AP World History Moose

CHAPTER 10: Christian Europe Emerges, 300-1200 CE

Early Medieval Europe, 300-1000 Charlemagne (Carlos Magnus, Charles the Great) crowned in ~800, he was the first to bear the title emperor in Western Europe for over 300 years; was illiterate Carolingian power - power shifted away from the Mediterranean to Europe under the rule of Charlemagne; dominated by Germanic people and Christian faith; expanded to all of Gaul and parts of Italy and Germany. Treaty of Verdun 843 CE made after death of Charlemagnes son Louis the Pious, when the empire was divided into the eastern, middle, and western portions, each ruled by Louis sons; was never reunited Norman Conquest of 1066 when William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy invaded England and brought Anglo-Saxon domination to an end; Normandy was highly influenced by the Vikings that settled in Normandy before that In north and south, self-sufficient estates, manors, became primary centers of agricultural production. The wealthy landowners gave out land to farmers for security. Fortification of the manors was also encouraged, since due to the lack of communication and structured government landowners depended on their own resources and strengths. Protection (stone walls/ wooden stockade), development of villages (mills, churches, workshops, fields, etc) A lord and his family had almost unlimited power over serfs, agricultural workers who belonged to the manor. Serfs were permanently attached to the lord and land, and were obliged to fulfill all required duties. In regions such as Saxony that maintained Germanic roots free peasantry still existed Slavery diminished Eventually landowning became inseparable with military service Feudalism basically a system made up of thousands of individual agreements and traditions relating to landowning and obligations Feudal society land given to vassals (noble followers whose services a king or noble may command only because of the agreement; could have multiple loyalties, one allegiance; in turn, gave land to their own vassals) by the kings and lords for military support. Fief a grant in return for a sworn oath to provide military support; eventually became inherited Nomads vs Europe agricultural Europeans dominated because of heavy horses and stirrups Military service instead of taxes Kings power was limited financially and legally by the church 1

Land of a wife belonged to the husband, unless she had sons; son/daughters had little say in the matter Women could own land; some took over while men were at war Non-noble women worked alongside men Bayeux Tapestry a piece of embroidery 230ft x 20 designed and made only by women; depicts story of invasion of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror

The Western Church (258) Problems included lingering paganism and enforcement of prohibitions such as marriage, nepotism, and simony Church hierarchy intended to ensure consistency in Christian belief Roman Catholic Greek Orthodox Papacy office of the pope gave a sense of unity and legal jurisdiction over clergy Heresy - beliefs and practices that were as unacceptable as to be un-Christian Schism a formal division resulting from disagreements about doctrine; Monophysite doctrine emphasizes Jesus divinity and minimized his human character; either right or wrong in order to preserve unity of church Canon rules to regulate priests and lay people under jurisdiction Western pope vs Byzantine emperor vs Schematics (leaders of heretics) called their own conventions to determine doctrines; in example, tension between Alexandria and Constantinoples beliefs differed because of political/social resistances Orthodoxy right beliefs 962 Holy Roman Emperor (right to represent general Christian interests) Holy Roman Empire loose confederation of German princes had little influence west of Rhine River Popes and church were technically vassals to the king, but refused to let bishops be appointed by king By 1073, pope Gregory VII claimed absolute authority Investiture controversy refers to the struggle for control of church appointments; popes vs emperors/kings; threat of expulsion from church. Henry II, descendant from William the Conqueror tried to strengthen crown by making his friend Thomas Becket archbishop of Canterbury; Becket acted in the interest of the church however, and proved little support. Becket was then murdered by Henrys knights only to be exalted as a saint three legal traditions that contribute to development of law in Western Europe: (1) feudal law, from Germanic customs; (2) canon(church) law based on Roman precedent to unite Western Christendom; (3) Roman law, a collection of Roman rules Monasticism living apart from society, celibacy, devotion to prayer; distinctly Western Christendom; Rule of Benedict: celibacy, poverty, obedience to the abbot regular clergy, in contrast to secular clergy that had no code. 2

Monasteries were centers of learning and general literacy; many nobles were illiterate; bishop had little way to control monasteries Christianity was a framework for social life in general, which allowed it to overturn Roman customs (i.e.: slavery)

The Byzantine Empire, 300-1200 (263) Byzantine emperors represented continuation of Roman rule Caesaropapism combined rule between the pope and imperial (Caesar) powers Pope in Rome was chosen by election and was independent; in Byzantine, the emperor appointed patriarch of Constantinople Was torn for centuries beause of doctrine issues between Constantinople, Alexandria and Antioch Polytheism died fairly quickly Because of Islam, by the 12th century over 2/3 of Byzantine were converts Byzantine survived until 1453 Schism of 1054 - Patriarchs of Constantinople began to challenge territorial jurisdiction of the Roman popes and (some practices) Latin Church. Became a schism of Orthodox Church versus Latin Church; break was never mended, but it did not prevent cooperation on the crusades Loss of Egypt and Syria declined population, prosperity and local urban nobles class disappeared; military aristocracy began to develop, similar to that of the West Women began to be confined; ironically, from 1028 to 1056 women ruled with their husbands Trade still prospered, making Constantinople prosper while other states/cities were in trouble West and East had un-accepting, intolerant views of each other East way behind West Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) most famous and complete set of laws and edicts made by emperor Justinian (r.527-565, written in Latin); became the basisi of civil law, in contrast to the cannon/feudal law was later adopted by West as well. Many principles were modeled after Romans Hagia Sophia during the time of Justinian; the representation of an architectural tradition, Hagia Sophia is the great domed cathedral of Constantinople. Dome buildings, hard to make, were rare in the West, but widespread in Byzantine. Italian Renaissance architects often modeled Catholic churches after Byzantine designs Cyril and Methodius Cyrillic language; converted Slavs and Moravia with high success Kievan Russia, 900-1200 (266) After fall of Byzantine, became center of Orthodox Christianity Varangian princes and ruled over Slavs, farmers; however, the Varangians lived in cities focused on protection and trade controlled trade on ; - 3

