AP Chemistry, Semester One Exam January 2008 Section A: Multiple Choice.

50 minutes

Name ________________________

You cannot use calculators. Remove them from your desk now. You MUST use the periodic table provided on the last page of this exam. You can tear that periodic table off now for use throughout the exam. No AP formula sheet is allowed for this section it will be included in section B.

Answer on the Scantron sheet provided.

Questions 1-5 refer to the following substances. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X methane ammonia potassium permanganate barium sulfate nitric acid CH3COOH hexane barium hydroxide Cu2O hydrofluoric acid

1. Which of the above forms a purple solution? (A) III (B) IV (C) VIII (D) IX (E) None of A D

2. Which of the above is a solid that does not dissolve readily in water. (A) I (B) III (C) IV (D) VIII (E) None of A - D

3. Which of the above is a weak base? (A) II (B) VI (C) VII (D) VIII (E) None of A - D

4. Which of the above contains a metal with oxidation state 1+? (A) II (B) IV (C) VIII (D) IX (E) None of A - D

5. Which of the above is a polar covalent molecule? (A) I (B) II (C) VII (D) IV (E) None of A - D

Questions 6-10 refer to the following substances. I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X heptane ammonia carbon dioxide silver nitrate HNO3 CH3COOH septane K2SO4 CuSO4 PbS

6. Which of the above is a strong acid? (A) II (B) III (C) V (D) VI (E) None of A D

7. Which of the above is an ionic solid that does not dissolve readily in water. (A) IV (B) VIII (C) IX (D) X (E) None of A - D

8. Which of the above is an alkane with seven carbon atoms? (A) I (B) II (C) VII (D) VIII (E) None of A - D

9. Which of the above is a linear molecule? (A) I (B) II (C) III (D) VI (E) None of A - D

10. Which of the above is a weak acid? (A) I (B) II (C) V (D) VIII (E) None of A - D

11. Which of the reactants below, in 1.0 M solution, will react to form a precipitate? (A) Pb(NO3)2 + NaI (D) Ba(NO3)2 + MgCl2 (B) H2SO4 + NaCl (E) None of these (C) NH4NO3 + HgCl2

12. Consider the following unbalanced equation in acidic solution. MnO4- + SO3-2 Mn+2 + SO4-2 When correctly balanced, the coefficient of sulfite ions is: (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

13. The following reaction occurs in acid solution. H+ + NO+ I IO+ NO2 + H2O Which of the following statements is correct? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) Hydrogen ions are oxidized Iodide ions are the reducing agents Iodide ions are the oxidizing agents Nitrate ions are oxidized Nitrogen dioxide is the oxidation product

14. A particular element X consists of two isotopes, X - 45 and X-48. The atomic mass of this element is quoted on the periodic table as 47.01 amu. Based on this evidence the % abundance of isotope X-45 is: (A) Less than that of X-48. (B) More than that of X-48. (C) Equal to that of X-48. (D) Zero (E) Cannot be deduced without further information 15. The number of unpaired electrons in the ground state of the Arsenic atom is: (A) One 16. (B) Two (C) Three (D) Four (E) Five

The correct electronic notation for a tin (II) ION is: (A) [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p2 (D) [Kr] 5s2 4d10 (B) [Kr] 4d10 5p4 (E) None of these (C) [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p6

17. The correct increasing order of size in the following lists is: (A) Cs+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < FNa+ < Mg2+ < F- < Cs+ F- < Na+ < Mg2+ < Cs+ Mg2+ < Na+ < F- < Cs+ Mg2+ < Na+ < Cs+< F-

(B) (C) (D) (E)

18. Which of the following elements is/are in the d block of the periodic table and is/are also Diamagnetic? Ca, V, Co, Zn, As (A) Zn only (B) Zn and As (C) V and Co (D) V, Co, and Zn (E) Ca and Zn

19. One of the outermost electrons in a gallium atom in the ground state can be described by which of the following sets of four quantum numbers? (A) 4, 2, 0, (B) 4, 1, 0, (C) 3, 2, 1, (D) 4, 0, 1, (E) 4, 0, 0,

20. The elements in which of the following are arranged in order of increasing atomic radius?

(A) (D)

Be, B, C, N. I, Br, Cl, F

(B) (E)

Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe. no prediction is possible

(C) Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn.

