Centering points

AP/PA Chest MSP and T7 - 2nd full inspiration AP Axial Chest, Lordotic MSP and midsternum - 2nd full inspiration AP/PA Chest, Lateral decub MSP and perp to IR at 3 below jugular notch for AP - 2nd full inspiration Lat. Chest MCP and T7 - 2nd full inspiration Lat. Chest, R or L ventral or dorsal decub MCP and top of IR at level of thyroid cartilage - 2nd full inspiration AP Abdomen, supine; upright MSP and iliac crests; 2 above iliac crests suspended expiration AP Abdomen, L lateral decub MSP and iliac crests, or 2' above suspended expiration Lat. Abdomen, R or L MCP and iliac crests, or 2 above suspended expiration Lat. Abdomen, R or L dorsal decub MCP and 2 avove iliac crests suspended expiration PA Digit (2-5) PIP joint of affected digit hold still PA Oblique Digit (2-5) PIP joint of affected digit hold still PA Hand - 3rd MCP joint hold still PA Oblique Hand - 3rd MCP joint hold still Lat. Hand - 2nd MCP joint hold still AP/PA Wrist midcarpal area hold still PA Wrist, ulnar deviation scaphoid hold still PA Wrist, radial deviation midcarpal area hold still PA Axial Wrist, Stetcher method(20 degress) scaphoid hold still

AP Oblique Wrist, medial rotation midcarpal area, entering anterior surface midway between medial and lateral borgers hold still PA Oblique Wrist, lateral rotation midcarpal area, just distal to radius hold still Lat. Wrist wrist joint hold still AP Forearm midpoint of forearm hold still Lat. Forearm midpoint of forearm hold still AP Elbow elbow joint hold still Lat. Elbow elbow joint hold still AP Oblique Elbow, medial rotation elbow joint hold still AP Oblique Elbow, lateral rotation elbow joint hold still AP Elbow, Distal Humerus humerus, traversing elbow joint hold still AP Humerus midpoint of humerus suspended respiration Lat. Humerus midpoint of humerus suspended respiration AP Shoulder, neutral rotation coracoid process and 1 below coracoid process suspended respiration AP Shoulder, internal rotation coracoid process and 1 below coracoid process suspended respiration AP Shoulder, external rotation coracoid process and 1 below coracoid process suspended respiration Transthoracic Lat. Projection, Lawrence method MCP and surgical neck slow, deep breathing; minimum of 3 seconds, 4-5 seconds desirable Superoinferior Axial shoulder, angled 5-15 degrees suspended respiration Inferosuperior Axial, Lawrence method axilla, angled 15-30 degrees

 suspended respiration AP Scapula approx. 2 inferior to coracoid process slow breathing Lat. Scapula midmedial border of protruding scapula suspended respiration Scapular Y, RAO or LAO scapulohumeral joint suspended respiration Acromioclavicular Articulations MSP and AC joints suspended respiration AP Clavicle midshaft of clavicle suspended expiration AP Axial Clavicle 15-30 degrees cephalad through midshaft of clavicle suspended inspiration AP Axial Toes 15 degrees posteriorly through 3rd MTP joint hold still AP Oblique Toes - 3rd MTP joint hold still Lat. Toes, mediolateral or lateromedial IP joint for great toe, PIP joint for 2-5 hold still AP Axial Foot 10 degrees towards base of 3rd metatarsal hold still AP Oblique Foot base of 3rd metatarsal hold still Lat. Foot, mediolateral base of 3rd metatarsal hold still Axial Calcaneus, plantodorsal 40 degrees cephalic, entering base of 3rd metatarsal hold still Lat. Calcaneus, mediolateral 1 distal to medial malleolus hold still AP Ankle midway between malleoli hold still AP Oblique Ankle, medial rotation midway between malleoli hold still Lat. Ankle, mediolateral medial malleolus hold still AP Tib/Fib center leg hold still

Lat. Tib/Fib, mediolateral midpoint of leg hold still AP Knee(3-5 degrees cephalad) 1/2 inferior to patellar apex hold still AP Oblique Knee, medial rotation(3-5 degrees cephalad) 1/2 inferior to patellar apex hold still Lat. Knee, mediolateral(5-7 degrees cephalad) 1 distal to medial epicondyles hold still PA Axial Intercondylar Fossa, Camp-Coventry method long axis of lower leg and centered to knee joint, 40 degrees when knee is 50 degrees hold still PA Patella midpopliteal area hold still Lat. Patella, mediolateral midpatellofemoral joint hold still Tangential Patella and Patellofemoral Joint, Settegast method, Skyline/Sunrise joint space between patella and femoral condyles when perp, 15-20 degrees when not hold still AP Femur midfemur hold still Lat. Femur, mediolateral midfemur hold still AP Pelvis MSP and midway between ASIS and 2 superior to pubic symphysis suspended respiration AP Hip femoral neck suspended respiration Axiolateral Hip, Danelius-Miller long axis of femoral neck suspended respiration AP Oblique Femoral Necks, Modified Cleaves, frog leg lateral femoral neck suspended respiration Open Mouth MSP and level of the axis patient say 'ah' AP Axial C-Spine 15-20 degrees cepahlic to MSP and level of C4 suspended respiration AP/PA Axial Oblique C-Spine 15-20 degrees cephalic/caudal to middle