Vladimir 1- 980, former ruler of returned from exile with Varangians and became prince ; was not Christian, however wanted to strengthen relations with other territories. Converted 988.Turned back to Islam and Muslim world and focused on trading with Byzantine. Russia focused on trade, whereas the west relied on landowning. Farmers would burn forests for fertilizer and then move on to another section when the current one drained its nutrients. Cities were large, but poorly fortified. Served as centers for craft development (glassmaking) Artisans enjoyed higher status Christianity spread slowly, but prevailed; churches began to even gather taxes from trade

Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200 (269) Technology doubled population of Western Europe between 1000 and 1200; efficient pulling harnesses for pulling wagons, and a new plow (had a blade, suited for hard earth).Overtime this allowed the (heavy) horse to become widespread. Harness, horse collar, lowers weight from neck to shoulders ~800 Breast-harness was more popular in East, for heavy work ~500 Using multiple horses rather than am ox was faster and more efficient First in Italy and Flanders, cities were governed and defended by leading, noble, citizens, which helped population growth Cities with lacking land turned to trade and manufacturing; struggle between the church and nobles gave serfs freedom; cities eventually expanded because of their wide success Development of coinage in the 10th century also contributed to trade expansion The Crusades a series of Christian military campaigns against Muslims in the eastern Mediterranean; dominated politics of Europe form ~1100-1200. Designed to recapture Holy Land, but in reality were made to soften attitudes of East and West towards each other by limiting their fighting, to conquer new lands, and to increase trade with eastern Mediterranean. Pilgrimage was sometimes used to travel safely, as they were protected by royals. Also encouraged knights, churchmen, and noblemen to target Muslims. Promised salvation for all sins. A way to make even the common folk stop resenting each other by blaming the faults on Muslims (when Constantinople pleaded help from Rome) First Crusade was basically armed pilgrims In the end, resulted in the end of Western Europes intellectual isolation, as it opened works of Iranians, Arabs, Muslims, Greeks, etc form the places through which crusades went through Computer search: The Childrens Crusade shocked me to be honest I was expecting the title to a metaphor of some sort. The extent to which the idea of crusades penetrated the common, illiterate and unknowledgeable peoples minds is frightening. I think this shows clearly to what extent churches, not only Christian,

but Islamic churches too, had influence over a mass of people even rulers and nobles had troubles uniting and keeping in order. It is quite scary to what extent a simple idea or belief may lead one to.

Analysis of Culture:
1. If a student of a teacher is found loitering around in the halls during class time, it shall be the teacher that shall get into trouble. 2. A student shall be allowed wherever, whenever unless there is a solid, valid (not theoretical) and reasonable argument against it. 3. The students shall be deemed innocent until proven guilty when the teacher claims the student has lost an assignment the student says to have turned in. 4. A student shall be allowed to have earphones in any time of the day, unless a complaint from two or more teachers arrive claiming this hinders his/her educational success. 5. A student that displays excellence in scholarly work but is on ill terms with others shall be discouraged of doing well until he/she corrects his/her manners. Map Analysis The Vikings early, invasions can be noted to be tightly connected with water bodies. There are no routes on this map that show them relying on land travel as their main measure of traveling. Because of this trend, the Vikings have explored a great majority of Western Europe, since rivers, seas and other water bodies are common throughout. The Muslim invasions, mainly from Carthage, also rely on the sea, but as shown they do not tend to go further than the coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea and Spains mainland. In contrast, the Magyars are seen to rely on land travel, but nevertheless they still reach key cities such as Milan. All of the above are the later invasions, and, united, have a grander scale of exploration than that of the earlier invasions. Those invasions include the Ostrogoths, which neighboring the Magyars, have relied on land travel. However, it is seen that they have done much less exploring than the Magyars, despite having similar geographical opportunity. The Avars also traveled on foot up to the Magyars land and stopped there. The only group from the early invasions that display use of water travel are the Vandals that, similarly to the Muslims, had Carthage as a starting point, although the Vandals did much less exploring. All in all, this shows not only the increasing importance of Western Europe between the early and late invasions, but also the technological development that allowed such exploration to be efficiently done. Water travel has become more common because of trade routes and Muslim trading posts, and horses allowed faster land travel. In addition, there was a creation of a centralized authority power, the church, which promoted the growth of major cities (which could be viewed as targets for invasion).