21. The full Lewis dot structure of which of the following molecules shows only two lone pairs of valence electrons? (A) Cl2 (B) N2 (C) NH3 (D) CCl4 (E) H2O2

22. The geometry of the NO3- ion is best described as: (A) trigonal planar (B) trigonal pyramid (C) square pyramid (D) bent (E) tetrahedral

23. Which of the following molecules does NOT have any of the shapes listed below? bent, octahedral, square planar, tetrahedral, pyramidal (A) CH4 (B) SO2 (C) PCl3 (D) PCl5 (E) XeF4

24. Which of the following is non - polar? (A) HCN (B) H2O (C) HCHO (D) SO2 (E) XeF4

25. Which of the molecules below have Lewis structures that show resonance (delocalization of bonding electrons)? (I) H2O (II) HCHO (III) C6H6 (IV) SO2 (A) I & III (B) II & IV (C) II & III (D) III & IV (E) IV only

For questions 26-29, consider the following: (A) Hydrogen bonding (B) dipole-dipole forces (C) Ionic bonding

(D) Network Covalent bonding (E) London dispersion forces 26. Is used to explain how HCl molecules are held together is the solid state. 27. Is used to explain why the melting point of salt is greater than that of sugar. 28. Is used to explain the fact that diamond is the hardest substance known. 29. Is used to explain the fact that octane has a higher boiling point than methane. 30. Which of the following elements has the strongest bond between its atoms? (A) N2 (B) O2 (C) H2 (D) F2 (E) Cl2 31. The hybridization of each carbons orbitals in the ethyne (acetylene) molecule C2H2 should be:

(A) sp3

(B) sp2

(C) sp

(D) sp3d

(E) one is sp2 and the other sp3

32. Consider the molecule CH3COOH. It contains: (A) 8 sigma bonds (D) 7 sigma and 1 pi bond (B) 6 sigma and 1 pi bond (E) 7 sigma and 2 pi bonds (C) 6 sigma and 2 pi bonds

33. What can be said about the molecules in the gas samples below? H2 at 273C H2 at 546C (A) The H2 molecules at 546C will have 2 times the energy than those at 273C (B) The H2 molecules at 546C will have 2 times the speed than those at 273C (C) The H2 molecules at 546C will have 1.5 times the energy than those at 273C (D) The H2 molecules at 546C will have 1.5 times the speed than those at 273C (E) None of the above statements are true. 34. A tank contains 16g of oxygen, 4g of Helium, and 20g of neon. The total pressure in the tank is 30 atm. The partial pressure of oxygen is: (A) 5atm (B) 6atm (C) 10atm (D) 12atm (E) None of these

35. A solid substance with a high melting point that does not dissolve in water and conducts electricity is probably: (A) a network covalent solid (B) a non- metal (C) an insoluble ionic solid (D) a molecular solid (E) shiny 36. Given the following data: 2 CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) 3 CO(g) + O3(g) 3 CO2(g) The value of Ho for O2(g) O3(g) is: (A) -400 kJ (B) +400 kJ (C) -150 kJ Ho = +500 kJ Ho = 900 kJ

(D) +150 kJ

(E) None of these

37. The combustion of ethane, C2H6, may be written: 2 C2H6(g) + 7 O2(g) 4 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) H = -3000kJ

Using the information given in the table below, calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, for ethane in kJ mol1. compound C2H6(g) CO2(g) H2O(l) H x 400 300

(A)

400

(B) 400

(C) 200

(D) -200

(E) -800

38. Use the bond energies given below to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction: CH4(g) + F2(g) CH3F(g) + HF(g) Bond H-F C-F C-H F-F (A) -550 kJ (B) +550 kJ Bond Energy (kJ/mol) 550 500 350 150 (C) 500 kJ (D) -500 kJ (E) none of these

