (DL) = u Cp AW (TW Tav ) 4 TW Tav 4L(TW Tav ) 0.045 (85 15) = = . 4 15 (90 50) =

(4) Nusselt number Nu = Re Pr St = 7806 3.538 1.3125 103 =36.248

Q3

Solution: (1) Overall heat transfer coefficient between the hot and cool fluids Assume: 1. the overall heat transfer coefficient is based on the outside area of tube; 2.the thermal conductivity of copper tube is cop ; 3. the length of tube is L. R in = 1 1 = ain AW1 ain D1 L D In(D2 ) 1 = 2cop L

R cop

R sur

D In( 3 ) D2 = 2L 1 aout D3 L

R out = Then, R overall = R in + R cop + R sur + R out

D D In(D2 ) In(D3 ) 1 1 1 2 = + + + ain D1 L 2cop L 2L aout D3 L

Hence, the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of tube is Uoverall = 1 = Aout R overall 1 D2 D In (D ) In (D3 ) 1 1 1 2 D3 L(a D L + + + a D L) 2cop L 2L in 1 out 3

1 D D In (D2 ) In (D3 ) 1 1 1 2 D3 (a D + + +D a ) 2cop 2 in 1 3 out ( + + ) ( + ( + + ) + ) ( ) ( + + + ) ( + + )

(2) Critical thickness of insulation (neglecting the copper wall conduction resistance) Q= Tin Tout = R overall Tin Tout D In(D3 ) 1 1 2 ain D1 L + 2L + aout D3 L

The value D3 at which Q reaches a maximum is determined from the requirement that dQ/dD3 = 0 (zero slope). Perform the differentiation and solving for D3 yields the critical diameter of insulation for the tube as following. dQ = dD3 1 1 (Tin Tout )L[ )] 2D3 aout D2 3 =0 D In (D3 ) 1 1 2 (a D L + + a D L)2 2L in 1 out 3

so

1 1 2 , Q reach its maximum. 2 = 0 i. e. When D3 = a 2D3 aout D3 out

4

Hence, critical thickness of insulation = D3 D1 21 = 2

The variation of Q with the outer radius of the insulation D3 can be plotted.