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Chapter 7: Birth of National Consciousness

I. Causes of the Awakening of the Filipinos National Consciousness 1. Opening of the Philippines to world trade from 1834 to 1873 This stimulated the economic activities in the country which brought prosperity to some of the Filipinos but most of all to the Chinese and the Spaniards. It resulted to the rise of a new social class referred to as Middle Class or the Ilustrados Acquired material wealth Improved their social stature and influence Clamored for social and political equality with the colonial masters. 2. Influx of Liberal Ideas With the opening of the Philippines to world trade, European ideas freely penetrated the country in form of printed books, newspapers, and treatises made available to the natives as they participated in the process of exchange of goods and products. The new knowledge and current events they learned and acquired outside affected their ways of living and the manner of their thinking 3. The Rise of the Middle Class The middle class or the Ilustrado family sent members of their family particularly male children to study abroad. These students would be exposed to European thoughts and would later lead in call for reforms. Filipino patriots and propagandist mostly came from this class 4. Opening of Suez Canal The Suez Canal was created by a French engineer named Ferdinand de Lesseps This man-made canal made transportation easier, making the transfer of goods and ideas better and faster. 5. Spanish Revolution of 1868 The period when Queen Isabella was ousted by Generals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim This incident had proven that Spain was not invincible and that even how powerful it was it cannot escape social unrest and political upheavals. In 1873, the first Spanish Republic was established and the Liberals installed Carlos Ma. Dela Torre as the governor general in the Philippines.

6. Liberal Regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre It was during his term as governor general that freedom of speech was allowed among the Filipinos De la Torre was a well-loved leader because he was concern with the needs of the natives He ordered the abolition of flogging as punishment for military disobedience He implemented the Educational Decree of 1863 and the Moret Law which delimit the secularization of educational institutions and allowed the government to take control among different schools and academic institutions. 7. Secularization Movement An interest group consisted of Filipino priests who demanded that they be allowed to handle parishes in accordance with the provisions of the Council of Trent It was once headed by Father Pedro Pelaez and was followed by Fr. Jose Burgos. 8. Restoration of the Monarch and the Installation of Izquierdo as gov. gen. of the Philippines In 1870, Spanish monarchy was restored with Amadeo de Savoy as new king. This king eventually sent Rafael Izquierdo as the governor general in Manila Izquierdo was the exact opposite of De la Torre He ordered that the exemptions and privileges enjoyed by workers of the arsenals and ship yards be repealed, giving reason for these workers to launch a mutiny that took place in 1872. 9. The Cavite Mutiny An uprising of the arsenal and shipyard workers of Cavite as a response to the repeal of their privileges such as exemption from paying tributes and performance of forced labor. This took place on January 20, 1872 and was headed by Sergeant La Madrid This small mutiny was magnified by Spanish to make it appear that it was a wide-scaled conspiracy and that even Filipino clergy were part of it. 10. The Martyrdom of GOMBURZA The Three Martyr Priest Jose Burgos Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur Youngest among the three One of the major advocates of secularization

Born on 9 February1837 During that time was the curate of the Cathedral and Canonigo Magistral Mariano Gomes Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila First to be executed Founded La Verdad, which served as the mouthpiece of secularization Oldest among the martyr priests Jacinto Zamora Born August 14, 1835 He already lost his mind during the proceedings Significance of the martyrdom of the three priests Filipinos forgot their regional hostilities and felt the need of being united for a common cause The Filipinos instead of developing fear from the Spaniards, developed hatred instead The GOMBURZA served as inspiration to future patriots to selflessly fight the Spaniards in order to put a stop on injustices and abusiveness committed by the colonizers.

11. The Propaganda Movement Major Propagandists Graciano Lopez Jaena A native of Jaro, Iloilo. Famous for his satirical work entitled Fray Botod Founded La Solidaridad in 1889 Marcelo del Pilar A fierce lawyer and writer from Malolos, Bulacan Identified by Spanish authorities in Madrid as the most dangerous Indio Founded the Diariong Tagalog in 1882, the first Filipino newspaper written in the vernacular. Used the pennames Plaridel, Dolores Manapa, Piping Dilat Famous works include: La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Supremacy in the Philippines) La Frailocracia Filipina (The Friars in the Philippines) Caiingat Kayo

Dasalan at Tocsohan (parody of the Lords prayer) Kadakilaan ng Diyos Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas Ten Commandments of the Friars 1. Thou shalt worship and love the friars above all 2. Thou shall not cheat them of their stipends 3. Thou shalt sanctify the friars Sundays or holidays 4. Thou shalt pawn thyself to pay for the burial of thy mother and father 5. Thou shoudst not die if thou hast not the money to pay for then interment 6. Thou shalt not covet his wife 7. Thou shalt not steal with him 8. Thou shalt not accuse him even thou be called a liar 9. Thou shalt not refuse him your wife 10. Thou shalt not deny him your property

Jose Rizal Known for his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Founded La Liga Filipina after the failure of the Propaganda Movement Other Propaganda Literature Ninay Pedro Paterno Sampaguitas Pedro Paterno El Progreso de Filipinas Gregorio Sanciangco Impresiones Antonio Luna La Universidad de Pilipinas: Plano de Estudios Jose Maria Panganiban Celebres Filipinos Mariano Ponce Historia de Ilocos Isabelo delos Reyes El Folklore Filipino Isabelo delos Reyes

12. Masonry One of the oldest fraternities in Europe Became a popular organization for Filipino liberals and democrats Revolucion 1st Filipino Masonic lodge in Barcelona founded by Lopez Jaena

Solidaridad Founded by M. del Pilar in Madrid Nilad 1st Masonic Lodge in the Philippines founded by Pedro Serrano Laktaw II. Counter Propaganda Qiuopquiap Pablo Feced in real life His articles expressed hatred and contempt against Filipino reformists His articles were usually published in Diario de Manila and El Liberal in Madrid His infamous work was Filipinas:Ezbozos y Pinceladas (Philippines: Sketches and Strokes) that was a biased assessment of the Philippines

2. Wenceslao Retana Defender of Frailocracy Published Questiones Filipinas: Avisos y Profecias, a compilation of articles attacking anti-friar Filipino reformists Had a dispute with Rizal but eventually became the heros biographer 3. Fray Jose Rodriguez Wrote an attack against the Noli in a pamphlet entitled Caiingat Kayo In response Rizal wrote, La Vision del Fray Rodriguez 4. Fray Lucio Bustamante Ridiculed the Filipinos who wanted to learn Spanish yet cannot satisfactorily perform their manual jobs. 5. Other Counter Publications Diario de Manila El Liberal La Voz de Espana III. Failure of the Propaganda Movement Inadequacy of funds The publication of La Sol ceased to exist Personal and health problems of reformists Homesickness Conflict of interests and differences in opinions 1.

IV. La Liga Filipina

Founded by Rizal on 3 July 1892 at Tondo, Manila Objectives: Unification of the archipelago into a one compact, vigorous and homogenous body; Mutual protection in every want and need; Defense against all forms of violence and injustices; Encouragement of education, agriculture and commerce; The study of application of reforms

V. Significance of the Movement Succeeded in influencing profound political developments Politicized a great number of Filipinos Establishment of a group that yearned for reforms, the Katipunan

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