39. Use the equilibrium constants for the following reactions at 700C 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) 2 NO2(g) K1 = 4 K2 = 16

to determine the equilibrium constant for the following reaction. SO2(g) + NO2(g) (A) 1 (B) 4 SO3(g) + NO(g) (C) 0.25 (D) 2 (E) 0.50

40. Which of the following would cause the LARGEST depression of Vapor Pressure in aqueous solution? (A) 1.5m C2H5OH (D) 0.30m Al2(SO4)3 (B) 0.50m Na2CO5 (C) 0.75m NaCl

(E) All would give the same depression of Vapor Pressure.

NOW CHECK YOUR SCANTRON AND GET READY FOR PART B OF THE EXAM.

AP Chemistry Semester 1 Exam, Jan 2008.

Name __________________

Section 2. One Hour and Ten Minutes.

You may now take out a calculator. An AP formula sheet is attached at the end of this section and you can tear it off now, if you wish. You can also use the periodic table that you kept from part 1. YOU ARE REQUIRED TO ANSWER AND THEN CHOOSE Q1 & Q2 EITHER Q3 OR 4

(DO NOT ANSWER BOTH BECAUSE ONLY THE FIRST WILL BE GRADED!)

FOLLOWED BY

EITHER Q5 OR Q6.

(DO NOT ANSWER BOTH BECAUSE ONLY THE FIRST WILL BE GRADED!)

Answer in the spaces provided on the test paper. Show work, include units and BOX your answers. GOOD LUCK!

Q1.(COMPULSORY)

A(aq) + 2 B(aq) = 3 C(aq) + D(aq)

For the reaction above, carried out in solution of 30C, the following kinetic data were obtained: Initial Conc. of Initial Rate of Reaction Reactants (mole.liter1.hr1) Experiment .liter1) (mole Ao Bo 1 0.240 0.480 8.00 2 0.240 0.120 2.00 3 0.360 0.240 9.00 4 0.120 0.120 0.500 5 0.240 0.0600 1.00 6 0.0140 1.35 ? (a) Write the rate-law expression for this reaction. (show reasoning) (3pts)

(b) Calculate the value of the specific rate constant k at 30C and specify its units. (3pts)

c) state one way in which the specific rate constant could be changed for this (or any) reaction. (1pt)

(d) Two mechanisms for the reaction above are suggested below, state whether mechanism 1, mechanism 2, or both satisfy the stoichiometrical requirements for the mechanism AND which one is consistent with the rate equation you obtained while the other is not valid. (3pts) Mechanism 1. A + B = C +E slow E+ B = 2C +D fast Mechanism 2 A+A E+ B D+B Mechanism 1 Satisfies Stoichiometry (Y/N) Fits Rate Law (Y/N) <=> = = Mechanism 2 E C + 2D 2C + A Explanation fast equilibrium slow fast

Q2.(COMPULSORY) For the system 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) < = > 2 SO3(g) H is negative Initially 1 mol of SO2(g) and 2mol of O2(g are placed in a 2.0L container. When equilibrium is established the concentration of SO3 is found to be 0.20mol/L a) Write the equilibrium expression (Kc) for the process. (2pts)

b) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all 3 species present when equilibrium is established and thus calculate the value of Kc ( 4pts)

Calculate the value of Kp for this reaction at 25oC (1pt)

Assume that one has an equilibrium mixture of these substances. Predict the effect of each of the changes in the chart below. Use the terms increase, decrease or same and include a concise reason. (3pts) Nature of change Decreasing the volume of the system. Adding oxygen to the equilibrium mixture. Raising the temperature of the system. (Assume that in each case all other factors remain constant.) moles of SO3 Value of Kc Reason

NOW ANSWER Q3 OR Q4. Q3. This question involves a knowledge of Colligative properties, Stoichiometry and Gas laws. a) A solution containing 3.23 grams of an unknown compound dissolved in 100.0 grams of water freezes at 0.97C. The solution does not conduct electricity. Calculate the molecular weight of the compound. (The molal freezing point depression constant for water is 1.86C kg mole1) (3pts)