of neck along oblique plane and level of C4 suspended respiration Lat. C-Spine, Grandy method MCP and level of C4 suspended after full expiration Lat. C-Spine, hyperextension/flexion middle of neck and level of C4 suspended respiration C-Spine, Trauma Cross Table Lateral MCP and level of C4 suspended expiration Scoliosis Series midpoint of IR, including 1 of iliac crests suspended respiration AP Spinal Fusion MSP and 1-1/2 above crests for lumbar, at the level of the crests for lumbosacral suspended respiration Lat. Spinal Fusion MCP and iliac crest suspended respiration Lat. Sacrum 3-1/2 posterior to ASIS and level of the ASIS suspended respiration AP/PA Coccyx 10 degrees caudal/cephalic to MSP and 2 superior to pubic symphysis for supine, visible sacral curve for prone suspended respiration Lat. Coccyx 3-1/2 posterior to ASIS and 2 inferior from ASIS suspended respiration Skull, Caldwell method 15 degrees caudal to MSP and nasion suspended respiration Skull, Towne method 30 degrees caudal to MSP and 2-1/2 above glabella suspended respiration Lat. Skull EAM and 2 superior to EAM suspended respiration Lat. Skull, dorsal decub EAM and 2 superior to EAM suspended respiration Orbits, Rhese method 1 posterior from TEA and 1 superior from TEA suspended respiration

Facial Bones, Caldwell method 15 degrees caudal to MSP and nasion suspended respiration Facial Bones, Waters method MSP and acanthion suspended respiration Lat. Facial Bones halfway between outer canthus and EAM and zygomatic bone suspended respiration Lat. Nasal Bones 1/2 distal to nasion and 1/2 distal to nasion suspended respiration Bilateral Zygomatic Arches MSP and 1 posterior to outer canthus suspended respiration Zygomatic Arch zygomatic arch and 1 posterior to outer canthus suspended respiration PA Mandible MSP and level of the lips suspended respiration Townes Mandible 30 degrees caudal to MSP and midway between TMJ and gonion suspended respiration Mandible for Body, Ramus, and Symphysis 25 degress cephalic to area of interest and area of interest - suspended respiration Frontal and Anterior Ethmoidal Sinuses, Caldwell method 15 degrees caudal to MSP and nasion suspended respiration Ethmoidal and Sphenoidal Sinuses, SMV MSP and 3/4 anterior to EAM suspended respiration Maxillary Sinuses, Waters method MSP and acanthion suspended respiration Paranasal Sinuses 1/2 - 1 posterior to outer canthus and 1/2 - 1 posterior to outer canthus suspended respiration AP/PA Stomach and Duodenum midway between midline and left lateral margin and midway between xiphoid and lower rib margin (approx. L1-L2) suspended expiration AP Oblique Stomach, LPO midway between vertebrae and left laterla

margin of abdomen and midway between xiphoid process and lower margin of ribs suspended expiration PA Oblique Stomach and Duodenum, RAO midway between vertebrae and lateral border of elevated side and L1-L2 suspended expiration Lat. Stomach and Duodenum, R position midway between MCP and anterior surface of abdomen and at L1-L2 for recumbent, L3 for upright suspended expiration AP/PA Urinary System MSP and iliac crests suspended expiration AP Oblique Urinary System, RPO 2 lateral to midline of body on elevated side and iliac crests suspended expiration AP Bladder MSP and ASIS (2-3 above pubic symphysis) suspended expiration AP Oblique Bladder, RAO/LPO 2 medial to upper ASIS and 2' above uper border of pubic symphysis (2 below ASIS) suspended expiration AP/PA Small Bowel MSP and L2 within 30 minutes of contrast, MSP and iliac crests after 30 minutes of contrast suspended expiration AP Large Intestines MSP and iliac crests suspended respiration AP/PA Axial Large Intestines MSP and 30-40 degrees cephalic to enter approx. 2 below level of ASIS; 30-40 degrees caudad to exit at level of ASIS suspended respiration AP/PA Large Intestines, L/R lateral decub MSP and iliac crests suspended respiration AP/PA Oblique Large Intestines, RPO/LAO 1-2 lateral to midline of body on elevated side and iliac crests suspended respiration PA Oblique Large Intestines, RAO 1-2 lateral to midline of body on elevated side and iliac crests- suspended respiration Lat. Large Intestines, R or L lateral MCP and ASIS suspended respiration

AP Post Void MSP and 1' below iliac crests suspended expiration AP Kidney MSP and half way between xiphoid tip and iliac crests suspended expiration AP/PA Oblique Esophagus, RAO/LPO 2 lateral to MSP and T5-T6 drink, drink, drink, hold your breath Lat. Esophagus, R or L MCP and T5-T6 drink, drink, drink, hold your breath AP Ribs MSP and top of IR 1-1/2 above upper border of shoulder for ribs above diaphragm, lower edge of IR at level of iliac crests for ribs below diaphragm above, suspended on full ispiration; below, suspend on full expiration PA Ribs, anterior upper MSP and T7 suspend on full inspiration AP Oblique Ribs, RPO or LPO midway between MSP and lateral surface of body and top of IR 1-1/2 above upper border of shoulder for ribs above diaphragm, lower edge of IR at level of iliac crests for ribs below diaphragm above, suspended on full ispiration; below, suspend on full expiration PA Oblique Ribs midway between MSP and latreral surface of body and top of IR 1-1/2 above upper border of shoulder for ribs above diaphragm, lower edge of IR at level of iliac crests for ribs below diaphragm above, suspended on full ispiration; below, suspend on full expiration Lat. Sternum, R or L midsternum and lateral border of midsternum suspend of deep inspiration PA Oblique Sternum 1 lateral to MSP and level of T7 slow, shallow breaths