(b) Elemental analysis of this unknown compound yields the following percentages by weight H=9.74%; C=38.70%; O=51.56%. Determine the empirical formula for the compound. (3pts)

(c) Use the information in a) and b) to deduce the molecular formula of the compound. (1pt)

d) Complete combustion of a 1.05 gram sample of alcohol C 2H5OH (used widely as a substitute for gasoline) with an exactly stoichiometric amount of oxygen gas produces a mixture of H2O(g) and CO2(g). Write the balanced equation for the reaction and calculate the pressure of this gas mixture when it is contained in a 3.00 liter flask at 127C? (3pts)

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Q4. ONLY ANSWER THIS IF YOU HAVE CHOSEN NOT TO DO Q3. Answer all 4 parts of this question. (part d is on the following page) a) By considering the structure, shape and type of intermolecular forces concerned in each case, account for the increasing boiling points of the following compounds as shown. (3pts) low CH4 < H2S < NH3 higher B.Pt.

b) State whether the first ionization energy of sodium is greater than that of potassium and explain WHY in terms of basic theory. (2pts)

c) Explain how a real gas deviates from the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) at extremes of pressure and temperature and briefly state why these deviations occur. (2pts)

TURN OVER FOR PART (d)

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d)

The phase diagram for a pure substance is shown above. Use this diagram and your knowledge about changes of phase to answer the following questions. (3pts) (a) What does point V represent? What characteristics are specific to the system only at point V?.

(b) Describe the changes that the system undergoes as the temperature slowly increases from X to Y to Z at 1.0 atmosphere with a brief explanation.

(c) In a solid-liquid mixture of this substance, will the solid float or sink? Explain.

TURN OVER FOR Q5 OR Q6

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ANSWER EITHER Q5 OR Q6. ONLY ONE WILL BE GRADED (ie Q5 if you answer both!) Q5. A student is to obtain the heat of neutralization of a reaction using a coffee cup calorimeter. He measures out exactly 25.00mL of 1.00M sodium hydroxide into a calorimeter and adds 1.0M sulphuric acid until neutralized. Both acid and base are initially at 23.0oC. At exactly the equivalence point the temperature of the contents of the cup is found to be 32.0oC.

Assuming that all solutions have a density of 1g/mL and the heat capacity of all solutions is 4.18J/g/ oC answer the following questions. a) What equipment would the student have used to measure out the following (1pt) i) sodium hydroxide ________________ ii) sulphuric acid ________________________
b) Give one way in which the student could tell (see) when he had reached the equivalence point for the neutralization. (1pt)

c) Write the net equation for the neutralization reaction. (1pts)

d) Calculate the volume of acid needed to achieve equivalence, based on molarities provided. (1pt)

e) Calculate the moles of water created in the neutralization reaction. (1pt)

f) Calculate the heat change of the surroundings involved in the reaction. (ignore cup and any other equipment) (2pts)

g) Calculate H neutralization per mole of water for this reaction. (2pts)

h) Would you expect the result above to be high or lower than the accepted value. Why? (1pt)

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Q6. A saturated solution of lead (II) iodate in pure water has a lead ion concentration of 4.0x105 mole per liter at 25C. (a) Write the equation for the dissolving of lead (II) iodate in water and write the Ksp expression for lead iodate. (2pts)

(b)

Calculate the value for the solubilityproduct constant of Pb(IO3)2 at 25C. (3pts)

(c)
(2pts)

Calculate the molar solubility of Pb(IO3)2 in a 0.10 molar Pb(NO3)2 solution at 25C.

(d)

(Note that this part deals with lead chloride not lead iodate.) 600 milliliters of a 0.040M Pb(NO3)2 solution is added to 400 milliliters of 0.0600M NaCl solution. The Ksp of lead (II) chloride is 1.7 x 10-5 Show, with supporting calculations whether a precipitate will form. (3pts)

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GO BACK AND CHECK YOUR WORK AND THAT YOU HAVE ANSWERED THE CORRECT QUESTIONS

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